灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附与淋溶

用批量平衡法研究了昆虫生长调节剂灭幼脲Ⅲ号在四种不同类型土壤中的吸附行为,测定其吸附常数,给出吸附等温线;并研究了它在上述四种土壤中的淋溶行为.结果表明,Freun-dlich经验公式能较好地描述灭幼脲Ⅲ号在土壤中的吸附状况.试验表明,该农药在土壤中的迁移能力较差。     

霉菌吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究

采用从活性污泥中筛选的ZYL霉菌,进行吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究。研究结果表明:在Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)浓度分别为300mg/L时,菌种生长良好。吸附水体中[Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)]的最佳条件是pH=5.0,时间1h,温度为10℃。吸附规律符合Langm uir等温吸附模型,由回归方程得到Cr(Ⅵ)的表观最大吸附量为14m g/g;Cd(Ⅱ)的表观最大吸附量为52m g/g,说明该霉菌可以很好的去除低温水体(地下水)中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子。     

Phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite in the presence of Mn(II): Fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI)

Ferrihydrite is an important sink for the toxic heavy metal ions, such as Cr(VI). As ferrihydrite is thermodynamically unstable and gradually transforms into hematite and goethite, the stability of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite is environmentally significant. This study investigated the phase transformation of Cr(VI)-adsorbed ferrihydrite at different pH in the presence of aqueous Mn(II), as well as the fate of Mn(II) and Cr(VI) in the transformation process of ferrihydrite. Among the ferrihydrite transformation products, hematite was dominant, and goethite was minor. The pre-adsorbed Cr(VI) inhibited the conversion of ferrihydrite to goethite at initial pH 3.0, whereas little amount of adsorbed Mn(II) favored the formation of goethite at initial pH 7.0. After the aging process, Cr species in solid phase existed primarily as Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II) at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0. The aqueous Mn concentration was predominantly unchanged at initial pH 3.0, whereas the aqueous Mn(II) was adsorbed onto ferrihydrite or form Mn(OH)₂ precipitates at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, promoting the immobilization of Cr(VI). Moreover, the oxidation of Mn(II) occurred at initial pH 7.0 and 11.0, forming Mn(III/IV) (hydr)oxides.     

非等间隔GIM（1）灰色预测模型及其应用

初步探讨了ＮＥＧＩＭ（１）应用于环境系统的可行性和合理性，并建立了该模型一元线性回归优化建模新方法。研究结果表明，该方法估计已往时序值和预测未来时序值都是可行的。     

微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的研究--以聚合氯化铝(PACl)为絮凝剂

研究了微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的工艺特征和效果.试验结果表明,微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮工艺去除水中腐殖酸时,在最佳投药点(PACl),出水水质符合纳滤系统预处理单元的要求,而且该工艺需要PACl絮凝剂的量较低.该预处理系统与纳滤系统组合的集成工艺可以使水中的腐殖酸浓度大大降低,且含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的流程1比含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的流程2效果好.前者出水的TOC值可达0.28～0.45mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.47～0.8mg·L-1,UV254nm值为0～0.0033,且有95%以上的脱盐率;后者出水的TOC值为0.52～1.25mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.66～1.0 mg·L-1,UV254nm值为0.008-0.012,脱盐率很低.另外,尽管保安过滤器/活性炭预处理有利于纳滤膜出水水质的提高,但活性炭柱与纳滤膜能去除的有机物种类有些重合,活性炭柱的存在也降低了纳滤膜对有机物的去除率.水中颗粒物的粒度分布表明,原水、絮凝后和气浮出水中颗粒物粒度分布的中位直径(d50)分别为5～6μm、10～14μm和8～13 μm.经过保安过滤器或保安过滤器/活性炭柱,水样中的颗粒物的d50为0到几个μm.经过纳滤膜后出水无颗粒物.     

灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中持久性及残留的研究

本文报道灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜和土壤中的残留试验结果.经在南北两地连续两年的田间试验表明,灭幼脲Ⅲ号属非持久性农药,在作物和土壤中都较快地消失,在大白菜上的半衰期为3.8—14.0d,在土壤中为8.8—27.0d.用25％灭幼脲Ⅲ号胶悬剂稀释2500倍,每亩每次按常规用药10g或加倍药量20g(有效成分)施药,喷施2或3次,距最后一次施药三周时,灭幼脲Ⅲ号杀虫剂在大白菜的最大残留量为2.67ppm,在土壤中为13.81ppm.建议该农药在大白菜上的最高允许残留量(MRL)为3ppm,安全间隔期为21d.     

Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal

The feasibility of employing nanofiltration for the removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater was investigated. Poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) was used to fabricate asymmetric nanofiltration membrane through the phase-inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the obtained membrane, and the both confirmed a much smoother surface which could reduce membrane fouling. The PMIA membrane showed di erent rejections to electrolytes in a sequence of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2, which was similar to the sequence of the negatively charged nanofiltration membranes. Separation experiments on chromium(VI) solution were conducted at various operating conditions, such as feed concentration, applied pressure and pH. It is concluded that chromium(VI) could be e ectively removed from chromiumcontaining wastewater by the PMIA nanofiltration membranes while maintaining their pollution resistance under alkaline condition.     

粉煤灰对含铬废水的吸附研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究原状粉煤灰与粉煤灰滤料对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果的影响,并通过正交实验进行实验结果对比。实验确定粉煤灰滤料的吸附平衡时间为90 min,在pH为3的条件下适于进行吸附实验;同时,粉煤灰滤料的吸附性能优于原状粉煤灰,六价铬溶液的初始浓度、滤料的投加量以及温度的改变对吸附性能具有显著影响,且粉煤灰滤料吸附时所受影响更为明显。     

微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的研究之二——以聚合氯化铁(PFC)为絮凝剂

试验研究了微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮-纳滤集成工艺去除水中腐殖酸的工艺特征和效果.试验结果表明,微涡旋絮凝-逆流气浮工艺去除水中腐殖酸时,在聚合氯化铁(PFC)的最佳投药点0.62 mmol·L-1(Fe3 )下,出水水质符合纳滤膜系统预处理单元的要求,而且该工艺需要PFC絮凝剂的量较低.该预处理系统与纳滤系统组合的集成工艺可以使水中的腐殖酸有机物浓度大大降低,且含TQ56-36FC型纳滤膜的流程1比含M-N1812A型纳滤膜的流程2效果好.前者出水的TOC值可达0.48 mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.64～0.69mg·L-1,UV254值为0,且有95%以上的脱盐率.后者出水的TOC值为0.61～1.00mg·L-1,CODMn值为0.72～0.97mg·L-1,UV254值为0～0.0109,脱盐率很低.另外,尽管保安过滤/活性炭预处理有利于纳滤膜出水水质的提高,但活性炭柱的存在也降低了纳滤膜对有机物的去除率.动态实验结果表明,该集成工艺在本试验中运行周期为72h.水中颗粒物粒度分布表明,原水、絮凝后和气浮出水中颗粒物粒度分布的中位直径(d50)分别为2～5 μm、21 μm和16μm;经过保安过滤器或保安过滤器/活性炭柱,水样中的颗粒物的d50为0到几个μm;经过纳滤膜后,出水基本无颗粒物.初步研究表明,微涡旋絮凝过程中投药量对絮体的分形维数有着显著影响.     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

泉州湾滩涂沉积物对Cu(II)的吸附实验

研究了Cu(II) 在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附行为。探讨了pH和温度对吸附作用的影响,测定了其吸附等温线。实验结果表明,常温下Cu(II) 在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附平衡时间约需3.5 小时;吸附量随pH的升高先增大而后减少,pH=6.0左右时达最大;吸附量随温度的升高而增大;其吸附行为可以很好地用Langmuir型吸附等温线来描述。并在此基础上初步探讨了Cu(II)在泉州湾滩涂沉积物上的吸附机理。     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1异化还原Fe(III)介导的As(III)氧化转化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了Shewanella oneidensis MR-1作用下Fe(III)还原和As(III)氧化动力学及其影响因素.结果表明,Fe(III)被还原为Fe(II)的同时伴随着As(III)氧化为As(V);S. oneidensis MR-1 在含低浓度As(III)培养基上生长良好,在高浓度培养基上生长被抑制;As(III)通过制约菌体的生长与活性来抑制Fe(III)异化还原.同样,适量浓度的Fe(III)含量对As(III)氧化转化有很强的促进作用,但是过高浓度的Fe(III)浓度使得溶液中产生过多的Fe(II),从而对As(III)氧化转化有一定程度的抑制作用.此外,弱碱环境更有利于As(III)氧化转化.     

苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物对栉孔扇贝毒理学指标的影响

检测了暴露于不同浓度多环芳烃中栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)消化盲囊和鳃丝的几项毒理学指标变化.苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物的浓度梯度设置为0.5、1.0、10.0、50.0μg·L-1.结果表明,低浓度PAHs对消化盲囊EROD活力无显著影响,对GST有一定的诱导作用,而高浓度PAHs对消化盲囊EROD有明显的诱导作用,对GST先诱导后抑制;在PAHs作用下消化盲囊和鳃丝的3种抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和GPx)活力呈现一定的峰值变化,且在高浓度PAHs下均被显著抑制,同时鳃丝的酶活力较消化盲囊抑制显著;消化盲囊和鳃丝的LPO水平在PAHs处理下随时间不断上升,并表现出明显的剂量和时间效应.暴露于PAHs中栉孔扇贝的EROD、GST和抗氧化酶活力的变化反映了机体的解毒代谢过程和能力,而LPO水平则直接反映了机体的氧化损伤程度,而且各毒理学指标在解毒过程中相互关联,具有很强的规律性.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

阳离子高分子絮凝剂P(DMC-AM)与无机絮凝剂复配处理生活污水研究

通过试验，研究了P（DMC—AM）与无机絮凝剂效果对比、与无机絮凝剂复配效果、与AlCl3复配最佳絮凝条件和絮体回用效果，并对P（DMC—AM）用于生活污水处理进行了经济效益分析。     

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (Ⅵ) toxicity in Oxya chinensis ( Orthoptera : Acridoidae)

The toxic effects of Cr（Vl） on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis（Orthoptera： Acridoidae） were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）, and guaiacol peroxidase（GPx） were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr（VI）. Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr（VI） with different concentrations （0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight）. The results showed that Cr（VI） led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that： （1） The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr （VI） concentration. （2） With the increase of Cr （VI） concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr （VI）. A very similar response to Cr（VI） effect for males indicated that Cr（VI） concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. （3） The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr（VI） was increased with the increase of Cr（Vi） concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr（VI） suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.     

三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法评估堆肥腐熟度

评估堆肥腐熟度是确保堆肥产品质量的重要保证. 采用三维荧光光谱结合荧光区域指数分析方法快速评估菜粕和稻糠堆肥过程中的腐熟度. 结果表明:菜粕和稻糠堆肥可在16 d内完成一次发酵,其中第7～14天为高温期(>50 ℃,共8 d);随后,堆体进入降温期,第16天降至32 ℃. 堆肥初期(第0～6天)DOC(溶解性有机碳)、DON(溶解性有机氮)质量浓度和EC(电导率)先稳定在一个较低的水平;在堆肥高温期(第7～14天),ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC则分别迅速升至10.47 mg/L、7.52 mg/L和5.76 mS/cm. 堆肥腐熟度相关指标〔即ρ(DOC)、 ρ(DON)和EC〕与FRI(荧光区域指数)方法中P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n指标的变化趋势一致,并且具有极显著相关性(R>0.942,P<0.01);而与P_Ⅰ,n变化趋势相反,也具有显著的相关性(R<-0.871,P<0.05). 因此,P_Ⅲ,n、P_Ⅴ,n、P_Ⅴ,n/P_Ⅲ,n与P_Ⅰ,n可以用于表征堆肥腐熟度.