FeSAPO-34和CuFeSAPO-34分子筛的可控制备、表征及其低温NH3-SCR活性

采用一锅水热法制备了一系列不同铁前驱体的FeSAPO-34分子筛催化剂和元素掺杂的分子筛催化剂,考察了铁源和元素掺杂对分子筛催化剂的可控合成和低温催化还原NO_x性能的影响,并采用ICP、XRD、FESEM、BET、H2-TPR、XPS、NH₃-TPD、EPR及UV-Vis DRS等表征技术进行分析.活性结果表明,不同铁前驱体对所制备的FeSAPO-34分子筛催化剂的可控合成产生较大影响且对应分子筛催化剂的NH₃-SCR活性也存在较大差别.3种分子筛催化剂的低温活性顺序为：Fe_0.1SAPO-34-C>Fe_0.1SAPO-34-S>Fe_0.1SAPO-34-N. Cu掺杂的Cu_0.01Fe_0.1SAPO-34催化剂在200℃时NO_x转化率即可达82%,这反映出Cu掺杂能大大提高分子筛催化剂的低温选择性催化还原（SCR）活性.表征结果表明,不同铁源导致所制备催化剂的晶相结构、Fe物种...     

稀土/Y分子筛多相催化电解氧化深度去除渗滤液中难降解有机物

采用浸渍和焙烧法制备了以Y分子筛为载体的几种稀土催化剂,并用玻璃纤维包埋催化剂形成反应床体,构建稀土多相催化电解氧化体系,探索这一体系对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的去除效果.同时,以COD值为控制指标,考察了焙烧温度、浸渍液金属离子浓度、稀土元素种类对电催化活性的影响.最后,用SEM和XRD等手段对催化剂的微观结构、表面形貌进行了表征,并与稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的电催化活性和结构进行了比较.结果表明,Y分子筛中引入稀土元素后没有破坏Y分子筛的晶体结构,稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的表面并没有检测到稀土氧化物的物相,稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的表面形成了明显的稀土氧化物衍射峰;稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的最佳制备条件为焙烧温度400℃,浸渍液中金属离子质量分数1%～3%,负载金属为铈;所制备的稀土/Y分子筛催化剂具有良好的电催化活性和稳定性,其活性高于稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂.     

Au负载OMS-2催化剂的制备及其低温催化氧化性能

通过前掺杂法(QI),浸渍法(IM)和沉积-沉淀法(DP)3种方法制备了Au负载氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)Au/OMS-2催化剂,研究了制备方法和制备条件对其催化氧化CO活性的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和BET比表面积测定等技术对所制样品进行表征.结果表明,沉积-沉淀法制备的Au/OMS-2-DP催化剂活性明显高于前掺杂法和浸渍法制备的催化剂,这与Au/OMS-2-DP催化剂比表面积较大和负载Au颗粒较小有关.制备条件(沉淀剂种类、制备溶液pH、Au负载量和催化剂焙烧温度)明显影响Au/OMS-2-DP催化剂的催化活性.对于各种不同的沉淀剂,以KOH为沉淀剂制备的催化剂活性最高,这可能与其无钝化作用,而且形成的Au颗粒较小有关;制备溶液的为最佳,当pH值过高或过低容易导致Au颗粒的聚集和Au沉淀量较少;XRD结果表明,当Au负载量为5wt%催化剂和催化剂焙烧为300℃时,所制备的催化剂颗粒最小,所得的催化剂活性最高.最佳条件制备的Au/OMS-2-DP催化剂活性较好,CO完全转化(100%)的温度为67℃.     

Mn/Fe-Mn改性HZSM-5在NH3-SCR中的催化性能

采用离子交换法制备了不同Mn含量及不同Fe/Mn物质的量比的HZSM-5改性分子筛,并以NH3为还原剂,在体积空速为12000 h-1条件下,考察了上述催化剂选择性催化还原NO性能.同时,运用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、比表面积(BET)和X-射线衍射(XRD)等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,改性催化剂中活性组分在载体表面呈高度分散形式,催化活性较高,复合改性较单独改性性能更为优越,适量Fe的加入提高了催化剂催化活性和稳定性;(0.25)Fe-Mn/HZSM-5(Fe/Mn物质的量比为0.25)的NO转化率于300℃时最高达到98%,在300～500℃范围内NO转化率均保持在90%以上.实验还研究了不同焙烧温度下制备的(0.25)Fe-Mn/HZSM-5对NO转化率的影响.结果表明,焙烧温度对催化剂的活性影响较大,550℃为最佳焙烧温度.     

Fe改性原位Cu/SSZ-13催化剂柴油车尾气脱硝性能研究

以廉价的铜四乙烯五胺(Cu-TEPA)为模板剂,采用水热法原位合成Cu/SSZ-13分子筛,进一步经过浸渍铁对其改性制备Fe-Cu/SSZ-13催化剂.考察铁盐种类及浸渍铁量对其柴油车尾气脱硝活性及水热稳定性的影响.使用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD对样品进行表征测试,并分析影响样品脱硝活性以及水热稳定性的原因.结果表明:浸渍量为1.0%时,以Fe(NO_3)_3为铁盐改性得到的Fe-Cu/SSZ-13分子筛催化剂柴油车尾气脱硝效果最佳,在160～530℃温度范围内,NO的转化率能到达90%以上,并且具有优异的N_2选择性和水热稳定性.由分析结果推测,以Fe(NO_3)_3为铁源时,负载在Cu/SSZ-13分子筛上的铁更为牢固,使其抗老化性能提高,且在脱硝过程中铁物种和铜物种同时起到对NO的还原作用.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

羟基改性Ag/MCM-41催化剂上甲醛的催化氧化性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备Ag/MCM-41催化剂,通过添加NaOH溶液对催化剂进行羟基改性,考察了不同羟基浓度改性后的催化剂上甲醛催化氧化反应性能。甲醛固定床催化反应评价实验结果表明:经0. 1 mol/L NaOH改性后的催化剂表现出较好的甲醛低温催化活性。氮气物理吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱分析(IR)的表征结果表明:当NaOH添加量为0. 1mol/L时,催化剂表面形成了更多的活性羟基基团,从而促进了活性金属银粒子的分散,提高了甲醛催化反应活性。     

不同硅铝比Fe-ZSM-5催化剂对氧化亚氮催化分解性能的研究

以不同硅铝比的H-ZSM-5分子筛为载体,采用离子交换法和化学气相沉积法制备Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,并用XRD、BET、TEM、UV-vis和NH3-TPD等表征手段对催化剂进行分析,研究催化剂中铁的存在状态.结果表明,分子筛的硅铝比影响铁在分子筛中的分布形态,化学气相沉积法和热离子交换法制得硅铝比为25的Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂上均匀地分布着粒径为8 nm左右的纳米氧化铁颗粒,并且Fe-ZSM-5-25分子筛催化剂比Fe-ZSM-5-300更容易形成Fe3+x O y团簇.制得的Fe-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂催化分解氧化亚氮(N2O),结果表明,相同的制备方法,硅铝比小的Fe-ZSM-5-25催化剂对N2O分解活性更好;相同硅铝比的Fe-ZSM-5催化剂,采用化学气相沉积法制得的对N2O分解活性最好.另外,O2的存在对Fe-ZSM-5上N2O催化分解活性有抑制作用,而NO对N2O催化分解活性展示了一定的正效应.最后,经过100 h的连续反应,Fe-ZSM-5催化剂依然能够保持催化活性.     

锰-稀土/Y分子筛复合电催化处理含酚模拟废水

采用浸渍焙烧法制备了以Y分子筛为载体的Mn-RE复合催化剂,置于电解槽内形成反应床体,构建Mn-RE多相催化电解氧化体系处理人工模拟苯酚废水.考察了浸渍液中锰的质量分数、稀土元素组成和质量分数、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对电催化活性的影响,用SEM和XRD等手段对催化剂的微观结构、表面形貌进行了表征,探讨了Mn-RE/Y分子筛催化剂对含酚废水降解的电催化效果.研究表明, Mn-RE/Y分子筛催化剂的最佳制备条件是浸渍液中锰质量分数6%,铈质量分数为3%,焙烧温度为550℃,焙烧时间为5h.Y分子筛中引入Mn、Ce后没有破坏Y分子筛的晶体结构, Mn-RE/Y分子筛催化剂的表面并没有检测到稀土氧化物和锰氧化物的物相.反应过程中, Mn-RE/Y分子筛在阴极和阳极的同时催化氧化作用强化了含酚废水的降解效果.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.