内蒙古高原土地利用/覆被变化对气温变化的影响分析

土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）会对近地面的气温测量产生影响。论文基于气象站点气温资料,1：10 万LUCC数据集以及NCEP再分析气温资料,利用“观测减去再分析（OMR）”方法拆解出土地覆被对气温变化的单独贡献,借助Sen 趋势与Mann-Kendall 非参数检验计算方法分析了内蒙古地区1980-2010 年间不同土地覆被类型,以及不同土地利用方式对气温及其变化趋势的影响。结果表明,研究区近30 a 来LUCC对气温的影响总体表现出显著升温的作用,增加趋势为0.29 ℃/10 a。不同土地覆被类型对气温升高趋势的影响从大到小为：沙地>建设用地>草地>耕地,而且具有明显空间差异。同一种土地覆被类型在不同气候环境下的温度变化趋势差异也较大。1990-2005年间气象站点缓冲区内LUCC变化类型主要以耕地开垦、城市扩张以及草地面积减少为主,在一定程度上反映了整个内蒙古地区的LUCC特征,特别是人类活动的影响。下垫面的改变对1990-2005年间气温上升贡献了0.49 ℃。土地覆盖变化在1980-2010期间呈现逐渐加剧的趋势,特别是2000年以后,城市化的迅速发展显著提高了气温的升温趋势。     

土地利用/覆被变化对小流域地表温度的影响

遥感和GIS技术被用于检测白家湾河流域土地利用/覆被变化,并评估土地利用/覆被变化对白家湾河流域地表温度的影响。不同时期的Landsat TM和ETM+影像被用于确定土地利用/覆被变化格局,并对矿点增长及相关的植被覆盖减少情况进行量化。采用Landsat数据的热红外波段进行地表温度的反演。结果表明:(1)小流域内不同土地利用/覆被类型上地表温度具有差异;(2)由于不同时期不同人为干扰造成的影响不同,不同时期土地利用/覆被类型间的地表温度差异不同。(3)在整个研究区域内,平均地表温度和NDVI之间呈负相关关系,各种土地利用/覆被类型上的平均地表温度和NDVI都呈现负相关性,但一些土地利用/覆被类型与NDVI的相关性高于平均水平。(4)植被覆盖情况越好,对稳定地表温度所起的作用越大。     

塔里木河干流土地利用/覆被变化对土壤有机碳储量的影响

结合遥感影像数据与野外实测数据,对塔里木河干流2000～2010年土地利用/覆被变化及其土壤有机碳含量分布、储量等进行了分析.结果表明：2000～2010年,塔里木河干流区土地利用/覆被面积和结构均发生了变化.其中,耕地、居工用地和灌丛地呈增加趋势,且耕地与灌丛地增幅最为明显,林地、草地、水体和裸地呈减少态势且林地减少幅度最大.在林地、草地、灌丛地和裸地中,除了灌丛地之外,与2000年相比2010年林地、草地和裸地土壤中储存的有机碳量减少,且2010年储存在四种类型土地中的有机碳总量少于2000年的.10年来土地利用/覆被类型的转换导致塔里木河干流地区0～100cm土壤有机碳储量发生改变,其中土壤有机碳储量下降了的转换类型有林-灌、林-草、林-裸、草-灌、草-裸和灌-裸,相反的转换则使土壤有机碳储量增加.     

植被恢复工程对黄河中游土地利用/覆被变化的影响

剧烈的人类活动可快速地改变土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）格局,并对地表参量和水文要素产生深刻的影响。论文以退耕还林/还草生态工程（Grain for Green Project, GGP）的重点区黄河中游为例,利用5期土地利用数据,定量分析了区域LUCC的过程与趋势,并探讨了GGP对下垫面地表参量及水文要素的影响。结果表明：1）GGP并未显著地改变研究区土地利用空间分布格局,但改变了各土地类型的转换速度和平衡状态。GGP实施前各类型间相互转换频繁,处于动态平衡态势,而 GGP实施后以土地类型单向转换为主,处于不平衡态势,以耕地单向转为林草地为主。2）不同子流域间LUCC存在差异。GGP前汾河流域变化速度较其他区域快,呈准平衡状态;工程实施后的前期,河龙区间与渭河流域的净变化率以及总变化率较快,而后期差异不显著,呈不平衡状态。3）GGP显著地改变了下垫面地表参量和水文要素。GGP的实施使得NDVI、LAI和发射率显著增加,而反照率显著下降,以河龙区间尤为显著;径流系数显著下降,而蒸散发系数显著增加,尤以河龙区间表现显著。     

土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应研究进展

随着社会的不断进步和人口的迅速膨胀,土地利用/覆被变化对水文过程产生了重大影响,其研究已经成为国际热点问题和前沿领域。论文首先分析了LUCC水文效应的研究方法,然后从土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力方面:造林与毁林、城市化过程与农业开发活动以及水土保持等,概述了LUCC水文效应的研究进展。综合分析表明:关于城市化过程的水文影响研究,一般认为,在城市化快速发展的驱动下,不透水面积大量增加,改变了水量平衡状况,造成入渗减少,洪峰流量增大,但不同地区城市化发展程度的不同使得水文效应的表现也不相同;水土保持水文效应的研究一般认为,水土保持通过植树造林、种草、修建梯田、淤地坝等措施,使得区域/流域下垫面覆盖状况发生了很大的改变,造成年径流和洪峰流量减少,而使入渗和枯季径流增加,但因地理位置和气象条件等方面的差异,不同地区水土保持产生的水文影响也有所差别;造林与毁林、农业开发活动对水文过程的影响则因研究尺度、区域位置、气象条件、研究对象等因素的影响出现了较大的差异。因此,需考虑多方面因素的影响,正确评价土地利用/覆被变化的水文效应,为水土资源的合理配置和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

毛乌素沙地臭柏群落地下水位的变化

为了探讨毛乌素沙地臭柏群落地下水位的变化规律,在臭柏固定、半固定沙地的丘间低地设置地下水位自动记录仪,1h记录1次,连续观测1年多。结果表明:①根据地下水位的变化,把1年分成地下水缓慢上升期(A)、地下水快速变化期(B)、地下水缓慢变化期(C)3个时期;②地下水位在B期出现有规律的日变化,地下水位早晨最高,然后逐渐下降,到晚上达到最低值后,又开始上升,直到次日早晨达到最高值,完成1日的循环周期。在臭柏的非生长季节(A期、C期),地下水位的日变化规律不明显;③地下水位的日变化规律出现时的临界日平均气温为10.8℃,据此,可预测臭柏生理活动的开始与休眠,进而可指导臭柏造林实践。此外,还讨论了气温、降水及臭柏灌丛变化与地下水位的关系。     

毛乌素沙地气候变化及其对植被覆盖的影响

利用1961—2007年毛乌素沙地气温、降水资料,对研究区近50 a来气温和水分资源各分量的时空变化进行了研究,并结合TM影像和中巴资源卫星影像,从气候变化和群落水分收支平衡的角度,对毛乌素沙地近20 a的植被覆盖变化及其原因进行了分析。结果表明:近50 a,沙地增温趋势显著,变化率为0.33℃/10 a。全区域年均温变化趋势的范围为0.16~0.5℃/10 a,且增温的程度存在西北部最强、东南部最弱的趋势。水分资源各分量时空分布极不均匀:东南部降水量P和可利用降水Δw多、陆面蒸散E强,西北部相反。P、E、Δw均呈现出逐年减少的趋势,并且大致经历了3个变化阶段。近20 a毛乌素沙地植被覆盖变化与气候变化密切相关。为适应不断变化的气候需要,在进行沙地治理与生态建设中,必须考虑人工植被建设的可持续性问题。     

气候和土地利用/覆被变化对宁波地区生态系统产水服务的影响

提供水资源是重要的生态系统服务功能之一,对区域经济和生态系统的可持续发展具有重要作用.近年来,人类活动对水资源的需求量增加,加之水环境污染和水资源浪费现象严重,造成了部分地区的缺水问题.在此背景下,本文以宁波地区为例,研究气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化对生态系统产水服务的影响.首先,利用InVEST模型中的产水量模块,估算了区域的产水量.然后,利用情景分析的方法设计6种情景,分析了气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化对区域产水量的影响.最后,量化了气候和土地利用/覆被变化这2种因素对生态系统产水服务的贡献程度,并讨论了形成机制.研究表明:①2000—2015年,宁波地区的降水量增加了6.44%,潜在蒸散量减少了8.35%.城镇化导致建设用地面积增加了120%,耕地面积减少了22.37%.在气候变化和土地利用/覆被变化的共同作用下,平均产水量增加了10.91%.②气候变化对生态系统产水服务的影响更为显著,而土地利用/覆被变化的影响较小.其中,2000—2015年气候变化对宁波地区产水量的贡献率高达97.56%,而土地利用/覆被变化的贡献率仅为2.44%.③城镇生态系统的产水量高于其他生态系统类型,农田生态系统的产水量高于森林和草地生态系统.因此,城镇化会增加产水量,退耕还林还草会导致产水量的减少.     

土地利用／土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响

土地利用／土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响是土地利用／土地覆被变化研究的重要内容，本文分析了土地利用／土地覆被变化对区域气候，土壤，水量和水质的影响，土地利用／土地覆被变化通过改变地表发射率，温室气体和痕量气体的含量影响区域气候，土地利用／土地覆被变化影响着能量交换，水交换，侵蚀与堆积，生物循环和作物生产等土壤主要生态过程，不同土地利用方式和土地覆被类型的空间组合影响着土壤养分的迁移规律，土地利用     

公路工程对土地利用/土地覆被变化的驱动效应分析

文中把公路工程的环境影响评价重点放在景观上 ,从更广阔的视角分析了公路工程的环境变化和有关的社会变化 ,探讨了由此引发的景观上的土地利用 /土地覆被的变化机制。认为从土地利用 /土地覆被的角度 ,在景观上分析公路工程的环境影响 ,对战略性的环境影响评价和长期的土地利用规划来讲是非常必要的 ,同时也是对当前的公路环境影响评价方法的很好补充     

Nitrogen deposition alters soil chemical properties and bacterial communities in the Inner Mongolia grassland

Nitrogen deposition has dramatically altered biodiversity and ecosystem functioning on the earth; however, its effects on soil bacterial community and the underlying mechanisms of these effects have not been thoroughly examined. Changes in ecosystems caused by nitrogen deposition have traditionally been attributed to increased nitrogen content. In fact, nitrogen deposition not only leads to increased soil total N content, but also changes in the NH₄⁺-N content, NO₃^--N content and pH, as well as changes in the heterogeneity of the four indexes. The soil indexes for these four factors, their heterogeneity and even the plant community might be routes through which nitrogen deposition alters the bacterial community. Here, we describe a 6-year nitrogen addition experiment conducted in a typical steppe ecosystem to investigate the ecological mechanism by which nitrogen deposition alters bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. We found that various characteristics of the bacterial community were explained by different environmental factors. Nitrogen deposition decreased bacterial abundance that is positively related to soil pH value. In addition, nitrogen addition decreased bacterial diversity, which is negatively related to soil total N content and positively related to soil NO₃^--N heterogeneity. Finally, nitrogen addition altered bacterial composition that is significantly related to soil NH₄⁺-N content. Although nitrogen deposition significantly altered plant biomass, diversity and composition, these characteristics of plant community did not have a significant impact on processes of nitrogen deposition that led to alterations in bacterial abundance, diversity and composition. Therefore, more sensitive molecular technologies should be adopted to detect the subtle shifts of microbial community structure induced by the changes of plant community upon nitrogen deposition.     

Effect of soil crust on evaporation and dew deposition in Mu Us sandy land, China

The development of soil crust on sandy land may affect the surface hydrological process. This paper investigates the process of evaporation and dew deposition influenced by different soil surface types which were dominated by sand, primitive biotic crust, and advanced biotic crust, respectively, in the south fringe of Mu Us sandy land in Northwest China from July to September of 2006. The experimental results indicate that the advanced biotic crust could increase evaporation and dew deposition compared to the primitive biotic crust and bare sand although the differences between them were not significant. The average evaporation from advanced biotic crust, primitive biotic crust and sand was 6.8, 6.6, and 6.5 mm/d, respectively, and water content is around 16.2 % in the condition of initially identical soil. The average dew amount on advanced biotic crust was 0.116 mm/d with extreme 0.05 and 0.24 mm/d. The average values on primitive biotic crust and sand were 0.105 and 0.101 mm/d, respectively, with extreme 0.04 and 0.21 mm/d for both treatments. Also, the dew deposition on advanced biotic crust seemed stable and might rest for a longer time than that on primitive biotic crust and sand. The results suggest that the advanced biotic crust possibly facilitates evaporation and dew deposition. Therefore, the development of biotic crust may potentially enhance the hydrological circulation in the upper sand layer in sandy land.     

黄土丘陵区土地利用变化对深层土壤有机碳储量的影响

通过研究黄土丘陵子午岭林区5种典型土地利用类型土壤剖面有机碳分布特征,分析了天然乔木林转变为人工乔木林、天然乔木林转变为农田、天然灌木林转变为农田及撂荒后土壤有机碳变化特征.同时,以浅层(0~100 cm)土壤为对照,探讨了土地利用变化对深层(100~200cm)土壤有机碳储量的影响.结果表明,在0~200 cm剖面上,天然乔木林、天然灌木林、人工乔木林、撂荒地、农田土壤有机碳含量分别为5.85、3.96、4.98、3.09、3.20 g·kg-1,天然乔木林、人工乔木林土壤有机碳含量显著高于天然灌木林、撂荒地和农田(p0.05).各土地利用类型下浅层和深层土壤有机碳含量分别占0~200 cm土壤有机碳含量的58%~73%和27%~42%,不同土地利用类型间浅层土壤有机碳含量差异显著,但深层土壤有机碳含量差异不大.土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量影响显著.天然乔木林转变为人工乔木林、天然乔木林转变为农田、天然灌木林转变为撂荒地、天然灌木林转变为农田4种土地利用转变方式0~200 cm土壤有机碳储量分别减少了9.68、52.90、20.20、12.49 t·hm-2,减幅为7%、39%、21%、13%,其中,浅层土壤减少了2%~48%,深层土壤减少了12%~22%.相对于林地开垦为农田而言,农田退耕还林后土壤有机碳的恢复要慢得多.研究结果揭示了浅层和深层土壤有机碳对土地利用变化的敏感性,反映了深层土壤有机碳具有较大的稳定性.     

围栏封育对巴音布鲁克草原土壤理化性质的影响

为明确长期围栏封育对新疆亚高山草原土壤理化性质的影响,本研究以巴音布鲁克草原围封26年的高寒草甸、高寒草甸草原和高寒草原为研究对象,对三种类型草地围栏内外土壤理化性质进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)高寒草甸和高寒草原围栏内表层土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量和土壤含水量均高于围栏外样地,而土壤容重均低于围栏外,其中高寒草甸围栏内外的田间持水量、土壤含水量和土壤容重的差异达到显著水平;(2)高寒草甸围栏内表层土壤有机质含量显著高于围栏外,全氮则显著低于围栏外;三种类型草地围栏内表层土壤全磷含量均低于围栏外;(3)相关性分析表明,土壤含水量高的草地,其饱和含水量和田间持水量也较高,土壤容重较小;土壤容重高的草地其有机质含量较低;速效钾含量高的草地,其全磷含量也较高。围栏封育有利于草地土壤理化性质的恢复,但长时间围封会降低土壤磷素含量,需要通过施肥等管理措施补充以促进草地生态系统保持良性状态,本研究对草地土壤质量调控和退化草地恢复研究具有参考意义。     

Effects of grassland degradation on chestnut soil properties in Bashang Plateau, China

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Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.     

Effects of cultivation on N2O emission and seasonal quantitative variations of related microbes in a temperate grassland soil

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｎｉｔｒｏｕｓｏｘｉｄｅ (Ｎ2 Ｏ)ｉｓａｖｅｒｙｒａｄｉｏａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙａｃｔｉｖｅｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓ,ａｌｓｏｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｏｆｏｚｏｎｅｌａｙｅｒｏｆｓｔｒａｔｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ .ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＮ2 Ｏｍａｉｎｌｙｏｒｉｇｉｎａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｎｉｔｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉａｌｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ.Ｇｒａｓｓｌａｎｄｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍ ,ａｃｃｏｕｎ…     

内蒙古锡林河流域土壤呼吸的温度敏感性

2004年9月～2005年9月对内蒙古锡林河流域4种草地类型的土壤呼吸速率及相关水热因子进行了野外测定,应用2种数学模型和不同温度指标对草地土壤呼吸的温度敏感性问题进行了探讨.结果表明,Van′tHoff模型对温度变化较为敏感,显示出冬季的Q₁₀值明显大于夏季的特征,应用Arrhenius模型求算的不同季节的Q₁₀值变化不大.在>5℃时,Q₁₀值的变动范围,Van′tHoff模型为1.60～2.03,Arrhenius模型为1.48～1.67,略高于全球平均值;2种模型均对水分的变化比较敏感,表现为Q₁₀值随土壤水分的降低而升高的趋势.