Uncovering causes and effects of desertification using a Leopold matrix in Binh Thuan Province,Vietnam

Vietnam is a coastal country projected to be heavily affected by climate change.Binh Thuan Province is part of the driest region of Vietnam and is prone to desertification.An expert panel participated in developing a Leopold matrix which allowed for identification of desertification impact factors on the province's socioeconomic activities and assessment of the strength of cause-effect relationships in terms of magnitude and importance.Land use planning,surface water,and the length of the dry season are considered the most important causes,with the overall highest scores for both magnitude and importance in the cause-effect relationship.The largest effects of the different factors are perceived on water supply for agriculture and household use.Water availability and land use planning are important remedial action domains,while drought and land cover require monitoring to assess impacts.The indicators of cause and effect can be used in a longer-term general monitoring and assessment framework to combat desertification in the area.     

长江口海域表层沉积物环境质量的综合评价

利用2004年和2009年夏季航次长江口海域表层沉积物的监测统计结果,以加权平均环境质量综合指数法为基础,以参评因子动态分类排序法确定权重,以《海洋沉积物质量》(GB18668-2002)作为评价标准,构建新的海洋沉积物质量综合评价模式,对长江口海域表层沉积物中的主要污染因子进行了分类判别,综合评价了长江口海域表层沉积物质量状况。结果表明,长江口海域表层沉积物中硫化物、石油类、汞为常态因子,铅、镉、砷、多氯联苯和滴滴涕为关键因子,铜和有机碳在个别站位已成为预警因子;沉积物环境质量总体良好,综合评价指数介于0.267~0.636之间,均属于第一类海洋沉积物质量;个别站位铜、有机碳含量偏高,存在超标现象。此外,本文通过构建的海洋沉积物质量综合评模式计算过程简单、权重确定不受人为主观因素的影响、反映沉积物综合质量的时空变化特征比较客观,具有普适性。     

农户参与生态补偿行为意愿影响因素分析

长期以来,资源无限、环境无价的观念根深蒂固地存在于人们的思维中,也渗透在社会和经济活动的体制和政策中.随着生态环境破坏的加剧和生态系统服务功能的研究,使人们更为深入地认识到生态环境的价值.而"生态补偿"是促进生态环境保护的一种经济手段,农户参与生态补偿的意愿既受到主观因素和非主观因素的影响,也受到理性和非理性因素的作用,是多因素综合影响的结果,其中内部因素即家庭生计资本.本文以黑河流域中游为例,选取300户随杌样本,分析了农户参与生态补偿的意愿与生计资本的关系研究,结果表明:自然资本对农户参与生态补偿的意愿形成星负面影响作用,人力资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本对农户参与生态补偿的意愿形成正面影响作用.这说明,农户在市场经济条件下正在变得越来越理性,他们参与生态补偿的核心在于最大化地获取经济利益,政府要一方面尽可能地降低农户实施生态补偿后的各种风险因素,另一方面,要尽可能地提高农户承担生态补偿风险的能力.     

生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以张掖市甘州区为例

农民的生计安全与质量问题是当今中国农村的核心问题,稳定的生计可以使有关的政策协调发展、消除贫困并可持续地利用资源.本文采用可持续生计框架为研究基础,农户的生计资产为框架核心,通过建立可持续生计评价指标体系,对农户的生计资产状况和由此决定的资产配置方式--生计策略及二者之间的关系进行初步的研究探讨.结果表明:对张掖市甘州区农户而盲,物质资本的值最高(其值为0.609),人力资本的数值相对较高(其值为0.516),社会资本次之(其值为0.354),金融资本和自然资本的数值相对较低(其值分别为0.286和0.241).在其他条件不变的情况下,自然资本每增加一个单位,将引起农户选择以非农为主与以农业为主生计策略的发生比缩小0.119倍;当其他解释变量不变时,金融资本每增加一个单位,将引起农户选择以非农为主与以农业为主生计策略的发生比扩大9.698倍.所以要想实现农户生计多样化,加强农户抵御风险的能力,政府就必须加强对其资金、技术等方面的支持,使其有能力和资本储备从农业生产转向二、三产业,从而促使农户生计水平得以提高.     

资源开发项目投资方案评价优选模型及应用

在分析某煤田“十一五”规划投资方案的基础上，在一般层次分析法中引入模糊数学理论，运用模糊层次分析法（FAHP），首先建立投资方案优选模型，对相关经济指标进行统一量化，建立评价指标体系，用于建立资源开发项目投资方案评价优选模型。使资源开发项目投资方案评价优选更加简便易行，具有良好的理论和实践意义。     

Optimal site selection for fluting paper mill from agricultural wastes in Golestan Province,Iran

Today, the issue of site selection for industrial units in developing countries which are poor in wood resources is considered as a vital matter and it is one of the key measures in the process of building industrial and giving service units. In every country there are some provinces and states which are more useful than other parts owing to primary infrastructures and facilities for industrialisation. As one of the suitable provinces of Iran, thanks to its lignocelluloses resources with 1,822,696 tons of exploitable waste, Golestan Province has a very good potential for building lignocelluloses products mills, such as fluting paper. For this end, in 2010, effective indices in fluting paper mill establishment were recognised in Golestan Province. Results showed that materials and products were the most important main indices and the preparation cost of raw materials was the most important sub-index. Finally, questionnaires were prepared for the best site selection and choices were evaluated according to the structure of interests and costs. The results of calculations performed through analytical hierarchy processes and in Expert Choice Software indicated that Gonbad City had the highest interest/cost ratio, and therefore, it is the best place for the establishment of floating paper mills from agricultural wastes in Golestan Province.     

Comparing environmental product footprint for electronic and electric equipment: a multi-criteria approach

Electronic and electric devices are now applied in most human activities: their diffusion is increasing worldwide; furthermore, most of them are characterized by a high replacement rate due to technological obsolescence. Consequently, environmental problems due to their diffusion are increasing; several aspects are involved from the energy consumption derived from their manufacturing processes and their use phases to their end-of-life (EOL) management. Such legislative (e.g. the European Energy Efficiency directive for household appliances) or voluntary interventions (e.g. based on the ISO standards) have been introduced for such devices: the aim is to incorporate environmental considerations in product design and manufacturing in order to benefit the environment. Some attempts are focusing on defining standardized models for the overall lifecycle including waste management. The aim of this paper is to introduce a reference model for comparing environmental product footprint of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). All life cycles of EEE will be evaluated: a specific focus is on the EOL management process as their waste management represents a complex problem for developed and developing countries. A multi-criteria decision-making model will be developed based on the well-known analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method: differently from traditional AHP applications, an absolute model has been proposed in order to compare EEE effectively from an environmental point of view. A case study validation regarding large household appliances is proposed.     

贵州喀斯特山地的“石漠化”及防治对策

贵州是一个碳酸盐岩分布广泛,生态环境脆弱、“石漠化”严重的山区省份,本文在综合大量实地考虑资料的基础上着重阐述了贵州喀斯特地区的山地“石漠化”现状及危害,探讨了“石漠化”过程的成因,指出不合理的人类活动是近期贵州喀斯特山地“石漠化”过程加快的主导因素,并据此提出了相应的防治对策。     

基于层次分析法的未确知测度理论泥石流危险性评价

将未确知测度理论与层次分析方法相结合用于评价泥石流危险性。根据泥石流危险性的影响因素和等级划分标准,选取泥石流规模、泥石流发生频率、流域面积、主沟长度、最大相对高差、流域切割密度、主沟床弯曲系数、泥砂补给长度比、24小时最大降雨量、人口密度等10个指标作为泥石流危险评价因子,利用未确知测度理论建立泥石流危险性评价指标的未确知测度函数,通过层次分析方法确定各评价指标的权重,依据置信度识别准则对泥石流危险性进行评价,并结合实例进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,基于层次分析方法的未确知测度理论的评价方法评价过程合理、置信度高、结果可靠,为泥石流危险性评价提供了一种新的方法     

关于中国西南石漠化的若干问题

石漠化是西南岩溶山地脆弱生态系统发生的土地退化。根据已有的经验和研究成果,深入探讨了中国西南岩溶山地喀斯特石漠化的科学内涵、成因、发展过程、评价指标及防治机理等。土壤和植被是岩溶环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,可能是石漠化过程的主要自然成因,而以土地利用为表现形式的强烈人类活动为驱动力;石漠化的发生发展过程即人为过程→生物学过程→加速的地学过程。石漠与石漠化,二者属于完全不同的范畴,不同空间尺度的石漠化评价应有不同的评价指标、标准和石漠化生态基准的多样性,以便为石漠化的演化研究及生态重建起一定的参考作用。鉴于石漠化现象在我国现实中存在的客观性、在理论概念上的模糊性及在生态治理中的急迫性,有必要加强石漠化在不同时空尺度下的驱动机制研究,特别是人类驱动力的研究,加强原生岩溶生态系统和受损岩溶生态系统运行规律的研究。     

地区发展差异与湖北省可持续发展战略

湖北省的经济发展水平与全国其它地区存在着较大的差异,从全国范围看,湖北省多年一直处在中等偏下的水平,而在长江流域,近年湖北省一下游省市的差距在迅速扩大;在中心地区各省中,湖北则相对领先。     

Cleaner production: a case study of Kaveh paper mill

The pulp and paper industry is under increasing pressure to reduce its energy consumption and impact on the environment. The ‘Cleaner Production’ (CP) approach has been widely utilised as a tool to meet environmental concerns by industry. However, because of the high initial capital cost of CP implementation, it is important to develop a model for prioritisation. In this paper, using analytic hierarchy process methodology, a tree-level hierarchy model was structured to facilitate the prioritisation process in the Kaveh Papermaking Company located in Iran. Using a literature review and field study, the proposed model can provide a framework for CP implementation in a paper factory. The results show that process change gives higher priority between 5 criteria and that repair of all leaks in the paper-making process gives higher priority between 35 sub-criteria. Process change was further evaluated and discussed in which input material changes gained higher priority. The results of this research can be used to accelerate the implementation of CP in Iran's pulp and paper industry.     

Toward Water Conservation Society: the Connotation and Assessment Indication System

Abstract

Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy Indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction.     

湖北省区域经济差异评价及协调发展对策研究

本文从区域经济差异内涵出发 ,设计了由 11个指标所组成的区域经济差异评价指标体系 ,采取多元统计中的因子分析法和加法合成模型 ,对湖北省 17个区域的经济差异进行了定量评价与比较 ,得出了区域经济差异不断扩大的结论。对此 ,文章从如何建立多层次的区域城市网络体系 ,发挥中心城市在区域经济协调发展中的作用 ,如何调整区域产业布局与产业结构 ,如何促进发达区域与不发达区域共同发展等 3方面 ,提出了湖北省区域经济协调发展的有关对策。     

我国外来入侵动物的扩散风险分析及分级管理

外来入侵动物给我国的生物多样性、国民经济以及人类的健康带来了严重危害,正确分析外来入侵动物的扩散风险对控制其在国内的扩散有着极其重要的意义。采用层次分析法,建立了外来动物扩散的风险评估指标体系,并选取食人鲳〖WTBX〗（Pygocentrus nattereri）、桔小实蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel）〖WTBZ〗等几种典型的外来入侵动物作为评估对象,通过扩散风险计算模型评估出扩散风险的大小,设置阈值对不同入侵动物的扩散风险进行了分级,最终将外来入侵动物的风险分为4个等级：极高风险、高风险、中风险以及低风险,并针对不同风险等级不同扩散程度的外来动物提出了相应的分级管理对策,以期提高政府管理外来入侵动物扩散的效率     

Toward Water Conservation Society:the Connotationand Assessment Indication System

Water saving and developing water conservation society are the two key strategies both for wise water allocation and sustainable utilization. The paper analyses the connotation of water saving and water conservation society. Essentially, water saving means freeing up water from non-beneficial uses and providing it to some more productive uses. Basic principles for setting indicator are presented by providing efficient use of water, considering social issues and ecological protection. An integrated assessing water saving system aiming at more sustainable and efficient consumption is given considering unbalanced social and economic development in regions and basins. The hierarchy indicator system provides qualified tools to the practice of water conservation and evaluates the value for water conservation society construction.     

南通市沿海开发水资源保障能力评价研究

以工程保障、社会经济保障、环境保障和效率保障作为南通市沿海开发水资源保障能力评价的准则层,以缺水率、有效灌溉面积率、单位GDP用水等12个指标作为指标层构建了南通市沿海开发水资源保障能力综合评价指标体系。采用层次分析法和专家评分法确定指标权重,通过加权平均确定综合评价值。评价结果为：南通市现状综合保障能力中等,未来在充分节水、保护环境、提高用水效率的前提下,水资源保障能力将有所提高。从分类保障情况看,全市工程保障能力最好而环境保障能力最差;从各行政区的保障能力看,如皋市综合保障能力最好,而海安和如东两县综合保障能力最差。最后对如何提高各地区水资源综合保障能力作了讨论     

BOOK REVIEWS

This study focuses on the technology purchasing decisions of a mid-sized firm (500 employees) that increase the energy efficiency of its computing systems while meeting its business objectives. For example, if company growth requires implementation of a more robust and up-to-date customer tracking system and includes hiring 10 new employees, what course should be followed to ensure a reduction in energy consumption as well as the achievement of company business goals? Should the company purchase a couple of additional servers with limited capacity for growth or should the company replace 20 aging rack servers with six state-of-the-art servers for consolidation and the hosting of virtual machines? And should the company supply the new employees with new cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors or recycle some that have been in storage? There are several alternatives that the firm can use to achieve its goals. This paper evaluates four energy efficiency technologies with respect to their impact on the reduction in energy consumption as well as internal organisational processes and human aspects. A proposed research effort is expected to contribute to energy efficiency literature by capturing adoption decisions from a market – end-user – perspective, and the outcome of this study is proposed to give insights to energy efficiency programme managers into designing more accurate energy efficiency programmes.     

石漠化山地复合生态系统评价——以广西平果县龙何屯生态重建示范区为例

以广西平果县龙何生态重建示范区的石漠化山地复合生态系统为例,依据试验研究及专家咨询的结果,构建了一个基于自然子系统、社会子系统、经济子系统的评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对指标体系中各指标的权重值进行了分析,应用指数评价模型对石漠化山地复合生态系统进行综合评估。层次分析结果表明,植被覆盖率、人类活动强度、物种多样性、物质生活指数、石漠化程度、水土流失程度等指标的权重值较大,是石漠化山地复合生态系统的重要影响因子;指数评价模型的评价结果表明,石漠化山地复合生态系统的总体质量较差,但通过生态示范区建设,改善复合生态系统中的植被状况,改善农业生产条件和推广先进农业技术,提高系统中人类的生活水平,可以使复合生态系统中社会、经济、环境3个子系统的转运功能逐渐趋于协调,总体质量逐渐好转。