城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理方案探讨

对垃圾填埋场渗滤液水处理工艺方案及相关技术进行了分析，针对合并处理与单独处理方案本身存在的问题，提出以渗滤液回灌技术作为合并处理中预处理工艺，削减单独处理方案中生化负荷并加速渗滤液水质稳定化的设想。     

用光催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以城市生活垃圾渗滤液作为研究对象，采用悬浮态半导体催化剂对渗滤液进行处理试验。研究了ZnO／Tio2复合半导体催化剂的催化活性，并研究了各种实验条件、影响因素及处理效果。研究表明，在一定的试验条件下，用ZnO／TiO2复合半导体催化剂处理城市垃圾渗滤液效果较好，可作为垃圾渗滤液的深度处理。同时得到光催化氧化法处理渗滤液的最佳试验参数。     

环境质量评价中模糊综合评判法,灰色聚类法及物元分析法的比较

比较了环境质量评价中应用的模糊综合评判法，灰色聚类法及物元分析方法的异同，着重比较了隶属函数，白化函数及关联度函数其物理意义上的差异，指出了今后在环境质量评价中应用这些方法应考虑的问题。     

沭阳县生活垃圾现状调查及处理方案的优化选择

通过对沭阳县生活垃圾的现状调查与监测,并对国内外垃圾处理技术进行比较和优化,重点介绍垃圾处理新技术ITAD垃圾处理的方法,实现垃圾完全资源化利用,具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

模糊综合评价法在矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评估中的应用

为了合理利用土地、提高土地生产率、改善矿区及其周围的生态环境,对矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力进行了研究。阐述了模糊综合评价法的基本原理,并以南票矿区为例,选择了塌陷土地复垦潜力评价的二层树状结构因子,确定了隶属度函数、评价指标权重和评价集,得出了塌陷土地复垦潜力的评价结果。为其他矿区塌陷土地复垦潜力评价提供了理论依据。     

SBR法处理垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液的实验研究

采用SBR渐减曝气工艺处理模拟城市生活垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液，实验研究了反应器运行条件与出水水质的关系及有机碳的转移规律。研究结果表明：新鲜渗滤液经24h曝气处理后，出水COD浓度约为500mg／L，BOD5／COD降为0．14左右；出水COD浓度与容积负荷无明显相关性；COD去除率与容积负荷呈正比，并在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时达到最高，约95％；去除的有机碳气相转化率与容积负荷呈正比，在容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3·d时，有机碳气相转化率接近100％；该系统最高容积负荷为5．0kg COD／m^3d，相应的污泥浓度(以混合液悬浮性挥发固体(MLVSS)计)为7．12g／L。     

灰色综合评判在企业环境经济效益评价中的应用

企业环境经济效益评价属于灰色系统问题。本文采用灰色综合评判方法，对某市１５个乡镇造纸企业的环境经济效益作出了综合评价，从而为有关部门的决策提供了科学依据。     

M-AHP-熵权组合赋权法在垃圾渗滤液处理技术评价中的应用

通过分析目前综合评价赋权方法存在的弊端,提出了主客观相结合对指标进行赋权的方法,即采用基于MATLAB优化工具箱的层次分析法(M-AHP)建立主观权重,采用熵权法建立客观权重,将主客观权重加以综合来确定评价指标的权重。最后将该方法应用于重庆市卫生填埋场的处理技术的评价指标,然后按照模糊积分评价模型得出综合评价值,从3种备选方案中得出了MBR(膜生物反应器)+NF(纳滤)工艺为最佳方案。     

模糊综合评价法在航空企业节能减排评价中的应用

由于航空工业的特殊性,航空企业节能减排相对滞后,节能减排工作迫在眉睫.为使航空工业节能减排的方案全面、科学、客观,基于现代风险评价方法,根据中国航空企业系统的客观实际,采用模糊综合评价法建立了航空企业节能减排的评价指标体系和评价方法,并确定了该评价指标体系中各指标的权重,进而得到各指标隶属度、模糊矩阵.同时,进行了实例...     

Solid Waste Disposal in the Netherlands

In The Netherlands, a small and densely populated country, the disposal of solid waste requires strict precautions. Because the landscape is flat and the watertable just under groundlevel, landfilling and dumping must be avoided as much as possible. Incineration of municipal and industrial waste are presently under consideration. But even when excellent flue gas cleaning systems are used, air pollution can present a problem, for instance, by dioxines produced during the process. For these reasons the government has published a waste disposal policy plan in which recycling, composting and prevention of waste production play a major role. Eventually about one third of the solid waste production will be incinerated or dumped. No solid waste will be exported.     

江苏城市生活垃圾处理展望

通过国内外城市生活垃圾处理技术现状分析，提出江苏城市生活垃圾处理应走市场化道路。     

Remedial Strategies for Municipal Solid Waste Management in China

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the current status and to identify the problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China to determine appropriate remedial strategies. This is the second of two papers proposed on this topic. Major problems or difficulties identified in MSW management in China include MSW land, air, and water pollution, commingled collection, poor administration, shortage of funds, lack of facilities, and problems of training and public awareness.

In order to solve these problems and to improve MSW management in China, remedial strategies in three areas are recommended: institutional reform, technology development, and legislation and administrative improvement. The primary principle involved in institutional reform is unifying legislative responsibilities into one body and developing a market mechanism for handling MSW. Composting, landfills, and incineration should be equally developed in accordance with China's needs. The feasibility of developing technology to handle MSW in China is discussed. Also recommended is the establishment of sound regulatory systems, including a service fee system, a source separation system, and a training program. China is presently undergoing economic and institutional reform at the national and local levels. Results of this study will provide useful information on MSW management in China.     

Polymers as Solid Waste in Municipal Landfills

Abstract

Synthetic polymers reach municipal landfills as components of products such as waste household paints, packaging films, storage containers, carpet fibers, and absorbent sanitary products. Some polymers in consumer products that reach landfills are designed to photodegrade or biodegrade. This article examines the significance of degradable polymers in management of solid waste in municipal landfills. Most landfills are not designed to photodegrade or biodegrade solid waste. Landfill disposal of stable polymers such as polyacrylics and polyethylenes is not associated with significant polymer degradation or mobility. Stability to photodegradation and biodegradation is an advantage when municipal landfills are used for disposal of polymer products as solid waste. Use of landfill disposal can be a responsible means to manage polymer waste and can be part of an overall waste management plan which includes source reduction, recycling, reuse, composting, and waste-to-energy incineration.     

The Development of Open Pit Incinerators for Solid Waste Disposal

A discussion is presented of a newly developed incinerator for the disposal of solid wastes. It is distinguished from conventional types by its open top, and features a system of closely spaced nozzles admitting a screen of high-velocity air over the burning zone. Results, with a variety of solid industrial wastes, show high burning rates, leading to complete combustion and high flame temperature.     

Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management in China

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the current status and identify the problems of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in China in order to determine appropriate remedial strategies. This is the first of two papers, discussing primarily the general characteristics of MSW and its management in China. The second paper focuses on specific remedial strategies. MSW generation in China has increased rapidly in the past 20 years from 31.3 million tons in 1980 to 113.0 million tons in 1998. The annual rate of increase is 3–10%. The average generation per capita is 1.0 kg/day (0.38 t/year). Nearly one-half of the waste generated is dumped in the suburbs, where the accumulated quantity has reached 6 billion tons, which has caused heavy environmental pollution. This paper provides information on MSW management in China, such as MSW generation and its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Low calorific value and high moisture content characterize China's municipal waste. Other issues related to MSW management in China are also discussed, including the factors that influence MSW generation quantity and quality, MSW collection, transfer and transport, treatment and disposal, material recovery, legislation, enforcement, and administration.     

Greenhouse Gas Dynamics of Municipal Solid Waste Alternatives

ABSTRACT

Previous greenhouse gas studies comparing landfilling with combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) are limited to examinations of the emissions weighted by their relative radiative activity. This paper adds another dimension by analyzing the atmospheric response to these emissions. The heart of the analysis is a time-dependent model using a perturbation analysis of the IS92a results of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Using as inputs the emissions from the two technologies, the model calculates atmospheric concentration histories. Scenarios for a landfill and a combustor envision each accepting 1000 Mg refuse/day for a 30-year operating period followed by a 70-year postclosure period. The baseline scenario examines the basic greenhouse impact of each technology. The other scenario adds active gas collection at the landfill and energy offset credits for avoided power plant carbon emissions. For both scenarios, CH₄ and trace gases from the landfill persist in the atmosphere, and they are relatively potent at forcing IR heating. The combination of these features place the landfill much higher than previously expected on the greenhouse impact scale. For the baseline scenario, the time-integrated radiative forcing from landfilling is 115 times that of combustion, and this ratio is 45 for the second scenario.     

Computer Simulation of a Municipal Solid Waste Combustor

A mathematical model has been developed to study the thermal and chemical processes occurring In a municipal solid waste mass combustor. Treating the solids feed as a mixture of pseudo-components, the model determines the Interrelationships between the solids feed rate, grate travel rate and length, amounts and distributions of primary and secondary air, extent of solids burn out, and the bed and flame temperatures. The model Incorporates the kinetics of pyrolysis of solids and simulates heat and mass transfer within the bed.

The temperature and mass flow profiles generated show that much of the grate Is taken up by the heatup and burnout zones. The heatup zone can be reduced by distributing the primary air to maintain minimal air flow In that region, thereby permitting rapid heatup. Increasing the solids feed rate and adjusting the air flow distributions can reduce the length of the burnout zone. The computer program, available on both PCs and mainframe, can be used for different MSW Incinerator dimensions and feed parameters to Investigate the effects of the control variables and optimize the desired output characteristics, e.g., maximize solids throughput.     

Greenhouse Gas Mitigation-Induced Rough-Interval Programming for Municipal Solid Waste Management

Abstract

A greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation-induced rough-interval programming model is proposed in this study. Components of GHG emission and environmental pollution control are incorporated into the objective function and a series of relevant constraints. To explicitly examine more complexities existing in many parameters, rough intervals are also communicated into the modeling framework. The proposed model presents satisfactory capabilities in analyzing complicated interrelationships among municipal solid waste (MSW) management, climate-change impact, and environmental pollution control. It can also provide optimal allocation schemes and facilitate decision-makers regulating environmentally sustainable strategies. The developed model is then applied to a case study for demonstrating its applicability. Two representative scenarios (relatively representing two potential management policies that may be implemented in the future years) are considered. The results indicate that the developed model presents advantages in mitigating GHG emissions and the associated climate-change impact. The comparison between the GHG mitigation-induced model with and without rough-interval parameters is also investigated. Completely different solutions of the two models imply the significant impact of dual-uncertain information on the system, which can hardly be addressed through the existing optimization approaches.     

Partitioning Gas Tracer Tests for Measurement of Water in Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract

A key component in the operation of almost all bioreactor landfills is the addition of water to maintain optimal moisture conditions. To determine how much water is needed and where to add it, in situ methods are required to measure water within solid waste. Existing technologies often result in measurements of unknown accuracy, because of the variability of solid waste materials and time-dependent changes in packing density, both of which influence most measurement methods. To overcome these problems, a new technology recently developed by hydrologists for measuring water in the vadose zone—the partitioning gas tracer test—was tested. In this technology, the transport behavior of two gas tracers within solid waste is used to measure the fraction of the void space filled with water. One tracer is conservative and does not react with solids or liquids, while a second tracer partitions into the water and is separated from the conservative tracer during transport. This technology was tested in four different solid waste packings and was capable of determining the volumetric water content to within 48% of actual values, with most measurement errors less than 15%. This technology and the factors that affect its applicability to landfills are discussed in this paper.