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As natural disasters increase around the world and stretch the capacities of emergency services, national governments and international institutions have stressed the importance of shared responsibility; the idea that all actors within a society have some obligations in disaster management and must work collectively to reduce disaster risk. However, the exact balance between individual and government responsibility is not yet established and continually contested, especially after major events. In Australia, the National Strategy for Disaster Resilience (NSDR) is the overarching policy framework for disaster risk management and aims to create resilient communities through an emphasis on shared responsibility and empowerment. Through a literature review and document analysis of the NSDR and associated policy documents, we clarify, organise and operationalise the necessarily general policy goal of shared responsibility. We first analyse how the NSDR conceptualises communities to discover which community actors are mentioned. We then identify the responsibilities it prescribes or implies for these different actors and consider the types of policy instruments that are relevant to disaster risk management. Our analysis reveals a tension between the NSDR’s placement of government at the centre of disaster risk management, and its other, less well-explained emphasis on community empowerment. 相似文献
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武都水库是四川省江油市境内的涪江干流上的大(1)型水利工程。汶川8级地震中,武都水库工程紧邻震中区附近,并正处于施工高峰期,大地震对武都水库工程已建和在建的40多个项目均有不同程度的损坏。分别采用水工建筑物抗震设计规范给定的地震动参数值和地震后复核确定的地震动参数值,对武都大坝进行抗震分析与安全性评价。计算表明,当设计设防加速度256cm/s2时,按规范规定的悬臂梁法进行抗震计算时,均满足现行抗震规范的要求。按平面有限元计算时局部拉应力超出规范的允许值,建议挡水坝段下游坝面折坡附近以及溢流坝段在导墙与边墩交接处附近提高混凝土的强度等级。鉴于坝踵、坝址部位局部范围内仍有较大水平的拉应力,建议自建基面的一定高度内应确保混凝土的浇筑质量,以确保大坝的抗震强度安全。 相似文献
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随着城市化进程的加快和城市规模的迅速扩大,房屋安全使用与管理已经成为社会稳定和发展的重要课题。以上海为例,系统扼要地总结了房屋安全隐患的类型,提出房屋安全管理体系应涵盖房屋安全管理法律、房屋安全普查与检测鉴定、房屋安全技术标准、房屋安全信息系统、房屋应急抢险机制、房屋安全科普教育、专家决策咨询系统等7个方面,并对其中的主要内容做了初步的阐述。 相似文献
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This paper presents a review of Australian urban riverine flooding. By world standards the Australian flood problem is relatively small, though there are pockets of development subject to regular severe inundation. In the past, government response to flooding was ad hoc and characterized by structural adjustments. The 1970s and 1980s, however, have seen a major shift in approach. The new approach emphasizes resource management rather than construction, and consists of the announcement of policies, enactment of enabling legislation, and the introduction of procedures to help ensure that the widest range of flood damage reduction measures are considered. The changes are evident at both the federal and state levels of government.
Though problems remain, particularly at the local government level, where ultimate responsibility for policy implementation generally rests, the authors feel there are good grounds for optimism. Some suggestions for future policy are offered and the importance of public safety is stressed. 相似文献
Though problems remain, particularly at the local government level, where ultimate responsibility for policy implementation generally rests, the authors feel there are good grounds for optimism. Some suggestions for future policy are offered and the importance of public safety is stressed. 相似文献
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Md Aboul Fazal Younus 《Environmental Hazards》2017,16(1):21-49
The paper outlines a concept and proposal for the formation of ‘community based adaptation committees’ (CBACs) at the micro-level, and it explains how such local committees would act with respect to the existing organisation of disaster management in Bangladesh. It examines how the CBACs would be sustained locally without colliding with the present system of government. The main objective of this is to identify how the CBACs could act independently as per local demands, without any conflict with the existing system, in order to ensure sustainable adaptation in future. To achieve these objectives the author conducted interviews with key informants at both local and national levels, and also conducted eight participatory rapid appraisal sessions at eight coastal communities. The author finds that severe corruption is impeding the existing system of relief and rehabilitation at community levels. The paper emphasises that the government of Bangladesh urgently needs to formulate a national adaptation policy, and that within that policy the concept of CBACs at community level should be prioritised. This would provide the government with guidelines for the use, at community level, of adaptation funds from developed countries in order to reduce future vulnerability in Bangladesh. 相似文献
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Urban planning can serve to minimise the effects of a tsunami and enhance community resilience. This study explores to what extent urban planning has addressed tsunami resilience in four villages on Chile's South Pacific coast, each of which was struck by tsunamis in 1960, 2010, and 2015. Through a detailed policy review and semi-structured interviews with residents, this paper analyses whether tsunami mitigation policies were incorporated into regional and local planning tools. It finds that although the government proposed relocation to tsunami-safe areas after the tsunami of 1960, urban development continued mainly in tsunami inundation zones—in the context of weak local planning frameworks and in the absence of community participation. In only one of the four case studies did participatory planning bring about the relocation of an entire village to a safe location. This paper concludes that incorporating participatory risk zone planning into urban planning enhances tsunami resilience. 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):114-132
The wildland fire sector faces increased frequency and size of fires and increasing community expectations and costs of management, and is turning more to economics to inform management and policy decisions. However, the literature on costs and benefits of wildland fires and their management is disparate and unstructured and requires critical review and synthesis to better inform potential users. We reviewed 60 economic studies to identify why, what and how evaluations were undertaken. We synthesised the results into a systematic framework of the types of economic evaluations and methods that can be undertaken to inform fire management and policy. We found that key challenges in undertaking economic evaluations include risk and uncertainty surrounding decisions, and data limitations. Most studies have focused on sector management-level decisions of pre-suppression and suppression activities, dominated by US applications. There are opportunities to undertake evaluations in other decision and geographic contexts. 相似文献
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某尾矿坝稳定性分析与加固措施 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对某尾矿库堆积坝下游坡出现的水流高位出逸及流砂现象,对该尾矿坝进行了渗流与稳定计算,提出了渗流和稳定评价意见及可行的除险加固方案。研究内容包括:采用先进的三维激光扫描仪对尾矿坝及其附近区域进行大比例尺地形测量,现场测量堆积坝坡及干滩坡比,为数值计算提供基础地形资料;现场取尾矿砂样本,进行室内试验,包括颗粒分析、渗透性和强度参数试验等;根据下游坡出逸点高度进行渗流计算输入参数反分析,获取合理的尾矿砂渗透系数各向异性比例与坝顶垂直入渗流量;对尾矿坝现状与远期规划坝高进行6个工况的渗流与抗滑稳定分析,指出坝体处于滑动失稳临界状态,提出采用辐射井降水的排渗措施。该尾矿库采用辐射井降水后,稳定安全系数提高至1.7以上,坝体下游坡水流高位出逸和流砂管涌现象已基本消除。 相似文献
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Designing new institutions for implementing integrated disaster risk management: key elements and future directions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The goal of integrated disaster risk management is to promote an overall improvement in the quality of safety and security in a region, city or community at disaster risk. This paper presents the case for a thorough overhaul of the institutional component of integrated disaster risk management. A review of disaster management institutions in the United States indicates significant weaknesses in their ability to contribute effectively to the implementation of integrated disaster risk management. Our analysis and findings identify eight key elements for the design of dynamic new disaster management institutions. Six specific approaches are suggested for incorporating the identified key elements in building new institutions that would have significant potential for enhancing the effective implementation of integrated disaster risk management. We have developed a possible blueprint for effective design and construction of efficient, sustainable and functional disaster management institutions. 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(4):379-394
The use of alternatives to evacuation during wildfire events continues to be an intensely debated strategy in the professional and policy circles of numerous fire-prone countries. The most recent chapter comes in response to the Black Saturday Fires in Australia, which has led to policy changes concerning alternatives to evacuation in both Australia and USA. This study explores the local context that influenced the development of alternatives to evacuation in one Idaho community through in-depth interviews with local residents and officials. It acknowledges alternatives as one ‘fire-adaptive behaviour’ of the local community, a key characteristic that US fire professionals identify as a means to better manage wildfire. We apply and extend a recently created adaptive capacity framework for wildfire to uncover specific community characteristics that both led to and reinforce the development of alternatives to evacuation that are tailored to the local population. Identification of these characteristics serves as one important step towards better local assessment of adaptive capacity for a broad classification of ‘fire-adaptive’ behaviours. We conclude that no one combination of local resources can guarantee the development of alternatives to evacuation. Rather, diverse local context will result in different approaches and applicability of the practice. 相似文献
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Vulnerability of community businesses to environmental disasters 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Business plays important roles in community functioning. 2 However, disaster research has been disproportionately focused on units of analysis such as families, households and government agencies. This paper synthesises the major findings within the business development research field and the disaster research field. It constructs a framework for evaluating business vulnerability to natural disasters. Our theoretical integration of the research conducted to date addresses five major issues. First, it defines the ways in which businesses are subject to the impacts of natural disasters. Second, it identifies the factors that determine the magnitude of business impacts after a disaster. Third, it identifies how and when businesses return to their pre-disaster level in the disaster stricken community. Fourth, it describes measures that can be taken by individual firms and community planners to reduce the impacts of environmental disasters. Fifth, it identifies needs for public policy and future research to reduce business vulnerability to environmental disasters. 相似文献
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Mary W. Downton Rebecca E. Morss Olga V. Wilhelmi Eve Gruntfest Melissa L. Higgins 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(3):134-146
Flood management policies in the United States rely on scientific information about the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation and runoff. Yet, the available information is inherently uncertain because of the complexity of meteorological and hydrological processes. In mountainous areas, flood risk can vary greatly even within short distances depending on local climate, topography, soil characteristics, and land use. This paper describes two Colorado cases in which policy makers were presented with conflicting scientific estimates: revision of the Fort Collins floodplain map and modification of the Cherry Creek Dam. The case studies demonstrate that uncertainty can have substantial impacts on regulatory processes, public safety, and costs. The analysis considers the differing perspectives of various participants in the flood management processes, illustrating the interplay between uncertainties attributable to scientific issues and values issues. It suggests that attempts to provide a single “best” estimate do not necessarily meet the decision needs of all stakeholders. Conclusions indicate a need to improve communication about uncertainty when scientific estimates areprovided to decision makers. Furthermore, in highly controversial decisions, it may be necessary to reframe the discussion to consider the values issues raised by scientific uncertainty. 相似文献