舟山青浜岛水体及海产品中有机氯农药的分布和富集特征

在舟山青浜岛采集了14个生物样品及对应点位的3个海水样品,利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)测定六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的浓度,分析不同点位水体及水产品中有机氯农药的分布与富集特征.结果表明,舟山青浜岛HCHs和DDTs检出率高达100%.海产品中HCHs含量范围0.09~11.51 ng·g-1,平均值为2.02 ng·g-1,DDTs含量范围0.02~56.15 ng·g-1,平均值为12.36 ng·g-1;海水样品中HCHs含量范围0.07~0.20 ng·L-1,平均值为0.13 ng·L-1,DDTs含量范围0.23~0.41ng·L-1,平均值为0.34 ng·L-1.整体而言,研究区样品中DDTs残留高于HCHs残留.与国内外其他研究区域相比,青浜岛水生物中有机氯农药残留处于较低水平.对照相应标准可以看出,所有样品均未超过国家相应标准(食品安全国家标准GB2763-2012、海水水质标准GB 3097-1997).通过比值法来源分析得知,青浜岛海域HCHs和DDTs主要为外源输入.OCPs的空间分布特征分析显示,海洋上升流及其锋面的变化是影响OCPs分布的主要因素.水体中OCPs分布与青浜岛的特殊地形有关,且人类活动对当地环境的影响是水体OCPs的贡献方式之一.健康风险评价表明,该区域居民通过食用海产品OCPs平均日摄入量远低于FAO/WHO限定的每日可摄入量(ADI),说明该地区居民食用海产品对人体健康影响较小.     

岩溶地下河流域表层土壤有机氯农药分布特征及来源分析

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表土中的分布趋势、组成特征、来源及污染水平,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了6个代表性表层土样中20种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中20种OCPs均有不同程度检出,其中(除DDE、顺式氯丹、反式氯丹、狄氏剂)16种检出率高达100%,氯丹类和DDTs是主要污染物,不同采样点有机氯农药含量差异较大.OCPs总量变化范围在5.57~2 618.57 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均值为467.28 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其它区域相比,研究区表层土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量处于中上水平.有机氯农药总量和HCHs、DDTs、氯丹类农药总量分布具有相似的空间变化趋势,均为:上游中游下游,并且上游与中、下游的差距尤为显著.来源分析表明,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs既来源于历史农药残留,也来源于近期工业DDT的非法使用和三氯杀螨醇的输入,氯丹主要来自历史残留和大气沉降.结合中外土壤质量标准,新力村土壤属于有机氯农药严重污染土壤,下龙井湾、夏家咀和赵家院子土壤受到有机氯农药轻度污染,龙井旁和高中寺土壤属于无污染土壤.     

珠江口水体、沉积物及水生动物中HCHs和DDTs的含量与生态风险评价

利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)方法对珠江口水、沉积物及水生动物体内六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的污染现状进行了调查,并对该类污染物在水体多介质中的转移分配规律及对水生态环境安全的影响作了初步研究.结果表明,珠江口表层水中HCHs总量检出范围为1.12～8·91ng·L-1,平均值为4.25ng·L-1;;DDTs总量检出范围为2.61～16.86ng·L-1,平均值为7.66ng·L-1.表层沉积物(以干重计)中HCHs总量检出范围2.51～4.75ng·g-1,平均值为3.61ng·g-1;;DDTs总量检出范围为3.01～6.24ng·g-1平均值为4.33ng·g-1.水生动物中河蚬体内的HCHs和DDTs含量最高,分别为44.49和122.62ng·g-1;;虾类次之,为41.04和82.27ng·g-1;;鱼类最低,平均值分别为27.95和65.43ng·g-1.同国内外其他地区河流比较,珠江口水体和底泥中的HCHs和DDTs污染程度较低,但仍具有一定的潜在生态风险.林丹、三氯杀螨醇取代工业生产HCHs、DDTs,成为该水域有机氯污染的重要来源.     

百朗地下河沉积柱芯有机氯农药的高分辨记录

测定了广西百朗地下河大石围天坑河段沉积柱芯中有机氯农药(OCPs)的质量分数,探讨了有机氯农药的垂直分布特征,结合210Pb定年研究了百朗地下河流域有机氯农药的污染历史。研究结果表明,沉积柱中总有机氯农药含量为0.42~10.63 ng/g,平均值为2.74 ng/g。百朗河流域历史上主要使用的有机氯农药有六氯苯、六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、狄氏剂和艾氏剂5种表层沉积物分析显示近年地下河流域仍有新的γ-HCH(林丹)和DDTs输入。有机氯农药的垂直分布表征百朗地下河流域在1955-1960年间六氯苯被最先使用,1961年替换为六六六,同时使用的有狄氏剂、艾氏剂农药,而滴滴涕使用可能稍晚,与我国有机氯农药的生产使用历史基本一致。研究提出了大石围天坑河段沉积柱芯中有机氯农药污的染峰值滞后于使用高峰期,与喀斯特山区土地利用方式和土壤颗粒在地下河中的迁移有关。     

水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药分布特征及风险评价

采用GC-MS气相色谱与质谱联用仪,分析了密云水库南水北调来水前高程130～150 m之间的淹没带表层土壤样品中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量、残留特征,讨论了有机氯农药的可能来源,并对OCPs的潜在风险进行了评价.结果表明:①密云水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留以六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)为主,含量均值分别为1. 74 ng·g-1和1. 01ng·g-1,与国内其他湖库区相比,ΣHCHs含量相近,ΣDDTs含量较低.②水库淹没带土壤有机氯农药残留具有一定的空间分布特征.水陆域交错处土壤OCPs含量普遍高于水域、陆域土壤中含量,且存在显著性差异性.水库东部及潮河入库区、独立小流域淹没区,OCPs残留以DDTs为主;库北山前平原淹没带及库西中部淹没区OCPs则以γ-HCH残留为主;白河入库处河滩淹没区HCHs及DDTs残留均有较高占比,这与其污染来源有关.③源解析结果表明,淹没带土壤HCHs来源主要与林丹类农药的输入有关,而DDTs主要来自于早期农药使用的残留.④生态风险评价表明,水库淹没带土壤中大部分样点OCPs生态风险低,白河入库区及库西中部淹没带滴滴涕有潜在风险性.     

椒江口沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及对映体特征

测定了椒江口表层沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)类有机氯农药的含量和对映体分数(EF).结果表明,HCHs、DDTs在所有采样点都有检出,HCHs、DDTs和有机氯农药总量分别为0.65～1.72 ng/g、1.30～34.31 ng/g和1.95～35.07 ng/g,沉积物中的DDTs含量明显高于HC...     

有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移特征及对地下水的影响

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面和表层岩溶泉水为研究对象,采用气相色谱(GC-μECD)对土壤和地下水中的有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)进行定量分析,研究了有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移以及对地下水的影响.结果表明,研究区所有土壤剖面中,HCHs和DDTs均有检出.HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:0.77~18.3 ng·g-1(平均5.16 ng·g-1)和0.34~226 ng·g-1(平均16 ng·g-1).研究区土壤中的HCHs和DDTs峰值主要出现在土壤亚表层.在一年的观测期间,4个表层岩溶泉中均有HCHs和DDTs检出.泉水中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:2.09~60.1 ng·L-1(平均12 ng·L-1)和N.D~79.8 ng·L-1(平均9.16 ng·L-1).后沟泉、柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉的HCHs和DDTs含量以及水房泉中的HCHs含量均呈现出雨季高于旱季的特点.泉水中的HCHs、DDTs含量与泉域内土壤中的HCHs、DDTs含量并没有很好的对应关系.研究表明,TOC、土壤含水量、黏粒含量、p H均对后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药垂直迁移产生抑制作用,致使后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然在4个泉域中最高,但泉水中的含量却最低.而在水房泉泉域,这4个因素对有机氯农药的垂直迁移均没有抑制作用,因此水房泉泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然最低,但泉水中有机氯农药的含量却较高.     

土壤中OCPs残留特征及健康风险评价——以松花江佳木斯段为例

文章利用索氏提取技术,使用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)分析方法测定了佳木斯市松花江沿岸土壤中17种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留情况,并探讨该区土壤中OCPs的残留来源,运用健康评价模型对DDTs和HCHs对人体可能存在的健康风险进行了评价。17种OCPs的回收率为69.6%～112.4%,GC-ECD的仪器检出限为0.006～0.021 0 ng/g,方法检出限为2.05～12.83 pg/g,相对标准偏差为3.21%～11.37%,能够满足OCPs痕量分析的要求。研究结果表明,17种OCPs均有不同程度的检出,浓度较高的组分为滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和七氯,∑OCPs浓度为167.27～667.54 ng/g。研究区DDTs、HCHs的来源解析表明,DDTs、HCHs主要来自于早期农药的残留及林丹的使用。利用健康风险评价模型对土壤中HCHs、DDTs所致健康风险的评价结果表明,目前研究区土壤中HCHs、DDTs类污染物对人体健康的风险处于较低水平。     

地下河流域土壤中有机氯农药分布及来源分析

为研究有机氯农药在重庆青木关地下河流域土壤中的分布特征及来源,采用GC-μECD对17个代表性表层土壤样品进行分析.结果显示,研究区土壤中OCPs的含量范围是7.29~222.42ng/g,平均值为46.15ng/g.HCHs、DDTs在所有样品中均有检出,HCHs的含量范围是0.55~26.54ng/g,DDTs的含量范围是4.31~213.50ng/g.HCB的检出率达到88%,其含量范围是n.d.~1.78ng/g.研究区土壤中HCHs可能来源于工业HCHs残留和林丹的混合源,且由于环境影响,土壤中HCH的同系物之间发生了明显变化.DDTs主要来源于工业DDTs的非法使用,而非三氯杀螨醇类型的DDTs,并且仍有新的DDTs输入.与国内其他地区同类研究相比,本研究区土壤中HCHs、DDTs的残留水平较低;与国外相关研究相比,研究区内土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量均高于德国、埃及、罗马尼亚土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量.     

有机氯农药在海河菹草根际和非根际沉积物中的分布特征

于2008年3～5月对海河干流沉水植物菹草根际和非根际沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,菹草根际沉积物中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为6.95～31.55ng·g-1(均值16.43ng·g-1,下同)和13.99～42.57ng·g-1(23·77ng·g-1),非根际沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量分别为1.80～8.09ng·g-1(4.66ng·g-1)和3.27～26.51ng·g-1(14.81ng·g-1);;除1个数据点外,菹草根际沉积物中OCPs含量均比非根际沉积物有明显的增加;;菹草根际沉积物中β-HCH、p,p′-DDE分别是HCHs和DDTs的主要组成成分,而非根际沉积物中β-HCH和p,p′-DDE和p,p′-DDD是主要成分.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.