铁锰复合氧化物/壳聚糖珠:一种环境友好型除磷吸附剂

采用两步法制备了一种环境友好型除磷基吸附剂——铁锰复合氧化物/壳聚糖珠(FMCB),对其进行了表征,并对其磷吸附行为进行了系统研究.表征结果表明,该吸附剂为多孔纤维结构,比表面积为248 m~2·g~(-1),孔容为0.37 m~3·g~(-1).吸附实验结果表明,FMCB对磷的吸附容量远高于纯的壳聚糖颗粒,且Langmuir模型能更好地拟合FMCB对磷的吸附,最大吸附量为13.3 mg·g~(-1)(pH 7.0);准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合FMCB对磷吸附的动力学实验数据;溶液pH对磷的吸附影响较大,随着pH的增大,磷的吸附量逐渐降低;共存的Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对磷吸附略有促进,而共存阴离子对磷吸附具有抑制作用,影响大小顺序为:SiO_3~(2-)CO_3~(2-)SO_4~(2-)≥Cl~-.吸附磷后的FMCB可用NaOH溶液进行脱附再生,并可重复使用.在进水磷初始浓度为3 mg·L~(-1)条件下,吸附达到穿透时(出水磷浓度达0.5 mg·L~(-1)),可处理约800个柱体积的模拟含磷废水.     

载镧磁性水热生物炭的制备及其除磷性能

将小麦秸秆在水热条件下(220℃)炭化2 h得到水热生物炭(HTC),以HTC为载体,通过一步共沉淀法制备了一种吸附容量高、易于磁分离回收的载镧磁性水热生物炭复合材料(La-MHTC).通过等温线和动力学等吸附实验方法,研究了该材料对磷酸根的吸附特性,考察了载镧量、初始pH和共存离子等因素对磷酸根吸附过程的影响.结果表明La~(3+)∶Fe~(3+)为2∶1时,材料(2-La-MHTC)具有良好的吸附磷酸根的能力;在吸附剂投加量为0. 1 g·L~(-1),pH为7时,对磷酸盐吸附量达到100. 25mg·g~(-1);吸附符合Langmuir等温模型,吸附动力学过程遵循准二级动力学,并且吸附不受其它离子的影响(在Cl~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)等共存离子体系磷酸盐去除率达到98%),在较广的pH(3～10)范围都具有良好的吸磷能力.吸附的磷酸根可用NaOH溶液解吸,5次吸附-脱附循环实验中磷酸盐去除率均能达到90%以上,脱附效率为65%左右,说明该吸附剂具有良好的脱附和重复利用能力.应用其处理实际含磷污水,可将磷酸盐浓度从0. 87 mg·L~(-1)降低到0. 05 mg·L~(-1).吸附机制主要为静电吸附作用和La(OH)_3与磷酸盐通过配体交换形成内层络合物.     

改性黄豆荚对含酚废水的吸附机理研究

将天然黄豆荚分别用氯化铵、三乙基苄基氯化铵(TEBAC)、十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(SDMBA-Cl)进行改性,制备改性黄豆荚吸附剂。探讨了用SDMBA-Cl改性黄豆荚吸附处理苯酚废水的条件及机理。结果表明:当苯酚溶液初始浓度为100 mg·L~(-1),吸附剂投加量为30 g·L~(-1),pH为9.0,吸附时间为120 min时,该吸附剂对苯酚废水的去除率达到72.3%。此吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主;Langmuir方程能较好的拟合等温吸附过程,为单分子吸附。     

锌铝复合改性海泡石的磷酸盐吸附研究

为探究锌铝复合改性海泡石(H⁺-ZnAl-Sep)对磷酸盐溶液的吸附特性及其机理,文章用共沉淀法制备吸附剂,并对改性前后吸附剂特性用SEM、XRD和FTIR进行表征,用等温吸附模型、动力学方程和热力学方程拟合H⁺-ZnAl-Sep对磷酸盐溶液的吸附过程,分析吸附机理,并通过Box-Behnken响应面法分析pH、温度和初始浓度之间的交互作用及对磷吸附量影响。结果表明,H⁺-ZnAlSep对磷酸盐溶液的吸附过程更符合Freundlich模型和准二级动力学模型,对磷酸盐的吸附为自发吸热的多分子层吸附,反应过程为熵增反应,温度升高有利于反应的进行;H⁺-ZnAl-Sep对磷酸盐的吸附机制主要是吸附剂表面的-OH与磷酸盐发生了络合反应和静电吸引作用。响应面结果显示,R_adj²=0.995 7,回归模型显著,失拟项不显著,3个因素对响应值皆为显著影响;最佳吸附条件下磷吸附量为60.37 mg/g,与预测值62.23 mg/g相近,优化结果与拟合回归方程合理。     

活化赤泥吸附除磷及其机理的研究

以铝矿工业赤泥为原材料,采用酸活化、焙烧活化、热酸活化方法进行活化处理,得到除磷吸附剂,考察了pH值、反应时间和磷初始浓度等因素对除磷吸附剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活化赤泥具有较好的除磷能力,酸活化赤泥和焙烧活化赤泥对磷的饱和吸附量分别为155.2、144.2 mg·g-1.热酸活化赤泥除磷能力更强,其对磷的饱和吸附量可达202.9 mg·g～,经过热酸活化后的赤泥即使在pH值波动较大时也能很好处理高浓度含磷废水.溶液pH显著影响磷去除效果,在pH为7时得到最大去除量.     

赤泥处理含磷废水的试验研究

以赤泥为吸附剂,用静态吸附试验方法研究了赤泥对模拟含磷废水除磷的一般规律,并进而研究了其吸附动力学行为.结果表明,赤泥是一种有效的吸附剂,其静态吸附行为较符合Freundlich等温方程,15.5℃时其饱和吸附能力在0.766 mg/g.其动力学行为遵循Bangham方程和Elovich方程.影响赤泥除磷效果的主要因素有吸附时间、G值、溶液pH值和赤泥投加量.     

镁盐改性生物质炭的合成及其在废水氮磷资源化中的应用研究

通过直接沉淀-热改性法将纳米氢氧化镁晶体(Mg(OH)_2)负载在生物质炭(BC)上,系统研究了该改性材料(Mg(OH)_2-BC)对模拟废水中氮、磷的固定特性,并探讨了投加量、反应溶液pH、接触时间对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,Mg(OH)_2-BC在投加量为0.3 g·L~(-1),反应溶液初始pH为7,反应时间≥40 min时对氮、磷的固定效果最佳,最大吸附量分别达到58.8、130.0 mg·g~(-1).Mg(OH)_2-BC对氮、磷的吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型,吸附过程受化学吸附机理的控制.通过SEM、XRD、FTIR等对反应产物进行表征分析,结果表明,Mg(OH)_2-BC对氮、磷的固定机制主要为鸟粪石结晶沉淀,也即化学沉淀.     

3种吸附剂对污水磷污染去除性能与机制比较

为探索高效利用膨润土、红壤和炉渣去除农业污水磷污染的可行性,对比分析了3种吸附剂对人工合成含磷污水的吸附去除特性,结合SEM、XDS和BET等测试结果以及等温吸附、吸附动力学及Ca2+释放量探讨了3种材料对磷的吸附机制。结果表明,炉渣对磷的吸附能力高于膨润土和红壤,吸附过程均适合Langmuir等温吸附方程(R20.96),对磷的理论饱和吸附量为炉渣(16.87mg·g-1)红壤(1.21mg·g-1)膨润土(0.92mg·g-1)。炉渣对磷的吸附动力学特征符合Elovich方程(R2=0.966),而膨润土和红壤对磷的吸附特征则更适合准二级动力学方程(R2为0.982和0.959)。炉渣的Ca2+释放量(10.46mg·g-1)显著大于膨润土(0.31mg·g-1)和红壤(0.03mg·g-1)(P0.05)。红壤对磷的吸附量随着pH的升高而降低;膨润土在初始pH为7.0时,吸附量最低;但初始pH值对炉渣去除磷的影响不大。相比红壤和炉渣,膨润土解吸较快,易于进行重复利用。综上所述,吸附材料的磷吸附能力主要与其结构、化学组成、Ca2+释放能力及溶液初始pH值等有关,炉渣较膨润土和红壤对磷酸盐有着更强的去除能力,适合处理农村污水磷污染。     

钢铁废水污泥吸附除磷特性

为处理含磷废水同时实现钢铁污泥资源化利用,将钢铁污泥用于吸附除磷,从磷吸附影响因素、动力学模型、吸附等温线等方面研究了钢铁污泥对水中磷酸盐的吸附特性,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征手段对吸附机理进行了探究.结果显示,钢铁污泥对水中磷具有优良的吸附性能,在pH=2.00,温度为40°C时,磷...     

三聚氰胺化学改性浮萍吸附重金属钍（Ⅳ）研究

采用生物吸附法去除废水中Th(Ⅳ)离子,研究了水生浮萍化学改性后吸附Th(Ⅳ)的行为特性、吸附模型及吸附机理.以浮萍、三聚氰胺和甲醛为原料,通过接枝反应制得三聚氰胺改性浮萍(MELM),能更好的吸附钍离子.结果表明:常温常压下,pH为5.5,吸附剂MELM为0.03 g,Th(Ⅳ)初始浓度为80 mg·L~(-1),反应60 min时,最大吸附率为97.4%,对应吸附量为129.88 mg·g~(-1),吸附量比未经处理的浮萍(最优吸附条件下,吸附量为22.83 mg·g~(-1))吸附量要大.通过Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin 3种等温吸附模型对数据进行拟合,Langmuir模型能更好的描述吸附剂MELM对Th(Ⅳ)的平衡吸附行为,同时吸附过程能很好的用准二级反应动力学来解释.此外,FTIR实验数据表明,吸附剂MELM表面上氨基、羟基和羰基是主要的作用基团.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.