Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

An experimental and thermodynamic equilibrium investigation of the Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni partitioning during sewage sludge incineration

The effects of different chlorides and operational conditions on the distribution and speciation of six heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni) during sludge incineration were investigated using a simulated laboratory tubular-furnace reactor. A thermodynamic equilibrium investigation using the FactSage software was performed to compare the experimental results. The results indicate that the volatility of the target metals was enhanced as the chlorine concentration increased. Inorganic-Cl influenced the volatilization of heavy metals in the order of Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn > Ni. However, the effects of organic-Cl on the volatility of Mn, Pb and Cu were greater than the effects on Zn, Cr and Ni. With increasing combustion temperature, the presence of organic-Cl (PVC) and inorganic-Cl (NaCl) improved the transfer of Pb and Zn from bottom ash to fly ash or fuse gas. However, the presence of chloride had no obvious influence on Mn, Cu and Ni. Increased retention time could increase the volatilization rate of heavy metals; however, this effect was insignificant. During the incineration process, Pb readily formed PbSiO₄ and remained in the bottom ash. Different Pb compounds, primarily the volatile PbCl₂, were found in the gas phase after the addition of NaCl; the dominant Pb compounds in the gas phase after the addition of PVC were PbCl₂, Pb(ClO₄)₂ and PbCl₂O₄.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中有价金属的形态与可回收特征

基于生活垃圾焚烧炉渣金属形态实验室分析与中试回收生产线的磁性分选和涡电流分选试验,对生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中有价金属铁（Fe）、铝（Al）和铜（Cu）的可回收特征进行了研究.结果表明:生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中有价金属磁选和涡电流分选回收产率分别为12.3%和1.14%,Fe的磁选回收率为14.8%,Al、Cu的涡电流回收率分别为73.1%和52.7%.生活垃圾焚烧炉渣中Cu和Fe的回收效率分别受其含量分布和赋存形态的影响,其中Cu的回收产率和回收率受Cu的含量与分布的影响,而Fe的回收率与产率则受炉渣中Fe的含量与形态的限制.在实践中,可通过调整涡电流运行参数、增大磁场强度、降低炉渣含水率等方式提高炉渣中金属的回收效率.      

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的分布规律及浸出特性

文章研究了上海某垃圾焚烧厂不同粒径飞灰中重金属的分布特性。结果表明,大部分飞灰聚集在38～280μm,其中在38～53μm飞灰约占总量的50%。飞灰中重金属在不同粒径中的含量分布规律均为:Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Cd>Ni;除Ni和Cr外,重金属Zn、Cd、Cu和Pb都普遍表现出向小颗粒富集的趋势。重金属在不同粒径中的浸出量均为:Pb>Zn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Cd;Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd的浸出量随飞灰粒径的减小呈增加趋势,而Zn在106～280μm和Pb在75～106μm处的浸出量都经历了一个陡增过程。不同重金属的主要化学形态各不相同,除Ni和Cr外,其它重金属的主要形态都呈不稳定性。随着飞灰粒径的减小,碳酸盐结合态的Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和铁锰氧化物结合态的Pb、Zn、Cu的量逐渐增加;残留态的Zn和有机结合态的Cu则不增反减;Ni和Cr的各形态分布规律不明显。     

传统酸浸和微波酸浸处理飞灰重金属的效果及重金属的形态变化特征

采用HCl作为浸出剂,在不同的浸出条件下对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属进行浸出试验,并采用连续提取程序对酸浸稳定化处理前后的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn进行形态分析,研究了传统酸浸和微波酸浸对7种重金属的浸出效率及处理前后的形态变化特征.结果表明,酸浸处理能够有效地从飞灰中提取重金属,浸出效率依次为Zn≈Pb＞Cd＞Mn＞Cu＞Cr＞Ni.微波效应可以明显提高大部分重金属的浸出效率,在液固比(L/S)=25 mL/g、时间7 min和1 mol·L-1HCl条件下Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的浸出率分别为80.17%、15.05%、58.25%、62.42%、8.88%、89.25%和93.03%.对飞灰酸浸残渣进行的连续提取实验表明,传统和微波酸浸处理后飞灰中重金属的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态和Fe-Mn氧化物结合态明显减少,重金属以残留态存在为主,飞灰稳定性显著提高.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的污染特性

以广西和重庆某生活垃圾焚烧厂的焚烧飞灰为研究对象,研究了飞灰中重金属的化学形态、不同粒径下飞灰中重金属含量及浸出毒性。结果表明:广西垃圾焚烧飞灰中含有5种重金属,且都是以残渣态为主要存在形态;重庆垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cr以残渣态为主要存在形态,Zn、Cu和Cd以醋酸可提取态为主要存在形态,具有较大的潜在毒性,毒性较强的Pb只以醋酸可提取态和可还原提取态两种形态存在,危险性非常高,Mn以可还原提取态为主要存在形态。两地飞灰中含量较高的重金属元素都表现出向小颗粒富集趋势。随飞灰颗粒粒径的减小,各重金属浸出量基本呈增加趋势。相比之下,重庆的垃圾焚烧飞灰中Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd的含量和浸出量都高于广西飞灰。广西飞灰中各粒级的飞灰中各元素浸出量均不超标,而重庆飞灰各粒级的飞灰中Zn、Pb和Cd的浸出量严重超标,表明重庆飞灰属于典型危险废物。     

海口市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰特性与重金属形态分析研究

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰因富合多种毒性物质而被列入危险废物名录.不同地区生活垃圾焚烧飞灰元素组成存在差异.论文研究了海口市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的基本特性及重金属形态.结果表明,飞灰中Pb浸出值超过危险废物判别值的6倍之多,Pb、Cd和Zn的浸出值均超过生活垃圾填埋场限值.与As和Hg相比,Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb和Cd碳酸盐结合态的比例略高,在酸性条件下极易释放,对周围环境构成威胁.     

河口近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化

对长江口崇明东滩近岸水体中颗粒态重金属的潮周期变化特征及其影响机制进行了研究.结果表明,受粒度影响,底层水体中颗粒态Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Al的总量分别高出表层沉积物的184%、99%、56%、62%、147%、50%和45%,其中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Al可还原态部分在底层水体悬浮颗粒物中的含量也明显高出表层沉积物的2～3倍,但与重金属总量相比,上述元素的可还原态部分所占比例与表层沉积物相差不大.在5次潮汐循环过程中,颗粒态重金属均在涨潮初期、高平潮前后及落潮末期出现较高含量.这种变化主要与水动力条件有关,当水体流速增大时,从底部沉积物再悬浮起来的颗粒态重金属对水体中的永久性悬浮颗粒起了很大的稀释效应.水体中的盐度、DO及pH等环境因子对潮周期内颗粒态重金属的变化影响不大.     

膜浓缩液淋滤飞灰重金属迁移特性及化学形态变化特征

为解决膜浓缩液和生活垃圾焚烧飞灰难以处理处置的问题,以淋滤柱为试验装置,以膜浓缩液淋滤3种不同填充高度(25.50、16.60、12.70 cm)的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为研究对象,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、XRF(X射线荧光光谱分析)和重金属化学形态分析等手段,分析淋滤过程对飞灰中重金属Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb的去除效果及转化机理. 结果表明:①通过膜浓缩液淋滤飞灰实现了飞灰脱氯的效果,填充高度H3(12.7 cm)对氯的去除率达到88%. ②填充高度H3 (12.7 cm)对重金属的脱除效果最好,对Pb、Cu、Cd和Zn的去除率分别为41.83%、0.23%、0.21%和0.57%. ③淋出液中重金属离子主要来自飞灰中弱酸可提取态的重金属,其中淋滤过程对残渣态、可氧化态重金属等影响较小. ④3种填充高度均使飞灰中重金属的浸出浓度有所降低,其中H3 (12.7 cm)填充高度的淋滤灰渣相比于飞灰的浸出浓度减少了90%. 研究显示,膜浓缩液淋滤飞灰可脱除飞灰中的氯盐和部分重金属,降低重金属浸出浓度,为飞灰资源化利用提供了新思路.      

上海大气总悬浮颗粒物中金属的可溶性特征

大气颗粒物中金属的可溶性对于评估金属的生物可利用性和环境迁移性具有重要意义.采集上海大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用高分辨率电感耦合等离子体质谱,测定经微循环淋溶提取的金属水、酸(p H=2)可溶含量,并计算水、酸溶解度.结果表明,大气TSP中金属的溶出是一个快速过程,仅需几分钟就达到溶解度最大值.Co、Cr和Cd的可溶含量较低,V、Ni、Cu处于中间,Fe、Al、Zn、Mn和Mg较高.结合大气后向轨迹分析,金属可溶含量受到气团来源的显著影响.多种金属的水、酸溶解度差异性较大,Fe水溶解度最小仅为2.0%,其次为Al、Cr、V、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Mn、Mg和Zn.金属溶解度随溶剂p H值的减小而增大.元素本身性质是影响金属溶解度的内在原因,且金属的离子势与水溶解度呈一定的负相关性.     

Particle size distribution and characteristics of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments from Beijing Olympic Park

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDSs) of parks are emitted into the terrestrial, atmospheric, and water environment, and have a severe impact on residents' and tourists' health. To identify the distribution and characteristic of heavy metals in RDS and to assess the road environmental quality in Chinese parks, samples were collected from Beijing Olympic Park in the present study. The results indicated that particles with small grain size (< 150 μm) were the dominant fraction. The length of dry period was one of the main factors affecting the particle size distribution, as indicated by the variation of size fraction with the increase of dry days. The amount of heavy metal (i.e., Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) content was the largest in particles with small size (< 150 μm) among all samples. Specifically, the percentage of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in these particles was 74.7%, 55.5%, 56.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Heavy metals adsorbed in sediments may mainly be contributed by road traffic emissions. The contamination levels of Pb and Cd were higher than Cu and Zn on the basis of the mean heavy metal contents. Specifically, the geoaccumulation index (I_geo) decreased in the order: Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn. This study analyzed the mobility of heavy metals in sediments using partial sequential extraction with the Tessier procedure. The results revealed that the apparent mobility and potential metal bioavailability of heavy metals in the sediments, based on the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, decreased in the order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb > Cu.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰矿物学特性及重金属分布

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的矿物学特性是飞灰中重金属赋存环境的直观反映,与重金属在处置环境中的释放和迁移行为密切相关.为掌握重金属在生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的分布规律,结合X射线衍射、扫描电镜等常规矿物学研究工具及矿物解离分析系统对飞灰的矿物学宏观属性和微观属性进行全面测试.结果表明,飞灰是由矿物相和非矿物相组成,两者之间紧密连生,主要矿物相包括氯盐和方解石、氢氧钙石等多种含钙矿物.重金属元素在飞灰中主要以3种形式存在:均匀分布在无定形的非矿物组分中,以同晶置换赋存在方解石等矿物中以及吸附在特殊矿物如石英、赤铁矿等表面.难挥发性重金属Cu和Cr绝大部分分布在非矿物相中;半挥发性重金属Zn和Cd各有43.92%和60.61%的含量分布在矿物相中,其中,方解石对Cd、赤铁矿对Cr及硅酸盐对Zn存在较强的富集作用.     

Distribution and leaching characteristics of trace elements in ashes as a function of different waste fuels and incineration technologies

Impact of waste fuels (virgin/waste wood, mixed biofuel (peat, bark, wood chips) industrial, household, mixed waste fuel) and incineration technologies on partitioning and leaching behavior of trace elements has been investigated. Study included 4 grate fired and 9 fluidized boilers. Results showed that mixed waste incineration mostly caused increased transfer of trace elements to fly ash; particularly Pb/Zn. Waste wood incineration showed higher transfer of Cr, As and Zn to fly ash as compared to virgin wood. The possible reasons could be high input of trace element in waste fuel/change in volatilization behavior due to addition of certain waste fractions. The concentration of Cd and Zn increased in fly ash with incineration temperature. Total concentration in ashes decreased in order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Sb > As > Mo. The concentration levels of trace elements were mostly higher in fluidized boilers fly ashes as compared to grate boilers (especially for biofuel incineration). It might be attributed to high combustion efficiency due to pre-treatment of waste in fluidized boilers. Leaching results indicated that water soluble forms of elements in ashes were low with few exceptions. Concentration levels in ash and ash matrix properties (association of elements on ash particles) are crucial parameters affecting leaching. Leached amounts of Pb, Zn and Cr in > 50% of fly ashes exceeded regulatory limit for disposal. 87% of chlorine in fly ashes washed out with water at the liquid to solid ratio 10 indicating excessive presence of alkali metal chlorides/alkaline earths.     

模型化研究pH对垃圾焚烧飞灰金属浸出的影响机制

浸出液pH是影响城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰金属浸出的主要因素.通过比较pH变化浸出测试和Visual MINTEQ模拟结果,研究了浸出液pH对飞灰金属浸出特性的影响机制.结果发现,酸性条件下(Cd、Zn、Ni:pH＜8;Pb、Cu、Cr:pH＜6;Al:pH＜4),金属会随pH降低而大量溶出;两性金属Pb和Zn,在强碱性条件时浸出浓度亦会增加,pH=12.5时可分别达42和2.4 mg·L-1.飞灰中金属的pH相关浸出行为可通过Visual MINTEQ模型很好地模拟.模拟计算结果表明,浸出液pH的变化会改变金属在浸出体系中的化学形态,从而影响金属的浸出浓度;不同pH下Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca和Al的化学形态和浸出行为主要由溶解/沉淀平衡决定,吸附作用对其影响不大;在酸性至中性pH条件下,飞灰中HFO会吸附Cd、Cr和Ni而降低其溶解度,但在碱性条件下这些重金属的浸出又转而由溶解/沉淀平衡控制.     

Investigation of basic properties of fly ash from urban waste incinerators in China

Basic properties of fly ash samples from different urban waste combustion facilities in China were analyzed using as X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The leaching toxicity procedure and some factors influencing heavy metals distribution in fly ash were further investigated. Experimental results indicate that the fly ash structures are complex and its properties are variable. The results of XRF and SEM revealed that the major elements （〉10000 mg/kg, listed in decreasing order of abundance） in fly ash are O, Ca, Cl, Si, S, K, Na, Al, Fe and Zn. These elements account for 93% to 97%, and the content of Cl ranges from 6.93% to 29.18 %, while that of SiO2 does from 4.48% to 24.84%. The minor elements （1000 to 10000 mg/kg） include Cr, Cu and Pb. Primary heavy metals in fly ash include Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu etc. According to standard leaching test, heavy metal leaching levels vary from 0 to 163.10 mg/L （Pb） and from 0.049 to 164.90 mg/L （Zn）, mostly exceeding the Chinese Identification Standard for hazardous wastes. Morphology of fly ash is irregular, with both amorphous structures and polycrystalline aggregates. Further research showed that heavy metals were volatilized at a high furnace temperature, condensed when cooling down during the post-furnace system and captured at air pollution control systems. Generally, heavy metals are mainly present in the forms of aerosol particulates or tiny particulates enriched on surfaces of fly ash particles. The properties of fly ash are greatly influenced by the treatment capacities of incinerators or the variation of waste retention time in chamber. Fly ash from combustors of larger capacities generally has higher contents of volatile component and higher leaching toxicity, while those of smaller capacities often produce fly ash containing higher levels of nonvolatile components and has lower toxicity. The content of heavy metals and leaching toxicity maybe have no convincing correlation, and high alkali content of CaO greatly contribute to leaching toxicity of heavy metal and acid neutralization capacity against acid rain.     

广州市秋季PM2.5中重金属的污染水平与化学形态分析

采用消解法和连续提取法分析了广州市秋季PM_2.5样品中10种重金属元素的总量和化学形态,对广州市PM_2.5中重金属的污染水平和生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,广州市PM_2.5和重金属污染非常严重,其中PM_2.5日浓度高达0.083 3～0.190 0 mg·m^-3,为1997年美国EPA相应标准的1.3～2.9倍.PM_2.5中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mo的富集因子K>10,是典型的污染元素;而Ni、Mn、Co和Fe的K值为1～10,除部分来自人为活动外,主要还是自然作用来源.化学形态分析结果显示,超过80％的Al和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态,而大部分Zn、Pb、Cd 和Cu分布在可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、可氧化态和可还原态.生物有效性系数(K)分析结果说明,PM_2.5中重金属的生物有效性相对强弱顺序为：Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn>Mo>Co>Ni>Fe>Al.其中Cd、Zn和Pb的K>0.8,为生物可利用性元素;Cu、Mn、Mo、Co和Ni的K值在0.5左右,为潜在生物可利用性元素;Fe和Al的K<0.2,为生物不可利用性元素.     

长江口南槽重金属的分布特征

利用ICP－AES测试长江口南槽水体中各重金属浓度的结果表明,水相中Mn、Zn、Cu、Al、Fe的浓度在枯水期明显大于洪水期,而悬浮物中各重金属的浓度随季节变化不明显;表层悬浮物中各重金属浓度大多比底层高,水相中各重金属浓度则是底层比表层高．近10多年来,水体中Cu、Pb、Cd的浓度变化不大,但Ｚｎ的浓度有明显的增大;Fe、Al、Mn、Cu等重金属之间具有良好的相关性,说明其化学行为具有相似性．水体中各重金属的分布受到稀释、离子交换、吸附和凝聚的影响．     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cu、Zn的去除研究

文章研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cu、Zn的含量、形态分布及几种螯合剂、天然有机酸及其钠盐和无机酸对其中Cu、Zn的去除能力。结果表明:飞灰中Cu、Zn含量很高,主要以残渣态存在;供试螯合剂和天然有机酸及其钠盐对Cu、Zn的去除效果以DTPA最好;EDTA-Na2与天然有机酸复合可提高去除效果,而与其钠盐复合后对Cu的去除效果变化不大,对Zn的去除略有降低;DTPA与天然有机酸及其钠盐复合后而对Cu的去除变化较大,对Zn的去除变化很小;高浓度酸对Cu、Zn的去除能力较低浓度酸强。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属蒸发特性试验分析

由于垃圾焚烧飞灰富集的重金属浓度较高,为减少对环境造成二次污染,应进行妥善处理.本文研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰在600～1100℃之间重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的蒸发特性,并研究了添加剂CaCl2对重金属蒸发特性的影响.结果表明,在没有氯剂加入的情况下,重金属Cd、Pb的蒸发率较高,均在90%以上,Cu在80%左右,而Zn的蒸发最少,小于40%;当有氯剂加入时对所研究的重金属的蒸发都有不同程度地增加,其中以Zn的蒸发量增加最多.