氨基乙醇席夫碱Cu2+配合物的合成及其催化染料降解

合成了3个氨基乙醇席夫碱Cu2+配合物并进行了表征.利用分光光度法考查了配合物催化降解酸性蓝9的性能和动力学曲线;利用Graph Pad Prism 5软件进行了米氏常数的测定;利用HPLC法测定了降解产物.发现配合物均为单核五配位配合物.发现配合物能催化废水中酸性蓝9降解,催化活性Cu Cl Lb·H2O最好,Cu Cl La·H2O其次,Cu Cl Lc·H2O最差,说明给电子基团有利于催化活性,位阻基团不利于催化活性.发现Cu Cl La·H2O、Cu Cl Lb·H2O催化酸性蓝9的V-S曲线与米氏方程吻合,米氏常数分别为1.35×10-2mmol·L-1和1.54×10-2mmol·L-1,说明催化过程具有酶促特性,Cu Cl La·H2O与底物的结合能力比Cu Cl Lb·H2O与底物结合能力弱.发现降解产物有顺式丁烯二酸.推测了配合物的催化机理和酸性蓝9的降解机制.得到了两个性能优良的酸性蓝9降解的仿酶催化剂,催化活性可以通过基团进行调控,为开发新的染料废水的有效治理技术提供了理论和实践支持.     

不同铝聚合形态对聚合铝混凝效果的影响

通过氯化铝(铝单体或初聚物形态Ala)、高Alb含量聚合铝(中等聚合形态Alb)、高Alc含量聚合铝(铝溶胶等高聚合形态Alc)和工业PACl(不同聚合度铝的混合形态Alabc)对某水厂沉后水实际水样进行烧杯混凝实验,依据絮体生长状况、浊度、UV254、颗粒数和过滤指数等参数综合评价不同铝形态的混凝作用效果,从而得出铝的最佳混凝形态.结果表明,高Alb含量聚合铝对浊度去除较好;而高Alc含量聚合铝对于颗粒物和UV254的去除效果较佳.     

Identification of Four Distinct Subunit Types in the Unique 6×6 Hemocyanin of the Centipede Scutigera coleoptrata

 We isolated 6×6 hemocyanin, dissociated it into subunits, and examined it by electron microscopy. The subunits were separated by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate PAGE, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Single subunits were isolated by gel cutting from native PAGE and identified as hemocyanin by measuring their ultraviolet spectrum. A total of four distinct hemocyanin subunits were identified, and the subunit pattern of the three electrophoresis systems assigned to each other. The relative proportion of subunits a:b:c:d were 2 : 2 :>: 1 as determined by densitometry. Presumably, c and d act as linkers between hexamers. Received: 9 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 14 April 1999     

基于WRF-Chem模拟的玉溪市大气环境容量精细估算

云南高原的清洁大气环境及其潜在变化是一个值得深入研究的大气环境问题.本文选择云南高原重要工业城市—玉溪作为研究区域,基于中尺度空气质量模式WRF-Chem,开展玉溪市的大气环境容量模拟估算.同时,以2015年冬、春、夏、秋季主要大气污染物模拟为基础,采用以我国环境空气质量标准(GB3095—2012)为约束目标的WRF-Chem模拟迭代大气环境容量算法,设置3 km的精细分辨率,计算得到2015年玉溪市一次PM_(10)、一次PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_x和CO的大气环境容量分别为1.284×10~4、0.854×10~4、1.917×10~4、1.796×10~4和51.556×10~4t·a~(-1).最后,研究了整个玉溪市区域和城区大气环境容量的季节变化特征,结果发现,各污染物冬季大气环境容量最小,除PM_(2.5)外的污染物均在春季大气环境容量最大.玉溪市城区剩余容量占全市的比例均在40%左右,反映了工业发展和城市化带来的大气环境的城乡差异及可能的环境变化效应.     

不同缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度条件下连续流单污泥污水处理系统PHA、TP代谢

根据试验结果和物料平衡分析,揭示了连续流单污泥污水处理系统在不同主要缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度[c(NO3)]条件下运行时的PHA、TP代谢规律,从反应机制方面评价以c(NO3)作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统运行控制参数的有效性.采用PLC自动控制系统,以硝化液内循环流量作为被控变量,基于反馈控制结构,在c(NO3)设定值分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5以及4.0 mg·L-1的条件下进行试验研究,进水水质及其他运行设计参数保持不变.结果表明,当c(NO3)设定值为2.5mg·L-1时,厌氧段和预缺氧段PHA合成并贮存量、主要缺氧段PHA降解量、厌氧段和预缺氧段磷释放量、系统总吸磷量以及主要缺氧段磷吸收量等均达到最大值,分别为35.32、1.71、20.44、6.16、0.32、8.04、3.67 g·d-1.这从PHA和TP代谢机制角度进一步证实了c(NO3)可作为连续流单污泥污水处理系统的运行控制参数,其最佳设定值为2.5 mg·L-1.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, photodegradation kinetics and photocatalytic activity of novel photocatalyst ZnBiYO4

ZnBiYO₄ was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method for the first time. The structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnBiYO₄ were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance. ZnBiYO₄ crystallized with a tetragonal spinel structure with space group I41/A. The lattice parameters for ZnBiYO₄ were a = b = 11.176479 Å and c= 10.014323 Å. The band gap of ZnBiYO₄ was estimated to be 1.58 eV. The photocatalytic activity of ZnBiYO₄ was assessed by photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that ZnBiYO₄ had higher catalytic activity compared with N-doped TiO₂ under the same experimental conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with ZnBiYO₄ or N-doped TiO₂ as catalyst followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was 0.01575 and 0.00416 min^-1 for ZnBiYO₄ and N-doped TiO₂, respectively. After visible light irradiation for 220 min with ZnBiYO₄ as catalyst, complete removal and mineralization of methyl orange were observed. The reduction of total organic carbon, formation of inorganic products, SO₄^2- and NO₃^-, and evolution of CO₂ revealed the continuous mineralization of methyl orange during the photocatalytic process. The intermediate products were identified using liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry. The ZnBiYO₄/(visible light) photocatalysis system was found to be suitable for textile industry wastewater treatment and could be used to solve other environmental chemical pollution problems.     

High-field 1H T1 and T2 NMR relaxation time measurements of H2O in homeopathic preparations of quartz, sulfur, and copper sulfate

Quantitative meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials investigating the specific therapeutic efficacy of homeopathic remedies yielded statistically significant differences compared to placebo. Since the remedies used contained mostly only very low concentrations of pharmacologically active compounds, these effects cannot be accounted for within the framework of current pharmacology. Theories to explain clinical effects of homeopathic remedies are partially based upon changes in diluent structure. To investigate the latter, we measured for the first time high-field (600/500 MHz) ¹H T₁ and T₂ nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times of H₂O in homeopathic preparations with concurrent contamination control by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Homeopathic preparations of quartz (10c–30c, n = 21, corresponding to iterative dilutions of 100⁻¹⁰–100⁻³⁰), sulfur (13x–30x, n = 18, 10⁻¹³–10⁻³⁰), and copper sulfate (11c–30c, n = 20, 100⁻¹¹–100⁻³⁰) were compared to n = 10 independent controls each (analogously agitated dilution medium) in randomized and blinded experiments. In none of the samples, the concentration of any element analyzed by ICP-MS exceeded 10 ppb. In the first measurement series (600 MHz), there was a significant increase in T₁ for all samples as a function of time, and there were no significant differences between homeopathic potencies and controls. In the second measurement series (500 MHz) 1 year after preparation, we observed statistically significant increased T₁ relaxation times for homeopathic sulfur preparations compared to controls. Fifteen out of 18 correlations between sample triplicates were higher for controls than for homeopathic preparations. No conclusive explanation for these phenomena can be given at present. Possible hypotheses involve differential leaching from the measurement vessel walls or a change in water molecule dynamics, i.e., in rotational correlation time and/or diffusion. Homeopathic preparations thus may exhibit specific physicochemical properties that need to be determined in detail in future investigations. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

南京冬季气溶胶光学特性及黑碳光吸收增强效应

2016年1月1~19日在南京北郊利用三波长光声黑碳光度仪(PASS-3)对气溶胶的光学性质进行了实时在线观测,同时结合气溶胶化学组成分析了黑碳气溶胶的光吸收增强效应.结果表明,观测期间气溶胶在532 nm下的吸收系数、散射系数、单散射反照率的平均值为(64.19±35.28)Mm-1、(454.68±238.71)Mm-1、0.87±0.03,受边界层高度及颗粒物浓度的影响,呈现出明显的日变化特征.黑碳气溶胶的质量吸收截面(MAC)在观测期间的变化趋势为前期低,后期高,与非EC组分相对EC比值的变化趋势一致,受不同污染条件下二次物质的占比及覆盖物厚度变化的影响.基于MAC计算得到的405、532、781nm下的光吸收增强(EMAC)平均值分别为1.53±0.56、1.34±0.47、1.14±0.40,随着波长增加而降低,存在棕色碳(Br C)的贡献.各非EC组分相对EC的比值与EMAC均有一定相关性,其中OC/EC与EMAC相关性最高,说明有机物的积累是导致黑碳光吸收增强的主要原因.K+/EC与EMAC的高相关性表明生物质燃烧过程对光吸收增强也有一定影响.     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(9), 1164–1169 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Is the Newly Described Vietnamese Bovid Pseudonovibos spiralis a Chamois (Genus Rupicapra)?

 The “Linh Duong” (Pseudonovibos spiralis), a newly described Vietnamese bovid, has been shown to be related to the Caprinae on the basis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencing from horn fragments. To integrate the greatest available biodiversity we performed a new phylogenetic analysis including all genera of Caprinae. Unexpectedly, Pseudonovibos is found to be robustly associated with Rupicapra, and closer to the Alpine than to the Pyrenean chamois. Several clues led us to interpret this result as a carry-over DNA contamination of Pseudonovibos by Rupicapra. Received: 19 July 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 20 October 1999     

氧化石墨烯对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯藻毒性的影响

以海洋微藻青岛大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica var.tingtaoensis)为受试对象,研究了氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)与邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)单独及共同对青岛大扁藻的急性毒性效应,考察了藻细胞的生长状况,光合色素产量,细胞通透性,氧化应激指标及扫描电镜,以探讨GO的加入对DBP藻毒性的影响.结果表明,低浓度GO(0.1~10 mg·L~(-1))对青岛大扁藻的藻密度和叶绿素产量无明显影响,但藻细胞通透性随GO浓度升高显著增加(P0.05),10mg·L~(-1)时达到空白组的2.2倍.DBP对青岛大扁藻的EC50,96 h为(11.14±0.80)mg·L~(-1),其毒性远大于GO(EC50,96 h大于100mg·L~(-1)).1 mg·L~(-1)GO的加入使DBP的EC50,96 h降低到(4.93±2.14)mg·L~(-1),低浓度GO对DBP藻毒性表现出一定的增强作用.1 mg·L~(-1)的GO加入时,对低浓度DBP组(0.1~2 mg·L~(-1))的藻密度、叶绿素产量、细胞通透性水平没有显著性影响,但加剧了高浓度DBP组(4 mg·L~(-1))对藻密度、叶绿素产量的抑制,使单个藻细胞内ROS和SOD平均增加了21%和7%.扫描电镜结果发现GO对藻细胞具有覆盖,包裹及聚集作用,这些可能是DBP藻毒性增强的主要原因.该结果为揭示新型污染物碳纳米材料对海洋生物的风险提供了数据支持.     

超低改造下中国火电排放清单及分布特征

本研究基于2018年火电在线监测和环境统计等数据,自下而上编制了中国高分辨率火电行业排放清单,并核算了排放浓度、排放因子和排放量.结果表明超低排放政策效果显著：2018年火电SO₂、NO_x和烟尘平均排放浓度分别为37.57、56.71和7.41mg ·m^-3.比2015年分别下降58.71%、43.12%和60.79%;中国燃煤机组的SO₂、NO_x和烟尘平均排放因子分别为0.30、0.48和0.06 g ·kg^-1,比2015年分别下降55.2%、36.84%和62.5%;中国火电SO₂、NO_x、烟尘和PM_2.5总排放量分别为72.14、118.38、14.90和13.59万t ·a^-1,比2015年分别下降41.32%、19.29%、48.12%和40.39%.     

Triterpene saponin hemi-biosynthesis of a leaf beetle’s (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Platyphora kollari</Emphasis>) defensive secretion

The adults of the leaf beetle Platyphora kollari (Chrysomelidae) are able to metabolise the oleanane triterpene β-amyrin (1) into the glycoside 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-hederagenin (2) that is stored in their defensive glands. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that oleanolic acid (3) is an intermediate in the conversion of 1 into 2 and to check whether the sequestration of pentacyclic triterpenes is selective in favour of β-amyrin (1). To this end, adults of P. kollari were fed with Ipomoea batatas leaf disks painted with a solution of [2,2,3-²H₃]oleanolic acid or [2,2,3-²H₃]α-amyrin and the secretion of their defensive glands analysed by HPLC–ESIMS. The data presented in this work indicated that the first step of the transformation of β-amyrin (1) into the sequestered glycoside 2 is its oxidation into oleanolic acid (3) and that this conversion is selective but not specific in favour of β-amyrin (1).     

Eolian Dust Affects Phytoplankton in the Waters off Kuwait, the Arabian Gulf

 Summer phytoplankton assemblages from surface waters off Kuwait were enriched with levels of eolian dust (10⁵, 10⁶, and 10⁷ mg/m³), similar to seasonal dust fallout for this region. Algal growth was positive and dose dependent. Highest biomass was up to 527 μg chlorophyll a/l on day 5. The maximum doublings of biomass per day were 0.64, 0.77, and 1.42, corresponding to 10⁵, 10⁶, and 10⁷ mg/m³ enrichment and were significantly higher than the 0.56 for control. Changes in the phytoplankton species composition occurred with changes in biomass, with small algae dominating peak populations. It is suggested that through enrichment of trace elements via eolian dust, a high level of phytoplankton biomass and growth can be sustained in this arid environment. Received: 15 October / Accepted in revised form: 16 June 1999     

海南省淘汰落后产能政策的污染物协同减排效应评价

结构减排是我国污染物减排的主要措施,是海南省推进产业结构升级、实现建成"全国生态文明建设示范区"的必然选择.为评价该政策产生的环境效应,采用海南省2006~2013年"十一五"和"十二五"期间淘汰落后产能数据,运用排放因子法,估算各年份由于淘汰水泥、炼铁、炼钢、造纸和实心黏土砖落后产能带来的多种污染物协同减排效应.结果表明,研究期间氮氧化物(NO_x)、二噁英类污染物、大气汞累计削减量分别达到2 826.0 t·a~(-1)、10 462.5 mg·a~(-1)和280.8 kg·a~(-1).淘汰落后产能对海南省NO_x减排的影响不是很显著,但对降低新型污染物二噁英类和大气汞的排放起到有效的源头控制作用,累计效应显著.该研究为评估淘汰落后产能政策对常规污染物和新型污染物协同控制效应提供了方法和思路.     

缺镁胁迫对普通小球藻光合生理及油脂积累的影响

小球藻是一种重要的生物资源,它在生产微藻燃料、提取生物活性物质以及水环境修复等方面具有广阔的应用,因此研究小球藻的生理生化特性具有重要的意义.镁离子在微藻的生长过程中起到了很重要的作用,不仅是叶绿素结构的中心原子,还是一些代谢途径中关键酶的辅因子.采用批次培养的方法,在对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)光合自养培养过程中,研究了在缺镁胁迫条件下的普通小球藻的光合生理及油脂积累的变化.结果表明,在缺镁胁迫条件下,普通小球藻的生物量、蛋白含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量分别降低了20%、43.96%、27.52%、28.07%,而总油脂含量增加了19.60%;普通小球藻的最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm降低了22.54%,而非光化学淬灭qN显著高于正常培养条件.本研究结果表明缺镁胁迫抑制了普通小球藻中叶绿素的合成,从而影响了光合作用的进行,导致普通小球藻生长受到抑制、蛋白质合成受阻,从而使其碳同化进入油脂的合成代谢,增加了普通小球藻油脂含量.     

典型内燃叉车尾气挥发性有机物与正构烷烃的排放特征

非道路柴油车尾气是影响我国空气质量的重要排放源,但目前针对其化学组分及其影响因素的了解仍然非常有限.以6台内燃叉车为研究对象,利用气态组分在线监测结合样品采集离线分析方法,重点探讨了柴油机颗粒物过滤器(DPF)对叉车尾气中的关键化学组分挥发性有机物(VOCs)和正构烷烃含量及其特征的影响.结果 表明,含氧挥发性有机物(...     

崇明东滩湿地土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程及其影响因素

以崇明东滩湿地为研究对象,采用同位素示踪结合泥浆实验,研究了从低潮滩向高潮滩变化的土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程(DNRA)及其影响因素.结果表明,土壤硝酸盐异化还原成铵的潜在速率为0.17～0.71 nmol·g~(-1)·h~(-1),表现为低潮滩位较高、高潮滩位较低的空间变化特征.相关性分析表明,酸盐异化还原成铵潜在速率与氧化还原电位、可溶性有机碳、硝酸盐和硫化物呈显著相关性.此外,nrfA基因丰度与硝酸盐异化还原成铵潜在速率呈显著相关性.逐步回归分析发现,可溶有机碳和总有机碳是影响硝酸盐异化还原成铵潜在速率和nrfA基因丰度的关键性环境因子,分别贡献了总变异的78.8%和50.3%.通过估算得出,东滩湿地硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程将硝酸盐转化成铵盐的潜力为2.5～10.4 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),贡献了长江口每年无机氮输入量的0.68%～2.85%,因此,硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程在控制河口湿地氮赋存方面具有着重要的作用.河口潮汐作用导致的湿地环境特征与有机质和硝酸盐含量的变化影响着硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程,进而对河口湿地生态系统中氮动态产生较大的影响.     

北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益评估

为分析北京市燃煤源排放控制措施的污染物减排效益,基于MEIC（中国多尺度排放清单模型）,采用情景分析法,评估了北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理、燃煤锅炉改造和城区平房区居民采暖改造等措施的污染物减排效益.结果表明,相对于无控情景,2013年北京市电厂能源清洁化与末端治理减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量为1.28×104、2.10×104、5.13×104和4.98×104 t,分别占无控情景的85%、86%、87%、74%;北京市燃煤锅炉改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO_x排放量为1.09×104、2.68×104、11.64×104和5.81×104 t,分别占无煤改气情景的83%、89%、83%、83%;北京市老旧平房区的居民采暖改造减少PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和NO_x排放量分别为630、870、2 070和790 t,均占无煤改电情景的8%.研究显示,北京市从1998年开始采取的各种减排措施有效地减少了污染物的排放,对北京市空气质量改善具有重要意义.      

龙川江楚雄站碳侵蚀通量的动态分析

选取龙川江楚雄水文站进行了为期3年的采样,分析了水体中各形式碳的含量,并估算各碳的输送通量.结果表明:楚雄站3年的碳通量(FTC)分别为27.12×106g·km-2·a-1、24.87×106g·km-2·a-1和10.34×106g·km-2·a-1,分析流域在对碳输送过程中,以输送无机碳为主,分别占输送总量的89.7%、90.3%及91.9%;而汛期碳输送量分别占全年总量的90.9%、84.9%和83.8%,表现出流域汛期对碳的搬运量远远高于非汛期;溶解性有机碳通量(FDOC)与颗粒有机碳通量(FPO C)平均比为0.82,不同季节表现情况不一,非汛期溶解性有机碳(DOC)与颗粒有机碳(POC)含量相当,汛期机械侵蚀作用增强,导致FPO C远远大于FDOC,反映汛期对流域侵蚀作用以机械剥蚀为主,化学侵蚀为辅.研究期内恰遇2008年一场洪水,11月碳的侵蚀通量为8.53×106g·km-2·a-1,其中溶解性无机碳(DIC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)的输送量分别为7.37×106、0.36×106、0.80×106g·km-2·a-1,分别占2008年全年相应形式碳总量的33.3%、34.4%和59.9%,为当年非汛期碳侵蚀总量的2.3倍,反映洪水期的碳输出量对流域碳输出总量及构成存在不可忽略的贡献.