GIS在旅游研究中的应用进展

目前GIS在旅游研究中的应用缺乏系统回顾。通过对CNKI的中文核心期刊数据库、Web of Science核心合集外文数据库进行主题检索,借助Note Express3. 2和Cite Space V软件对选取的688篇论文进行了回顾和反思。研究发现:GIS在旅游研究中的应用领域主要包括旅游信息化、旅游空间结构、旅游规划与开发、生态旅游评价、旅游预警、旅游交通、旅游制图、旅游大数据采集与分析等8个方面,体现了旅游信息检索、旅游空间分析、旅游辅助决策、旅游信息输出、旅游应急处理等5大功能。但现阶段的成果存在采用的研究方法欠科学、重点研究领域有待加强、研究对象相对局限、重复性研究多等问题,因此今后应加强GIS技术与多种方法的集成与融合,更好地服务于旅游研究。     

城市居民旅游行为的家庭结构分异研究——以长沙市为例

家庭结构影响人们的旅游消费,了解家庭结构与旅游行为的关系具有重要现实意义.以长沙市居民为例,从旅游消费指标和旅游偏好指标两方面比较分析了不同家庭结构群体的旅游行为特征,发现不同家庭结构群体在出游时段和交通方式偏好等方面的差异不大;在出游次数、现实旅游花费和年旅游意向花费方面差异明显;在旅游支出比重、出游空间、出游动机、旅游目的地偏好、信息渠道、出游方式等方面呈现同一性和差异性并存的特点.     

打造网络时代的重庆旅游营销系统

近年来,互联网以一种不可想象的速度向前发展.网络技术的发展和应用使人们在信息共享和交流方面摆脱了时空的局限.旅游业作为21世纪的高成长性行业,它的发展时刻受到信息革命的冲击.针对旅游产品的综合性、无形性、不可转移性和不可贮存性等特点,论述了网络时代旅游业运用网络营销的必然性以及旅游网络营销的优势,并探讨了重庆旅游网络营销的发展策略.     

农户对农业农村信息化认知的影响因素分析——基于甘肃地区农户的样本调查

当代农业信息在推动农村经济发展、增加农民收入方面发挥着越来越重要的作用.农户是农业信息消费与需求的重要主体之一,他们对信息化的认知对农业农村信息化建设工作具有重要影响.在对甘肃地区农户样本调查数据进行多重线性回归分析的基础上,得出农户人均收入水平、耕地面积、农田水利条件等因素对农户认知农业农村信息化有重要的促进作用,提出了相关对策和建议.     

组态视角下旅游经济效率动因及提升路径研究——基于中国30个省份的fsQCA分析

基于我国30个省份2008—2018年的面板数据,使用DEA—solver软件和Super—SBM模型计算各省份的旅游经济效率,为探究外部环境对旅游经济效率的影响机制,采用fsQCA法,综合考虑技术创新、区域经济发展、交通可达性、生态环境和信息化5个方面,建立旅游经济效率影响因素分析框架,以组态的视角探究影响旅游经济效率的各个因素和路径。结果发现:存在2条提升旅游经济效率的有效路径(科技创新驱动型和粗放开发型)和4条产生非高旅游经济效率的路径。根据提升旅游经济效率组合多样化特征,提出建议:因势利导,选取合适的路径;加强旅游领域科学技术研发与应用;加强生态环境保护;整合资源,发挥各要素的协同效应。     

基于数字足迹的河南省景区旅游流格局及体验特征

利用游客旅游出行与体验的数字足迹信息,采用文本分析法系统分析了河南省4A级及以上景点(区)旅游流特征。结果表明:①河南省4A级及以上景点(区)旅游流存在明显的时空不均衡性,在时间维度上"季相"变化明显,偏好夏秋季。②在空间维度上,旅游流在各景点(区)分布不均衡,偏好南太行和伏牛山一带的著名景区。③景点(区)游客旅游体验整体较好,造成游客体验欠佳的主要原因涉及服务、收费、设施、卫生、交通和宣传等方面。     

四川省旅游产业与信息产业耦合协调研究

借鉴物理学耦合理论,分析旅游产业与信息产业协调发展的作用机理。以四川省为例,建构旅游产业与信息产业耦合评价模型和指标体系,对2002—2011年四川省旅游产业与信息产业耦合协调发展进行实证研究。结果表明,旅游产业与信息产业综合发展水平呈现上升趋势,旅游产业与信息产业存在良性互动且协调发展正耦合关系。耦合协调度模型可很好地分析两者之间耦合关系与协调发展状态,是分析旅游信息化发展程度的重要工具。     

国内乡村景观研究进展

乡村旅游近年来在国内发展非常迅速,而乡村景观是乡村旅游得以发展的主要支撑。以1994-2007年中国期刊网上所收录的公开出版发行的自然科学类、科学技术类、旅游类等中文期刊为主要范围,对国内乡村景观发展文献进行了统计分析,分别从论文发表年度以及研究内容等方面进行了研究,最后提出了国内在乡村景观研究中的不足和发展趋势。     

智慧旅游:一种新的旅游发展趋势——基于现有研究成果的综述

通过对我国智慧旅游文献资料的梳理,发现学界对智慧旅游的研究主要集中在智慧旅游的概念、内涵、框架、价值、应用、发展趋势及其与旅游信息化之间的关系的研究层面.智慧旅游研究成果基本上处于初级描述状态,深层次的研究较薄弱.作者认为,在以后智慧旅游的构建过程中,要注意智慧旅游的重心不是科技创新、智慧旅游的发展需政府支持、智慧旅游的研究需实事求是、智慧旅游的性质要明确这几个方面的问题.     

城市旅游公共信息服务系统建设——以厦门市为例

随着旅游活动大众化、散客化、常态化趋势的日益明显,对旅游公共服务的需求将更加强烈.基于传播学和公共产品等理论,通过对厦门市自助旅游者信息服务需求的调查与分析,从服务过程、服务内容两个方面构建和完善了城市旅游公共信息服务系统的理论框架,并对厦门市旅游公共信息服务系统建设提出了对策建议.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.