中国农村贫困地区可持续发展的制度分析

中目农村贫困地区可持续发展受多重制度因素的影响。本文通过对农村贫困地区可持续发展的制度分析。提出制度创新一对农村贫困地区做出一系列新的制度安排是农村贫困地区可持续发展的保障。     

论农地制度创新与农业劳动力转移

建国以后我国农地制度经历了一段曲折的发展变迁过程，它一定程度上影响了我国农业劳动力转移、土地资源可持续利用和农村可持续发展。现行农地制度的某些缺陷又对我国农业劳动力转移形成了效率性、功能性、市场性制约。为此，我们应当立足于农地资源可持续利用的基本原则，构建农地财产权新框架，完善农村社会保障制度，培育起以农地承包权流转为主体的市场运行机制，有效地促进我国农业劳动力转移和农村经济可持续发展。     

浅析我国农业可持续发展面临的困境

浅析我国农业可持续发展面临的困境邢廷铣（中国科学院长沙农业现代化研究所）解放以后，特别是改革开放以来，我国农业发展取得举世瞩目的成就。与１９５０年比，我国土地产出率提高了３倍，农业劳动生产率提高了１倍，用占世界７％的耕地，解决了占世界２２％的人口温饱...     

湖南省农业生态安全与可持续发展初探

农业生态环境是农业发展的前提基础，它的健康安全是农业可持续发展的关键。湖南省是全国的农业大省，但目前农业生态环境面临着土地资源退化、水土流失加剧、农业污染严重、农业自然灾害频繁、生态环境脆弱和耕地质量下降等一系列问题，对该省农村经济的发展和农业的可持续发展，造成了严重的影响，制约了农业发展的前景与潜力。在分析这些问题的基础上，探讨其产生的机理，并提出保护和建设农业生态环境安全的对策与建议，为实现该省农业可持续发展提供参考依据。     

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择冯保初（山东大学学报编辑部）一、农业可持续发展面临的严峻形势农业是国民经济的基础。我国的国民经济能否持续、稳定、高速发展，农业是关键。当今世界由于经济增长和人口剧增，掠夺性的资源开发和利用，带来了森林面积减少，水土流失、土...     

转基因农业与可持续发展

本文在分析了转基因农业的优点后 ,指出其发展的广阔前景。并集中论述了目前高速发展的转基因农业所存在的问题 ,指出如果对转基因技术不采取谨慎的政策来加以发展 ,将会给世界带来灭顶之灾。为了避免这种悲剧 ,作者提出了转基因农业要可持续发展的观点。     

农业生态环境治理与可持续发展

我国是一个农业大国,由于长期的农业生产中忽视了对农业生态环境的保护,近年来,农业环境和农产品污染问题日趋严重,耕地环境质量不断下降,土地沙化形势十分严峻,农产品有毒有害物质残留问题突出,已成为制约农业和农村经济发展的重要因素,针对农业生态环境污染日益加剧的严峻形势,必须加大农业生态环境建设和保护力度,采取合理措施,在农业生产过程中降低化肥和农药的使用和环境造成的污染,推广清洁生产应当成为推动新世纪农业进步的发展新模式,与世界其它国家一样,合理利用资源和保护生态环境是农业可持续发展的基础。必须实施可持续发展战略,大力推广生态农业和生态农村建设,调整优化农业生产结构,从粗放型向集约型转变,以确保21世纪我国农业的可持续发展。     

我国农业可持续发展的水问题及对策

随着我国人口增长和经济发展,水资源问题日益突出,农业用水问题成为农业可持续发展中的焦点问题.文章从探讨我国水资源与农业可持续发展的关系入手,分析了我国水资源严峻的现实及其存在的主要问题,并提出了解决我国农业可持续发展中水问题的对策建议;加强管理,建立系统的管理体制;依靠科技,提高水资源利用率;增加投入,打好水资源高效利用的基础;实施虚拟水贸易,缓解水资源短.     

论我国农业可持续发展的环境与出路

从现在起到21世纪,农业担负着支撑国民经济快速发展的历史使命,完成一使命的唯一途径是确保农业的持续发展。作者在深入分析现阶段我国农业所面临的许多不利环境因素的基础上,提出了培育农业持续发展条件,优化农业持续发展环境的可行对策。     

可持续发展:制度供求与政府责任

社会范围内可持续发展目标的实现。必须有健全的正式制度与非正式制度供给并配合有强有力的实施机制。然而．由于国家的制度供给功能与地方政府行为异化可能引致经济活动偏离制度目标．非正式制度供给主体的行为异化、经济发展水平及制度成本的非均摊皆可导致制度供给不足并由此引起诸多不可持续现象。本文旨在通过对可持续发展制度供求的理论分析．从可持续发展制度供求的内在要求上。阐述制度供求的非均衡状态对可持续发展的影响。探讨我国在可持续发展战略实施中制度供给不足的原因。明确提出中央政府和地方政府相应的制度供给责任。以改变不可持续发展的现状。     

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China. The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces, China. The migration and remittance status, household income and sustainable development of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas. And remittance is an important component in rural household income. Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor, which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages. In total, the migration increases the rural household income and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.     

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China. The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces, China. The migration and remittance status, household income and sustainable development of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas. And remittance is an important component in rural household income. Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor, which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages. In total, the migration increases the rural household income and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.     

Diversification and Sustainable Development in Chinese Agriculture

Abstract

Feeding a growing population exceeding 1 billion is a big challenge to the Chinese government and has partly led to the self-sufficient policy in grain production and supply for decades. However, the efforts to push grain production everywhere have resulted in not only deterioration of the environment but also stagnation or even reduction in farmers' income as production costs continue to increase. This situation might be worsening after China's accession to the WTO that provides market access for bulk commodity imports. A sustainable development in Chinese agriculture depends on diversification, or structural adjustment, that allows Chinese farmers to fully utilize their comparative advantage in production of labor-intensive goods. Past experience has shown that diversification has contributed more than a half of the growth in Chinese agriculture during the reform period and reduced stresses on the environment at the same time. It is likely to contribute even more to Chinese agriculture in the future and in a sustainable manner.     

Diversification and Sustainable Development in Chinese Agriculture

Feeding a growing population exceeding 1 billion is a big challenge to the Chinese government and has partly led to the self-sufficient policy in grain production and supply for decades. However, the efforts to push grain production everywhere have resulted in not only deterioration of the environment but also stagnation or even reduction in farmers' income as production costs continue to increase. This situation might be worsening after China's accession to the WTO that provides market access for bulk commodity imports. A sustainable development in Chinese agriculture depends on diversification, or structural adjustment, that allows Chinese farmers to fully utilize their comparative advantage in production of labor-intensive goods. Past experience has shown that diversification has contributed more than a half of the growth in Chinese agriculture during the reform period and reduced stresses on the environment at the same time. It is likely to contribute even more to Chinese agriculture in the future an     

中国农业可持续发展的现实路径

作为中国可持续发展总体战略的重要组成和优先领域,农业可持续发展是我国现代农业发展的理性抉择和根本出路。农业可持续发展的实质是谋求农业生态系统中各要素及其相关各系统之间、系统与外部环境之间的有序化与整体性持续运作,其核心是保持农业系统的良性循环和生产力的可持续性。当前我国现代农业可持续发展的困境和挑战主要表现为:农业经营制度的先天不足和设施装备的落后使得农业发展根基不牢;人力、资本及科技等要素的缺失导致农业发展支撑力量严重不足;耕地和水资源短缺成为制约农业持续发展的瓶颈;农业生产与市场需求的结构性失衡及农产品质量安全问题使得最终产品难以满足社会需求。从可持续发展理念出发,本文认为中国特色现代农业发展的现实路径应立足于中国现实的资源及社会约束条件,着重从以下几个方面入手,即重视人力资本培育;大力推进农业合作化;加快农村金融创新;提升农业科技水平;发展劳动密集型农业;践行生态农业理念。     

Sustainable Agriculture in the UK

Most agricultural assessments of global environmental change made to date have not focused explicitly on sustainability issues, and have neglected the considerable impacts of shifting agricultural zones, alterations in commercial fertiliser and pesticide use, and changes in the demand for water resources. The current crisis in agriculture, with its economic, political, social and ecological dimensions, has arisen because of the pursuit of a productivity technology/policy model. This broad policy of agricultural ‘modernisation’ and development through the application of agricultural science and technology has shaped the direction of technological change in agriculture and the evolution of a complex agro-industrial food system.¹ This paper focuses on England’s Rural Development Programme² as it contributes to sustainable agriculture alongside the control of pollution.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

实现乡村旅游可持续发展需要正确把握的七个关系

乡村旅游可持续发展的两个基本标准是：保护乡村资源，延续历史文脉；保障经济效益，延长生命周期。作者以此为出发点，从实践中总结出了实现乡村旅游可持续发展需要正确把握的七个关系：即乡村旅游与城市旅游之间的关系、大力发展乡村旅游与发展机遇的关系、市场主导与政府引导之间的关系、旅游开发与生态和历史文化保护的关系、公共利益与个体利益之间的关系、宣传造势与乡村接待能力之间的关系、“农家乐”与“乡村旅游”的关系。     

地方政府与中国乡村的可持续发展——以浙江省横店镇可持续发展实验区为个案

在可持续发展过程中。政府、民间组织、企业和个人都有其能够发挥作用的地方．但是。地方政府可以说是实现地方可持续发展之关键。以浙江省东阳市横店镇可持续发展实验区为个案。深入探讨地方政府与地方可持续发展的关系。文章的一个基本结论是，从横店镇可持续发展实验区案例来看．我国乡村的可持续发展应该走政府主导的模式．而只有强化地方政府的能力（包括规划、资源与领导能力等）。方能培育地方良治（good governance）与支持可持续发展。