珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的被动采样观测

研究了珠江三角洲地区大气中多环芳烃的含量与分布.利用大气被动采样装置,在包括香港在内的珠江三角洲地区共设立了21个大气被动采样点,样品采集时间为2005-08-15—10-14.结果表明,除主要存在于气相中的2～3环PAHs与部分4环PAHs外,聚氨酯泡沫材料(PUF)被动采样器也可在一定程度上采集大气颗粒物中的5～7环PAHs.珠江三角洲地区大气PAHs的含量与组成存在较大差异,珠江三角洲内地采样点PAHs的含量远远高于香港采样点,这主要是受采样点所处的地理位置、气候条件以及能源消费结构的影响.初步研究表明,PUF大气被动采样器可较好地运用于区域大气PAHs污染分布与特征对比研究.      

鞍山市大气PM10中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及其来源

2005年3月和8月在辽宁省鞍山市8个采样点采集PM₁₀样品,用液相色谱-质谱法分析了PM₁₀上负载的11种多环芳烃(PAHs),并探讨了其分布特征和来源.结果表明:鞍山市PM₁₀中ρ(PAHs)时空变化特征显著,冬季高于夏季,且工业区PAHs污染最严重;在PAHs中4环以上的组分占主导,冬季ρ(4环PAHs)较高,而在夏季ρ(5～6环PAHs)较高.运用比值法和主成分分析法对PAHs来源进行分析,发现冬季的主要污染源为燃煤排放、机动车尾气排放和炼钢工业排放;夏季主要污染源为燃煤排放、机动车尾气排放、生物质燃烧排放和炼钢工业排放等,来源较冬季复杂.机动车尾气排放对PAHs的贡献在2个季节都较为明显,冬季燃煤排放的贡献比重明显增加.      

广州市大气中多环芳烃分布特征、季节变化及其影响因素

对广州市大气中气态和颗粒态多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了连续一年的采样观测.结果表明,气态和颗粒态样品中PAHs的平均浓度值分别为312.9 ng/m³ 和 23.7 ng/m³,即多环芳烃主要存在于气相中,占大气总PAHs年平均的92.5%,且在夏季的比重要高于冬季.所检出的的气态多环芳烃以芴、菲、蒽等低环数化合物为主,其中菲占了总含量的60%以上;颗粒态多环芳烃则以高环数的化合物为主,各化合物所占的比重相当,其相对浓度无显著差别.气态多环芳烃在夏季达到高值,冬季降为低值;而颗粒态与其相反,夏季低值,冬季达到高值.在所测定的气象条件中,温度在影响气态多环芳烃浓度变化的因素中占了绝对优势,其次为风速,其它气象因素未观测到有较明显的影响作用;对颗粒态多环芳烃来说,则无绝对的影响因素,温度、风速和湿度同为重要影响因素,但随着分子量的增加,各因素的影响大小顺序略有不同.     

河北与京津地区非采暖期大气中的PAHs污染特征

对河北与京津地区42个样点非采暖期大气中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的研究表明,该区域大气中的PAHs浓度水平较高.2～3环PAHs主要分布在气相当中,颗粒相(大气可吸入颗粒物,PM10)中PAHs以4～6环为主.PAHs的高浓度样点在石家庄、唐山和邯郸地区分布最为集中.县城样点与城市样点的PM10和PAHs污染水平相近.临近区域广泛存在的大气污染很可能对北京市的大气环境造成影响.     

白洋淀表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量、分布、来源及生态风险评价

研究了白洋淀表层沉积物中US EPA 16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征和污染来源,其w(PAHs)为101.3～1 494.8 ng/g (平均值为353.0 ng/g),与国内其他的湖泊和河流相比,整体处于中等污染水平. 安州采样点沉积物中w(PAHs)最高,污染最严重;其次为小田庄、烧车淀、王家寨;污染较轻的采样点为枣林庄、光淀、圈头和端村. 在16种多环芳烃单体中,菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并［b］荧蒽所占比例较大. w(荧蒽)/w(芘)和w(菲)/w(蒽)2个比值显示, 白洋淀沉积物中多环芳烃的含量和分布受石化材料燃料、煤炭及薪柴燃烧影响较大. 风险评价表明,安州采样点表层沉积物对生物存在潜在危害,而其他采样点沉积物潜在风险处于较低水平.      

煤矿区表层土壤中芳香烃组成、分布特征及标志化合物研究

通过分析2005年3月至2006年1月间北京市东南郊3个采样点大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,对北京市东南郊大气TSP中的多环芳烃的来源进行了解析.4个季节中16种多环芳烃组分比例变化反映出各个季节PAHs来源的变化;各方向风频数与PAHs浓度的相关分析表明,研究区内PAHs浓度与西北方向的污染来源贡献密切相关;利用比值法进行源解析,发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤,此外机动车和焦炉源也可以识别出来;应用因子分析和多元线性回归计算出3个采样点各PAHs源的相对贡献率.     

莱州湾大气颗粒相中多环芳烃及其衍生物的赋存特征

多环芳烃作为一类典型的持久性有毒物质,一直是环境领域关注的热点和重点,有关多环芳烃衍生物的报道,尤其是有关大气中烷基和硝基多环芳烃的研究报道仍非常缺乏。本研究选取莱州湾刁龙嘴为采集区域,对大气颗粒相样品中16种母体多环芳烃（PAHs）、12种烷基多环芳烃（A–PAHs）和25种硝基多环芳烃（N–PAHs）进行分析。结果表明,16种母体多环芳烃（Σ₁₆PAHs）的浓度范围为517.2 ~ 64124.8 pg/m3;12种烷基化多环芳烃（Σ₁₂A–PAHs）的浓度范围为273.6 ~ 5897.3 pg/m3;25种硝基化多环芳烃（Σ₂₅N–PAHs）的浓度范围为113.5 ~ 1032.3 pg/m3。3种类型多环芳烃的浓度和污染模式均表现出明显的季节变化特征,其中,夏季,2环、3环的PAHs、A–PAHs和N–PAHs比例相对较高,而冬季4环及以上单体的比例偏高。PAHs的特征比值表明,莱州湾刁龙嘴地区PAHs的来源主要以柴油、煤及生物质燃烧为主。Σ₁₆PAHs、Σ₁₂A–PAHs和Σ₂₅N–PAHs与温度均呈现出显著的负相关性（R2 = 0.94,p < 0.01;R2 = 0.61, p < 0.01;R2 = 0.74,p < 0.01）,说明温度是影响颗粒相吸附芳烃类物质的一个主要因素。此外,三者之间Pearson相关关系表明,PAHs及其衍生物表现出相同的污染来源和相似的环境行为。     

洋浦湾表层海水中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源分析

以海南洋浦湾海域的8个位点为监测对象,采用固相萃取法富集,超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定表层海水中14种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,研究了PAHs的不同季节时空分布特征以及污染来源,并与国内外其他河口及海湾海水中PAHs质量浓度进行了比较。结果表明:洋浦湾海域水体中受到了一定程度的多环芳烃污染,14种PAHs总质量浓度范围为426.52~1 006.30 ng/L,平均总质量浓度为569.95 ng/L,其中萘的浓度最大,占PAHs总量的59.8%。2~5环PAHs分别占总浓度的59.8%、18.4%、20.6%、1.2%,5环在部分采样点中未有检出,6环均未检出。该海域PAHs含量具有明显的季节分布特征,冬季(均值690.70 ng/L)和春季(均值625.66 ng/L)PAHs含量明显高于秋季(均值481.94 ng/L)和夏季(均值481.51 ng/L),其中冬季各样点平均含量最高。旱季水体中PAHs质量浓度明显高于雨季。工业码头和港口PAHs浓度低于渡口、渔港等生活区。采用同分异构体比值法进行污染来源分析,表明春、夏、秋季洋浦湾表层水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染;冬季生活区主要为高温燃烧和石油的混合源,工业区则主要来自石油源。     

兰州大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)是环境空气中一类重要的有毒化合物,为探究兰州市大气细颗粒物(fine particulate matter,PM_(2.5))中PAHs的污染特征,于2012年冬季和2013年夏季采集兰州市PM_(2.5)样品共60个,并进行了GC/MS分析.结果表明,16种PAHs的冬、夏季平均总质量浓度分别为(191.79±88.29)ng·m~(-3)和(8.94±4.34)ng·m~(-3),冬季污染程度明显严重;降雪是导致兰州冬季大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs质量浓度降低最主要的气象因素;冬、夏季PAHs的环数分布均以4环比例最大,分别为51.40%和49.94%,5~6环比例夏季41.04%,高于冬季24.94%,2~3环比例冬季23.67%,高于夏季9.03%;通过PAHs的特征比值分析,兰州大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的来源冬季以燃煤源和机动车尾气为主,其中柴油车比例较大;夏季汽油车对PAHs的相对贡献较大.     

城市居民区空气中多环芳烃污染特征和来源分析

采集并测定了杭州市某居民区空气中 1 2种具有代表性的多环芳烃 (PAHs) ,测得各采样点空气中 1 2种PAHs浓度为 8.237～14.234μg/m³.该居民区内有些地方PAHs污染十分严重 ,空气质量较差 .区内空气中PAHs主要来自居民烹调、加热用气 (煤 ) ,汽车尾气对其也有一定的影响 .     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.