可持续发展的奥地利林业及其对我国的启示

奥地利森林发展经历了完好、破坏、保护、可持续发展等四个历史阶段.由于政府高度重视,加强投入,用可持续发展的原则指导林业建设,特别是提出了科学的建设近自然林的方针,奥地利林业建设已经走上了健康的可持续发展的轨道.目前奥地利森林覆盖率已达46.2%,有2/3的森林为近自然林,采伐量大大低于生长量.其林业发展理论、法规和政府的扶持政策对我国具有重要的借鉴意义.     

对长江上游防护林工程建设实行经济补偿的建议

长江全长6330km,流域总面积约189万km~2,占全国陆地面积的1/5。长期以来,长江上游的四川、贵州两省森林资源过伐,导致森林覆盖率减少。其中四川省森林覆盖率已由50年代的20％下降到80年代的13％,四川盆地内森林覆盖率仅7.8％;贵州省森林覆盖率由70年代的14.5％下降到目前的12.6％,乌江上游毕节地区森林覆盖率仅9.8％。长江上游每年约有6.8亿t泥沙被带到中下游,四川省水土流失面积     

森林“世界之最”

森林“世界之最”森林面积最多的洲是拉丁美洲，森林面积占全世界总面积的２４％，覆盖率达４４％；森林面积最少的洲是大洋洲，森林总面积只占全世界总面积的２％，覆盖率只有１１％；森林面积最多的国家是俄罗斯，有森林面积４．８亿公顷；森林覆盖率最高的国家是圭亚拉...     

中国森林资源的主要灾害问题与对策分析

森林资源以集生的乔木为主体，能够对气候、水文等自然环境产生巨大影响的植物群落，中国森林资源面积有１３０９３×１０４ｈｍ２，森林覆盖率１３．８％。目前的现状是，森林资源缺乏、分布不均、蓄积量低、有林地面积小、构成不合理、可供采伐利用少等，其主要原因是森林资源灾害的长期存在并日趋严重。通过对森林资源灾害类型和致灾因素的分析，提出了相应的提高森林资源生产能力，改善森林资源生态环境和防止灾害发生的基本对策。     

公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素研究——基于TPB—NAM整合模型

有效的碳普惠机制与森林碳汇产品的价值实现对中国生态文明的建设至关重要,理清公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素对森林碳汇政策的制定具有现实意义。基于计划行为理论、规范激活理论并融合生态文明思想内核,选用结构方程模型,利用515份社会公众问卷数据,实证检验了公众森林碳汇购买愿意影响因素及作用机理。结果表明：(1)公众森林碳汇购买意愿是理性和道德交互作用的结果,而非纯理性或纯道德驱动行为;(2)行为态度、感知规范和知觉行为控制都对公众森林碳汇购买意愿具有显著正向影响,但影响程度具有差异性,其中感知规范对购买意愿影响最大,因此公众环境道德素养是影响其森林碳汇购买行为的最重要因素;(3)社会公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素表征变量的具体作用表现不同：感知规范中,公众个体道德规范对其森林碳汇购买意愿影响最大;行为态度中,公众森林碳汇生态、政治效益认知对购买意愿影响最大;知觉行为控制中,森林碳汇信息量、森林碳汇价格等都是影响公众森林碳汇购买意愿的因素,但影响程度差异不大。     

古蔺县黄荆林区的植物资源

一、林区自然概况黄荆林区又称黄荆老林,位于古蔺县东北部,东、北与贵州省赤水县毗邻,西连本省叙永,南接本县德跃乡。包括黄荆、红旗、龙爪三乡,总人口4,100余人,总面积约43.5万亩,有林面积约42万亩(国有林16.5万亩,集体所有林25.3万亩),森林覆盖率高达95％,为川南现存面积最大的森林,也是我国西南东部地区常绿阔叶林保存最完整的林子之一。     

全球资源告急

世界自然基金会 (ＷＷＦ)近日公布的1999年度全球环境指数报告显示 ,从 1970年到 1995年 ,全球环境指数约下降了30 % ,这意味着在短短的 2 5年间 ,人类拥有的自然资源骤减了 3成 ,消耗数量相当于过去一个世纪的总和。该报告还表明 ,在这 2 5年间 ,全球森林面积减少约 10 % ,每年消失的森林面积达 15万ｋｍ2 ,相当于希腊的国土面积。森林不但为人类提供了大量的木材、产品和原料 ,而且对气候、水源、水土、维持生态平衡等起了不可替代的作用。本世纪来临时 ,地球表面的森林尚有 5 5亿ｈｍ2 ,覆盖率为 41% ,现在只剩下 2 6亿ｈｍ2 ,森林覆盖率…     

川西盆周山地土地利用/覆被变化与生态发展模式--以雅安市天全县为例

采用GIS和数理统计方法,以及景观生态学中的空间格局指数对天全县1992～2002年土地利用/覆被变化特征进行研究.结果表明:林地在各种土地利用类型中占的比例最大,且呈逐年递增趋势,2002年达79．14％,但年变化率则很小,只有0.29%;耕地占的比例很小,仅有5.50%,而且10年间面积减少了4813.3hm2,但年变化率比林地大,高达2.68%.受人类活动的影响,10年间多样性指数和均匀度指数呈上升趋势,而优势度指数不断下降.由此得出产生土地利用/覆被变化的机制是受地形条件和自然灾害等自然因素的影响,同时更受人口增长、城市化进程以及政府政策等社会经济因素的驱动.从而有针对性地提出生态发展模式的建议,以期为土地资源的可持续利用提供借鉴.     

山东森林植被的基本特点及其改造利用

山东是一个少林的省份,森林资源比较贫乏。由于山东开发历史早,人类活动频繁,原始的森林植被早已破坏殆尽,大部分地区被开垦为农田。建国30多年经过全省人民的努力,森林覆盖率已达到8.9％,但仍低于全国12.7％的水平,与世界森林覆盖率22％相比相差更远。而且,山东的森林目前多属幼、中龄林,其经济效益和生态效益都不高。因此,增加山东森林面积,合理改造和利用现有森林植被,对于山东省经济的发展和生态环境条件的改善都具有重要意义。     

成都市水资源与可持续发展

文中对成都市水资源与可持续发展的关系作了探讨。认为由于本地区社会经济的高速发展，对水的需求量日益增加；而水体污染、上游森林覆盖率减少使涵养水源能力减弱等原因引起地表径流减少、可用水量减少，导致未来成都地区严重缺水，是制约成都市可持续发展的重要因素。为此，探讨了水资源满足可持续发展的途径。     

Fish Assemblage Responses to Forest Cover

We investigated whether fish assemblage structure in southern Appalachian streams differed with historical and contemporary forest cover. We compared fish assemblages in 2^nd–4^th order streams draining watersheds that had increased forest cover between 1950 and 1993 (i.e., reforesting watersheds). We sampled fish in 50 m reaches during August 2001 and calculated catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) by taxonomic, distributional, trophic, reproductive, and thermal metrics. We assigned streams to reforestation categories based on cluster analysis of years 1950 and 1993 near-stream forest cover. The relationship between forest cover and assemblage structure was assessed using analysis of variance to identify differences in fish CPUE in five forest cover categories. Streams contained 23 fish species representing six families, and taxa richness ranged from 1 to 13 at 30 stream sites. Streams with relatively low near-stream forest cover were different from streams having moderate to high near-stream forest cover in 1950 and 1993. Fish assemblages in streams having the lowest amount of forest cover (53–75%) were characterized by higher cosmopolitan, brood hider, detritivore/herbivore, intermediate habitat breadths, run-pool dweller, and warm water tolerant fish CPUE compared to streams with higher riparian forest cover. Our results suggest that fish assemblage’s structural and functional diversity and/or richness may be lower in streams having lower recent or past riparian forest cover compared to assemblages in streams having a high degree of near-stream forest cover.     

Species composition and soil erosion on a ski area in Hokkaido,northern Japan

In 1986 and 1987, a study on factors governing revegetation on ski grounds was conducted at Teine ski ground (built in 1971) located near the city of Sapporo in northern Japan. Soil movement, slope gradient, distance from forest edge, vegetation cover, and number of species on the ski ground were examined. Although artificial sowing of exotic plants was undertaken in the whole ground surface at the time of opening, bare land occurred in ca. 50% of surveyed plots and the ski ground was mostly covered with native plants. The number of species was positively correlated to vegetation cover, which was low in the sites where intensive soil erosions occurred in winter. A principal component analysis of plant species distinguished three major groups of factors, i.e., vegetation cover (first axis, contribution rate 30.3%), soil erosion in winter and slope gradient (second, 23.1%), and distance from forest edge (third, 16.3%). The vegetation characteristics on the ski ground were not determined by a single environmental gradient but by the combination of factors described above. In particular, soil movements, which are mostly derived from snowmelt, are considered to be the initiator of vegetation changes.     

Application of Likelihood Ratio and Logistic Regression Models to Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS

For landslide susceptibility mapping, this study applied and verified a Bayesian probability model, a likelihood ratio and statistical model, and logistic regression to Janghung, Korea, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Landslide locations were identified in the study area from interpretation of IRS satellite imagery and field surveys; and a spatial database was constructed from topographic maps, soil type, forest cover, geology and land cover. The factors that influence landslide occurrence, such as slope gradient, slope aspect, and curvature of topography, were calculated from the topographic database. Soil texture, material, drainage, and effective depth were extracted from the soil database, while forest type, diameter, and density were extracted from the forest database. Land cover was classified from Landsat TM satellite imagery using unsupervised classification. The likelihood ratio and logistic regression coefficient were overlaid to determine each factors rating for landslide susceptibility mapping. Then the landslide susceptibility map was verified and compared with known landslide locations. The logistic regression model had higher prediction accuracy than the likelihood ratio model. The method can be used to reduce hazards associated with landslides and to land cover planning. Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

Changes in Forest Area Along Stream Networks in an Agricultural Catchment of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon

Scenes from the series of multispectral sensors on the Landsat satellites were used to map recent changes (between 1972 and 2004) in forest cover within and adjacent to stream networks of an intensively farmed region of the southern Great Barrier Reef catchment (Australia). Unsupervised ISODATA classifications of Tasseled-Cap transformed data (at 57 m ground resolution) mapped forest and cleared areas within 150 m of Pisoneer catchment waterways with 72.2% overall accuracy (K(hat) = 0.469), when adjusted for the size of each class. Although the user's accuracy was higher for the forest class (82.1 +/- 8.4% at alpha = 0.05), large errors of commission (34.2 +/- 8.3%) substantially affected map accuracy for the cleared class. The main reasons for misclassification include: (1) failure to discriminate narrowly vegetated riparian strips; (2) misregistration of scenes; and (3) spectral similarity of ground cover. Error matrix probabilities were used to adjust the mapped area of classes, resulting in a decline of forest cover by 12.3% and increase of clearing by 18.5% (22.4 km(2) change; 95% confidence interval: 14.3-29.6 km(2)) between 1972 and 2004. Despite the mapping errors, Landsat data were able to identify broad patterns of land cover change that were verified from aerial photography. Most of the forest losses occurred in open forest to woodland habitat dominated by Eucalyptus, Corymbia, and Lophostemon species, which were largely replaced by sugarcane cropping. Melaleuca communities were similarly affected, though they have a much smaller distribution in the catchment.     

An Assessment of Forest Cover Trends in South and North Korea, From 1980 to 2010

It is generally believed that forest cover in North Korea has undergone a substantial decrease since 1980, while in South Korea, forest cover has remained relatively static during that same period of time. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forest Resources Assessments—based on the reported forest inventories from North and South Korea—suggest a major forest cover decrease in North Korea, but only a slight decrease in South Korea during the last 30 years. In this study, we seek to check and validate those assessments by comparing them to independently derived forest cover maps compiled for three time intervals between 1990 and 2010, as well as to provide a spatially explicit view of forest cover change in the Korean Peninsula since the 1990s. We extracted tree cover data for the Korean Peninsula from existing global datasets derived from satellite imagery. Our estimates, while qualitatively supporting the FAO results, show that North Korea has lost a large number of densely forested areas, and thus in this sense has suffered heavier forest loss than the FAO assessment suggests. Given the limited time interval studied in our assessment, the overall forest loss from North Korea during the whole span of time since 1980 may have been even heavier than in our estimate. For South Korea, our results indicate that the forest cover has remained relatively stable at the national level, but that important variability in forest cover evolution exists at the regional level: While the northern and western provinces show an overall decrease in forested areas, large areas in the southeastern part of the country have increased their forest cover.     

Changes in Determinants of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Popa Mountain Park, Central Myanmar

Implementing effective conservation requires an understanding of factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation. Previous studies have investigated factors affecting deforestation, while few studies have examined the determinants of both of deforestation and forest degradation for more than one period. To address this gap, this study examined factors influencing deforestation and forest degradation during 1989–2000 and 2000–2005 in the Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar. We applied multinomial logistic regression (MNL) using land cover maps derived from Landsat images as the dependent variables as well as spatial and biophysical factors as the independent variables. The MNL models revealed influences of the determinants on deforestation and forest degradation changes over time. For example, during 1989–2000, deforestation from closed forest was positively correlated to the distance from the park boundary and was negatively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope, western aspect and elevation. On the other hand, during 2000–2005, deforestation of closed forest was positively correlated with distance from villages, roads, the park circular road, slope and western aspect, and negatively correlated with distance from the park boundary and elevation. Similar scenarios were observed for the deforestation of open forest and forest degradation of closed forest. The study also found most of the determinants influenced deforestation and forest degradation differently. The changes in determinants of deforestation and forest degradation over time might be attributable to the general decrease in resource availability and to the effect of conservation measures conducted by the park.     

Deforestation and Forest Management in Southern Ethiopia: Investigations in the Chencha and Arbaminch Areas

Long-term human impacts are considered to be the prime cause of unsustainable forest exploitation in Ethiopia. Yet there exist well-established systems and a wealth of local experience in maintaining and managing forests. This study explores the trends and driving forces of deforestation plus traditional practices regarding sustainable forest use and management in the Chencha and Arbaminch areas, Southern Ethiopia. Satellite image analysis (images from 1972, 1984 and 2006) combined with field surveys were used to detect and map changes in forest cover. Household interviews and group discussions with experienced and knowledgeable persons were also employed. The results show a 23 % decline in forest cover between 1972 and 2006 with the most significant change from 1986 to 2006. Change was greatest in the lowlands and remarkable episodic forest changes also occurred, suggesting nonlinear spatial and temporal forest cover dynamics. According to farmers, the main driver of deforestation is agricultural land expansion in response to local population increases and a decline in agricultural production. Growing local and regional fuel wood demand is another chief cause. Despite these issues, remarkable relicts of natural forests remain and trees on farmland, around homesteads and on fields in every village are basic elements of farm activities and social systems. This demonstrates the effect of cumulative traditional knowledge and long-term local experience with forest management and preservation. Therefore, these practices should be promoted and advanced through the integration of local knowledge and forest management practices in the design and implementation of sustainable environmental planning and management.     

What Drives Accelerated Land Cover Change in Central Argentina? Synergistic Consequences of Climatic,Socioeconomic, and Technological Factors

Synergistic combinations of climatic and land use changes have the potential to produce the most dramatic impacts on land cover. Although this is widely accepted, empirical examples, particularly involving deforestation in Latin America, are still very few. The geographic extent and causes of deforestation in subtropical seasonally dry forests of the world have received very little attention. This is especially true for the Chaco forests in South America, which are being lost at an alarming rate, sometimes higher than those reported for tropical forests. On this basis, the aims of this study were to analyze the changes in land cover that have occurred during the last three decades of the 20th century in the Chaco forests of central Argentina, and to explain the factors that have driven those changes. Results show major land cover changes. Approximately 80% of the area that was originally undisturbed forest is now occupied by crops, pastures, and secondary scrub. The main proximate cause of deforestation has been agricultural expansion, soybean cultivation in particular. This appears as the result of the synergistic convergence of climatic, technological, and socioeconomic factors, supporting the hypothesis of a multiple-factor explanation for forest loss, while providing one of the very few existing analyses of changes in subtropical forests of the world.     

Persistence and developmental transition of wide seismic lines in the western Boreal Plains of Canada

This study examined the fate of seismic lines utilized in oil and gas exploration in Canada's western Boreal Plains. It retrospectively followed the persistence, recovery and developmental transition of seismic lines established between the 1960s and the mid-1970s through to 2003. We examined lines that passed through three forest types; aspen, white spruce, and lowland black spruce. In general, the recovery rates of seismic lines to woody vegetation were low. After 35 years, 8.2% of seismic lines across all forest types had recovered to greater than 50% cover of woody vegetation. Only the upland forest types recovered; aspen and white spruce. Most seismic lines ( approximately 65% at 35 years) remained in a cleared state with a cover of low forbs. The most common transition for seismic lines was to tracked access ( approximately 20% at 35 years). Transition to other anthropogenic developments such as roads, pipelines, buildings, and timber harvest blocks was 5% after 35 years. The pulse of industrial activity initiated in the mid-1990s greatly increased the transition rate of seismic to tracked access for a short period of time. The discussion focused on natural and anthropogenic factors that hinder recovery and on the management directions that would facilitate greater recovery rates.     

Baseline assessment for environmental services payments from satellite imagery: a case study from Costa Rica and Mexico

In this study we evaluate the accuracy of four global and regional forest cover assessments (MODIS, IGBP, GLC2000, PROARCA) as tools for baseline estimation. We conduct this research at the national scale for Costa Rica and for two tropical dry forest study sites in Costa Rica (Santa Rosa) and Mexico (Chamela-Cuixmala). We found that at the national level, the total forest cover accuracy of the four land cover maps was inflated due to an overestimation of forest in areas with an evergreen canopy. However, the four maps greatly underestimated the extent of the deciduous forest (dry forest); an ecosystem that faces high deforestation pressure and poses complications to the mapping of its extent from remotely sensed data. For the tropical dry forest sites, all maps have low forest cover accuracies (mean for Santa Rosa: 27%; mean for Chamela-Cuixmala: 56%). This has implications for policy implementation.