鄱阳湖双退区受损湿地植被恢复对水质的影响

退化湿地的植被恢复有助于提高湿地生物多样性和净化水体功能。通过监测鄱阳湖双退区（湿地）生态恢复过程中前后水质变化,分析了不同植被覆盖率和植物残体分解对水质的影响。结果表明,在植物生长期间,湿地水体TN质量浓度下降65.4%～71.3%,NO3--N也呈较大幅度下降,并能降低水体TP浓度水平;高植被覆盖增加水体叶绿素质量浓度水平,中低植被覆盖不影响水体叶绿素质量浓度,植被覆盖能有效保持水体较高透明度,但不能降低水体COD质量浓度。在枯水期,高植被覆盖因为植物残体分解使氮素回流水体,导致水体含TN,NH4＋-N,NO3-_N质量浓度显著升高,中低植被覆盖植物残体分解同样显著增加水体氮素,但增加程度小于高植被覆盖;植物残体分解不影响水体TP质量浓度水平;高植被覆盖植物残体分解增加水体叶绿素质量浓度,中低植被覆盖则无影响;高中低植被覆盖区植物残体分解都显著增加水体混浊度,也提高了水体的BOD,对水体COD没有影响。     

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物群落演替及其多样性研究

沿黄河下游湖泊湿地是黄河健康生命系统的重要组成部分,其植物群落演替及其多样性研究对湿地及其生物多样性保护有重要意义。通过野外样地调查,分析了沿黄河下游湖泊湿地植物物种组成及其群落的演替模式,并计算了群落植物多样性特征指数,包括物种丰富度指数（S）、多样性Simpson指数（D）、Shannon-wiener指数（H′）、均匀度指数Pielou（E）。结果表明,研究区湖泊湿地共有77种植物,属于28科61属,除榆树Ulmus pumila Linn.为木本植物外,其余76种为草本植物,其中有1种轮藻门植物,1种蕨类植物;从空间来看植物群落演替过程为沉水植物菹草群落→纯水烛群落→水烛群落→水烛＋扁秆藨草群落→藨草群落→芦苇群落,青龙湖湿地水环境的变化,使湿地植物群落的类型也随之发生变化;群落多样性指数Shannon-wiener指数均低于1.12,Simpson指数为0.41~1,Pielou均匀度指数为0.8左右;芦苇群落的物种数最多,有32个物种,水烛群落以12种次之,菹草群落、水烛＋扁秆藨草群落和扁秆藨草群落中的物种数差别不大。沿黄河下游湿地植物群落多样性水平较低,湿地系统有向陆地系统过渡的趋势。     

黄河口湿地典型盐碱植被群落土壤氮素的季节动态及根际效应

于5、8和10月对黄河口湿地典型断面盐碱植被群落进行3个航次的野外生态调查,研究了不同植被覆盖的湿地土壤氮素的时空分布特征及典型盐碱植物碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤氮素的根际效应,并基于线性模型的冗余分析(RDA)探讨土壤理化参数对氮素分布特征的影响.结果表明,黄河口湿地5月和10月土壤氮素含量高于8月,土壤氮素以有机氮为主,无机氮以铵态氮为主;总体上,表层土壤氮素含量芦苇碱蓬光滩,光滩土壤氮素含量低于碱蓬和芦苇群落土壤的30%—50%;光滩、碱蓬和芦苇群落剖面土壤总氮、有机氮和铵态氮在0—10 cm表层含量最高,随土壤深度其含量下降,硝态氮在土壤中呈现显著淋溶作用,其峰值出现在地下土壤层30 cm左右;碱蓬和芦苇群落根际土壤氮素含量均高于非根际土壤,且碱蓬根际土壤氮素含量显著高于芦苇根际土壤(P0.05).RDA分析结果表明,影响土壤氮素分布特征的主要理化参数是土壤有机碳含量和pH.植被种类影响黄河口湿地土壤氮素的累积,一般情况下土壤氮素的累积量呈现芦苇碱蓬光滩的特征,并具有明显的季节差异,相对芦苇群落,碱蓬在生长季节8月份根际土壤中积累更多的氮素.     

艾比湖湿地植物群落变化对盐分环境梯度的响应

土壤盐分是影响干旱区荒漠植物群落动态的决定因素之一。基于2012年5月和10月在艾比湿地调查的植物样方和实验得出的土壤表层盐分数据,利用聚类分析方法将39个土壤表层盐分数据划分为3个盐分梯度0.03%~0.73%（S1）、0.81%~1.73%（S2）和2.40%~3.12%（S3）,分析艾比湖湿地植物群落植物多样性变化对土壤盐分环境梯度的响应。结果表明,（1）距湖15 km和距湖5 km采样点大部分处于第1个盐分梯度,属于轻度盐渍化;鸟岛、博河、鸭子湾、奎屯河、和距湖10 km处均处于第2个盐分梯度,盐渍化程度达到中-重度;湖边采样点,在3个盐分梯度各有分布。（2）3个盐分梯度上的主要植被类型不同：S1以梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、白刺（Nitraria tangutorum Bobr）为主,并且出现的植被种类较多（37种）;S2以柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）为主,出现的植被种类相对较少（11种）;S3以盐节木（Haloenemum strobilaceum）、盐角草（Salicornia europaea）、芦苇（Phragmites australis）为主,出现的植被种类较少（7种）,随土壤盐含量的升高,植被种类减少、群落生活型结构有所改变,草本比例减少,灌木和乔木比例有所增加。（3）植物Simposon指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Margalef指数在中盐梯度下达到最大,最大值分别为0.84、2.28、3.82。（4）Pielow 指数则是随着盐分梯度的上升呈下降趋势,在低盐梯度下达到最大值,最大值为1.26。（5）多样性指数在S3梯度下整体显著降低,即土壤盐分含量为2.40%~3.12%时对艾比湖湿地植物多样性的影响较大。     

三江平原湿地植物物种空间分异规律的探讨

研究了三江平原典型湿地在地形、水分等因素制约下的植物物种空间分异规律,包括垂直分异规律和水平分异规律。首先,按照地形和水分的分异组合特点,把湿地生境分为较干燥生境、季节积水生境和常年积水生境。然后,在各个生境内采用样方法和样线法调查植物物种。调查分为20世纪70年代、80年代和2003年3个时期,范围包括三江平原的典型湿地植物群落。数据分析时采用了生境组合法。即把3个不同的生境组合成一个水分(或地形)梯度带,根据频度和多度指标筛选出主要物种,然后按照其空间位置,列出主要植物物种沿水分梯度带的分布序列。研究发现:三江平原湿地不同生境的植物物种组合和垂直分异差别明显。较干燥生境的植被类型以岛状林群落为代表,乔木、灌木和草本植物层次分明。季节性积水生境的植被类型以小叶章群落为代表,是典型的湿草甸植物群落,垂直结构不明显。常年积水生境以毛果苔草群落为代表,植物群落层次也比较明显。植物物种水平分异规律,基本上可由植物物种空间分布序列图来代表。随着地势降低,水分增多,乔、灌植物,湿草甸植物,水生草本植物在特定的空间依次出现。     

锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落特征及物种多样性分析

内蒙古高原草原区湿地具有不同于典型湿地的特征,同时还兼具草原的一些特征,在保持生物多样性和珍惜物种资源方面具有不可替代的重要作用.通过样方调查,以重要值为数量特征,采用指示种分析法和多样性指数测定,对内蒙古高原典型内陆河流——锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了系统分析和研究.结果表明:(1)锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被依微地形由高河漫滩向低河漫滩可分为芦苇+羊草,黄花苜蓿+无茫雀麦,灰脉苔草+早熟禾,水甜茅群落,小糠草+蒙古扁穗草等5个群落,以禾本科、菊科、豆科三大草本为主,建群种有别于典型湿地和典型草原群落.(2)植物水分生态类型以湿生、中生为主且无水生类型,具有典型湿地和草原的双重特征;(3)湿地植物群落物种多样性、均匀性和丰富度表现出相似的变化趋势,多样性和丰富度较草甸草原低但高于典型草原;(4)锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落是典型河流湿地和典型草原之间的过渡类型.表6,参28.     

贵州草海湿地农田渠系水质空间分异特征及影响分析

为了解草海湿地农田渠系水质现状、空间分异特征及影响因素,于2011年秋季对草海湿地进行大空间尺度的采样,分析了氮磷等理化指标,采用单因子污染指数法和营养状态指数法分别对农田渠系水质和湖泊营养状态进行评价.结果表明,草海湿地农田渠系水质污染严重,多数水质为V类或劣V类,总氮和溶解氧是水体中的主要污染因子;上游水质劣于下游,尤其是上游靠近县城区域的水质最差;多等级排水渠系对氮磷具有一定的截留作用,干渠V级水质好于低级渠系水质;不同的土地利用方式对水质的影响不同,城镇用地>集中式村落>农田;草海湿地水体上、中、下游营养水平分别为中度富营养、轻度富营养和中营养,外源污染物的累积和湖泊营养水平的提高导致其沼泽化,而流域不合理的土地利用结构加剧了沼泽化的进程.     

黄河三角洲自然湿地植被的特征及演化

在群落样方调查基础上对黄河三角洲自然湿地植被进行了分类、分布及演化研究.研究表明,黄河三角洲滨海湿地的自然湿地植被有2个植被亚型、7个群系、51个群丛,分盐生植被、水生植被和湿生植被3类.盐生植被、水生植被和湿生植被分别包括10、19和22个群丛类型.盐生植被和湿生植被的面积各约23万hmz,各占自然湿地总面积的44.76%,水生植被约7.83万hm2,占自然湿地总面积的10.48%.湿地植被的分布受距海远近、黄河河道摆动和人类活动的制约,盐生植被主要分布在三角洲外缘潮间带滩涂和潮上带外缘的微斜平地,湿生植被、水生植被主要分布在潮上带中上部的微斜平地、黄河入海河道2侧及古河道、决口扇形地间的河间洼地.受三角洲新生湿地不断形成等自然因素的影响,湿地植被发生顺行演替;受海岸侵蚀、黄河断流、风暴潮等自然灾害及人类活动的影响,湿地植被发生逆行演替和次生演替.湿地植被的顺行演替和次生演替使自然湿地的生态环境功能增强,逆行演替使自然湿地的生态环境功能减弱.     

潮间带湿地碳循环及其环境控制机制研究进展

有高等植被覆盖的潮间带湿地（红树林沼泽、盐沼）植被生产力高,有机碳分解速率低,CH4排放较弱,碳沉积速度快,是单位面积碳封存速率最高的生态系统之一。作为全球“蓝色碳汇”的主要贡献者,潮间带湿地在减缓含碳温室气体排放,降低全球温室效应方面具有重要潜力。潮间带湿地大多地处经济发达和人口密集的河口海岸地区,近年来其碳汇功能受到了越来越多人为干扰的威胁,正在发生着的气候变化则更增加了这种碳汇功能的不确定性。在全球变化背景下,对潮间带湿地碳循环及其环境控制机制的深入了解可以帮助更好地管理这种具有重要碳减排潜力的生态系统。文章综述国内外的相关研究,分析了潮间带湿地碳循环的基本过程和环境影响因素,探讨了多种人为干扰和气候变化要素对潮间带湿地碳循环的影响。潮间带湿地碳循环的基本过程主要包括垂直方向土壤（水）-大气界面和植被-大气界面CO2、CH4交换和沉积过程驱动的碳封存,以及水平方向与近海的碳交换。潮间带湿地的碳循环主要受潮汐/流、光合有效辐射、温度、盐度、水位、植物群落特征等非生物和生物因素的影响。围垦、富营养化、放牧很可能削弱潮间带湿地的碳汇功能,而外来植物入侵却可能在一定程度上增加其碳汇潜能。海平面上升、气温升高会增加潮间带湿地碳汇功能的脆弱性,CO2浓度升高的作用依赖于优势植物群落的光合作用途径,而多种并存气候变化要素的作用则更为复杂。全球范围内大量潮间带湿地已经遭受破坏甚至丧失,水文调控是对受损潮间带湿地碳汇功能进行修复和重建的有效措施。未来的研究需要更好的理解多种并存气候变化要素,及人为干扰和气候变化同时存在对潮间带湿地碳循环的交互效应,利用过程模型预测不同人为干扰和气候变化情境下潮间带湿地碳收支变化规律,并完善受损潮间带湿地碳汇功能修复的基础理论和实施方法。     

芦苇人工湿地对农村生活污水磷素的去除及途径

构建了芦苇(Phragmites australis)水平潜流人工湿地处理农村生活污水中的磷素,考察了湿地除磷效果以及地上植物吸磷量。结果表明,人工湿地对磷素的去除随水力停留时间的延长而增加,停留时间大于5.3 d时,芦苇湿地除磷效率可以高于88%。湿地进水TP负荷与磷去除速率之间有较好的线性关系(R2>0.91)。湿地植物在11月份收割时,地上生物量为1.65 kg.m-2,芦苇地上部分吸收磷量为3.68 g.m-2.a-1。分析了湿地除磷途径,在试验条件下,湿地填料的吸附和沉淀等作用是水平潜流人工湿地除磷的主要途径,植物吸收仅占湿地总磷去除量的9.1%,但是湿地水生植物是人工湿地重要组成部分,可以通过影响湿地的其他条件间接影响湿地除磷效果。试验证明,人工湿地是适用于农村地区的优良的污水处理技术。     

Evaluation of a Market in Wetland Credits: Entrepreneurial Wetland Banking in Chicago

Abstract: With the rise of market‐led approaches to environmental policy, compensation for permitted discharge of dredge or fill material into wetlands under Section 404 of the U.S. Clean Water Act has been purchased increasingly from entrepreneurial third‐party providers. The growth of this practice (i.e., entrepreneurial wetland banking) has resolved many challenges associated with wetland compensation. But it has also produced (1) quantifiable temporal loss of wetland ecological functions, (2) spatial redistribution of wetland area, and (3) a degree of regulatory instability that may pose a threat to entrepreneurial compensation as a sustainable component of wetland‐compensation policy. We used achieved compensation ratios, lapse between bank credit sale and the attainment of performance standards, distance between impact and bank site, and changes in bank market area to examine these 3 factors. We analyzed data from a census of all such transactions in the Chicago District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, compiled from site visits, Corps databases, and contacts with consultants and Section 404 permittees. Entrepreneurial banking provided compensation at a lower overall ratio than nonbank forms of compensation. Approximately 60% of bank credits were sold after site‐protection standards were met but before ecological performance standards were met at the bank site. The average distance between bank and impact site was approximately 26 km. The area of markets within which established banks can sell wetland credits has fluctuated considerably over the study period. Comparing these data with similar data for other compensation mechanisms will assist in evaluating banking as an element of conservation policy. Data characterizing the performance of entrepreneurial wetland banks in actual regulatory environments are scarce, even though it is the most established of similar markets that have become instrumental to federal policy in administering several major environmental protection laws.     

Wetland Loss and Biodiversity Conservation

Abstract: Most species of wetland-dependent organisms live in multiple local populations sustained through occasional migration. Retention of minimum wetland densities in human-dominated landscapes is fundamental to conserving these organisms. An analysis of wetland mosaics was performed for two regions of the northeastern United States to assess the degree to which historical wetland loss alters the metrics of wetland mosaics and to assess potential future effects mediated by differently structured wetland regulations. These analyses indicated that profound reductions in wetland density and proximity are associated with increased human populations and that protections for all wetlands > 1 acre (0.4 ha) are likely required to retain wetland densities minimally sufficient to sustain the wetland biota.     

长江经济带湿地空间格局变化及其保护修复对策研究

基于1980年、1995年、2005年和2015年4期土地利用/覆被解译数据,以长江经济带湿地为研究对象,分析了长江经济带湿地的空间格局变化,结果表明:(1)长江经济带湿地主要分布在长江中下游;(2)1980—2015年,长江经济带湿地消失和新生并存,长江经济带的河流湿地和沼泽湿地呈减少趋势,湖泊和库塘湿地呈增加趋势,...     

Remarkable Amphibian Biomass and Abundance in an Isolated Wetland: Implications for Wetland Conservation

Abstract:  Despite the continuing loss of wetland habitats and associated declines in amphibian populations, attempts to translate wetland losses into measurable losses to ecosystems have been lacking. We estimated the potential productivity from the amphibian community that would be compromised by the loss of a single isolated wetland that has been protected from most industrial, agricultural, and urban impacts for the past 54 years. We used a continuous drift fence at Ellenton Bay, a 10-ha freshwater wetland on the Savannah River Site, near Aiken, South Carolina (U.S.A.), to sample all amphibians for 1 year following a prolonged drought. Despite intensive agricultural use of the land surrounding Ellenton Bay prior to 1951, we documented 24 species and remarkably high numbers and biomass of juvenile amphibians (>360,000 individuals; >1,400 kg) produced during one breeding season. Anurans (17 species) were more abundant than salamanders (7 species), comprising 96.4% of individual captures. Most (95.9%) of the amphibian biomass came from 232095 individuals of a single species of anuran (southern leopard frog [Rana sphenocephala ]). Our results revealed the resilience of an amphibian community to natural stressors and historical habitat alteration and the potential magnitude of biomass and energy transfer from isolated wetlands to surrounding terrestrial habitat. We attributed the postdrought success of amphibians to a combination of adult longevity (often >5 years), a reduction in predator abundance, and an abundance of larval food resources. Likewise, the increase of forest cover around Ellenton Bay from <20% in 1951 to >60% in 2001 probably contributed to the long-term persistence of amphibians at this site. Our findings provide an optimistic counterpoint to the issue of the global decline of biological diversity by demonstrating that conservation efforts can mitigate historical habitat degradation.     

Priority Wetland Invertebrates as Conservation Surrogates

Abstract: Invertebrates are important functionally in most ecosystems, but seldom appraised as surrogate indicators of biological diversity. Priority species might be good candidates; thus, here we evaluated whether three freshwater invertebrates listed in the U.K. Biodiversity Action Plan indicated the richness, composition, and conservation importance of associated wetland organisms as defined respectively by their alpha diversity, beta diversity, and threat status. Sites occupied by each of the gastropods Segmentina nitida, Anisus vorticulus, and Valvata macrostoma had greater species richness of gastropods and greater conservation importance than other sites. Each also characterized species assemblages associated with significant variations between locations in alpha or beta diversity among other mollusks and aquatic macrophytes. Because of their distinct resource requirements, conserving the three priority species extended the range of wetland types under management for nature conservation by 18% and the associated gastropod niche‐space by around 33%. Although nonpriority species indicated variations in richness, composition, and conservation importance among other organisms as effectively as priority species, none characterized such a wide range of high‐quality wetland types. We conclude that priority invertebrates are no more effective than nonpriority species as indicators of alpha and beta diversity or conservation importance among associated organisms. Nevertheless, conserving priority species can extend the array of distinct environments that are protected for their specialized biodiversity and environmental quality. We suggest that this is a key role for priority species and conservation surrogates more generally, and, on our evidence, can best be delivered through multiple species with contrasting habitat requirements.     

天津滨海新区湿地环境演化与景观格局动态

从历史演化和景观格局动态变化两个方面对天津滨海新区湿地生态系统的演变进行了研究。历史上天津地区为海洋,自滨海新区成陆以来,经历了多次的海浸和洪水淹没,海浸期间发生陆地湿地化,海退和洪水退却时发生水体湿地化。本文总结了自地质时期以来的历史演化模型。同时在GIS和RS技术支持下,运用FRAG-STATS软件,研究了1979-2008年滨海新区湿地景观格局动态变化特征。结果表明,随着滨海新区的发展和土地利用强度的增大,研究区景观斑块数量增加、平均斑块面积减少的趋势比较明显,景观呈现破碎化的趋势;总体上,近30年中,滨海新区湿地总面积变化不大,并没有大面积持续减少。景观破碎程度从1979年开始持续上升,中间略有波动,但总体上升较快。     

湿地生态系统服务功能评估研究进展

介绍了湿地生态系统服务功能评估发展历程和生态系统服务价值评估的理论基础,对湿地生态服务功能评估的流程、方法、指标体系建立给出了参考范例,并探讨了生态服务价值评估在方法和技术上需要改进的几个方面,主要包括评价方法的统一、生态过程价值的理解、计量参数修正、标准和体系的选择、对生态服务功能状态好坏分级评估。阐述了生态系统服务价值评估还存在某些问题及有待今后发展的理论和方法来改进和完善的途径。     

Relationships among Isolated Wetland Size, Hydroperiod, and Amphibian Species Richness: Implications for Wetland Regulations

Abstract: Wetland development within the United States is regulated primarily by size. Decisions concerning wetland destruction or conservation are therefore based in part on three inherent assumptions: (1) small wetlands contain water for short portions of the year; (2) small wetlands support few species; and (3) species found in small wetlands are also found in larger wetlands. We tested these assumptions using data on wetland size, relative hydroperiod (drying scores), and relative species richness of amphibians in depression wetlands of the southeastern United States. We found a significant (p = 0.03) but weak (r² = 0.05) relationship between hydroperiod and wetland size and no relationship (p = 0.48) between amphibian species richness and wetland size. Furthermore, synthetic models of lentic communities predict that short-hydroperiod wetlands support a unique group of species. Empirical investigations support this prediction. Our results indicate that hydroperiod length should be included as a primary criterion in wetland regulations. We advocate a landscape approach to wetlands regulation, focused in part on conserving a diversity of wetlands that represent the entire hydroperiod gradient.     

Eco-environmental water demands for the Baiyangdian Wetland

In recent years, the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly, which, in turn, influence the biotic component, the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem. In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system, a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use. This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10. According to these two coefficients, the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated. The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water requirements are 0.87 × 10⁸ and 2.78 × 10⁸ m³ in average monthly, respectively, with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter. The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in according with the climate change and hydrological characters. The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions, so it can be used in practice well.     

七里海湿地的生态修复

七里海——地处天津市宁河县西南部，属典型的沼泽湿地，国家级古海岸与湿地自然保护区。近年来，它的面积不断缩小，水源枯竭，区域分割，植物群落衰颓，动物种类减少。针对上述问题分别提出了相应的生态修复对策与建议。