四川攀西山区光伏电站建设期水土流失特点及防治措施简析

分析会东县小龙潭30MWp光伏电站工程的建设特点和建设期主要水土流失特点,据此介绍了工程建设过程中和施工结束后水土流失防治措施的设计和布置,期望以此能为类似地区光伏电站工程水土保持工作提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

四川西南部山区风电场工程水土流失预测浅析

本文介绍了凉山州长海子风电场工程水土流失预测范围与时段、内容与方法。通过采用类比工程法进行预测,得到了水土流失预测结果,确定了风电场水土流失重点区域为交通设施区、弃渣场区,水土流失主要时段为施工期。据此预测结果,为工程在建设过程中提出了水土保持设计建议。     

特高压输电线路工程水土保持专项设计探讨

为提高特高压输电线路工程水土保持专项设计精细化程度,从内业准备及资料收集、现场调查及勘测和水土保持措施设计三方面对特高压输电线路工程水土保持专项设计流程进行了阐述,总结归纳了输变电工程常用的水土流失防治措施,期望对类似工程水土保持设计提供参考和借鉴。     

青海东部山区水土流失对环境的危害及治理措施

青海东部系指日月山以东的黄河干流及其一级支流湟水流域、大通河流域。它是青海省的主要农业区,也是全省水土流失的重灾区,认识本区水土流失对环境的影响,探讨防治对策,对指导全省的水土保持工作,促进本区环境、经济建设和社会发展,具有重大的现实意义。青海东部水土流失的特征本区水土流失按强度分有三种,其中轻度侵蚀面积13416.1平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数500—2000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的50.0％;中度侵蚀面积8011.3平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数2000—5000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的29.9％;强度侵蚀面积5390平方公里(土壤侵蚀模数5000吨/平方公里·年),占总面积的20.1％。本区水土流失特征,从以下几方面可以看出。     

三维实景模型在陡峻地区输变电工程水土保持设施验收中的应用

为了解决陡峻地区输变电工程水土保持设施验收中难以获取真实全面塔位基面信息的难题,提出了应用测绘技术,采用无人机倾斜摄影建立三维实景模型的方法,实现了远距离、无风险获取陡峻地区塔位数据,用于计算水土保持验收中水土流失防治效果评价的六大指标,有效提高了水土保持验收工作的效率,三维实景模型方法可在工程实践中广泛推广应用。     

改善农业生态经济环境 综合治理水土流失

遂宁地处四川盆地中部、琼江流域上游,幅员面积1873.31km~2。由于乱砍滥伐,盲目开垦,宕性松软(遂宁组为主),易风化、剥蚀,抗蚀力弱,因此水土流失十分严重。全市中区水土流失面积为1330.8km~2,占幅员的71.0％;年平均侵蚀模数8728.4t/km~2t;年泥沙流失总量1161.6万t,农业生态经济环境严重恶化。 1981年,四川省把遂宁市中区列为琼江流域重点治理区,7年多来(截止1987年底),他们巳完成初步治理水土流失面积294km~2,占开展治理面积358km~2的82.1％。生物措施规划营造水土保持林草7.50万亩,完成7.21万亩,占96.13％。工程措施规划工程总土石方量1000.0m~3,完成1078.8万m~3,新扩建沿山渠、排洪     

广安县治理水土流失见成效

广安县地处川中丘陵东部边缘,全县有水土流失面积1019.9km~2,占幅员面积的64.89%,比1949年水土流失面积扩大了62.28%.1989年,该县被列入长江上游水土保持重点治理区以来,按照“以防为主、防治结合,因地制宜、综合治理,重点突破、积极推进”的方针,从实际出发,以规划为依据、小流域为单元、坡改梯为重点,积极开展了综合治理,取得了较好的效益.一年来,该县共治理水土流失面积96km~2,其中坡改梯1.41万亩,水土保持林     

水电站特大型弃渣场水土保持措施设计研究——以俄德西沟特大型弃渣场为例

西南土石山区水电工程的建设具有弃渣场选址困难、弃渣量大等特点,电站工程建设过程中如何防治弃渣场的水土流失是整个水电站工程水土流失治理工作的重点和难点,弃渣场区水土流失防治措施的设计直接关系到整个渣场水土流失防治工作的成败。以叶巴滩水电站俄德西沟弃渣场为例,通过分析本渣场泥石流防治工程、拦挡工程以及排洪工程防护标准和等级,对本渣场泥石流防治措施和水土保持措施进行了设计。     

特高压输变电工程环境影响评价关键技术研究

为更好地为特高压工程建设服务,促进特高压工程与环境协调发展,需要从环境影响评价阶段对特高压输变电工程产生的环境影响进行充分有效地预测和评价。以特高压直流输变电工程为例,通过层次分析法识别其主要环境影响评价因子为电磁影响因子和运行噪声,对换流站和输电线路运行期产生的电磁环境影响和可听噪声预测关键技术进行研究,对以往的特高压环评技术进行了优化,以更真实地反映特高压输变电工程产生的环境影响。     

耕地的利用与保护

耕耘土地的目的是利用。保护好现有耕地,虽然不能直接生产农产品,但是,要获得高额产量,必须有保护措施作为基本条件,其中综合的水土保持是重要的一项措施。根据水土保持规律,由于水的流失,引起了土的流失。因此,水土保持的基本任务是防治侵蚀,保土保水。水土流失最严重的场所是陡坡耕地。因此,对陡坡耕地进行综合的水土保持,意义十分重大。一、坡耕地水土保持的意义 1.我国坡耕地约占总耕地面积的70％以上,在山区的坡耕地占的比例则更大。如延安市(地处黄土高原丘陵沟壑区)的耕地中,<2°坡的耕地,仅占全市总耕地面积的3.1％,2—6°坡的耕地占     

浅析水土保持监理在长输管道建设中的实施

文章结合川渝地区天然气管网调整改造工程-北外环集输气管道建设中水土流失治理监理实施情况,着重介绍了长输管道工程建设中地面开挖破坏造成水土流失的特点及成因,指出在长输管道工程建设中实施水土保持监理工作的法律及技术规范方面的依据,从8个方面提出施工现场水土保持监理的重点,并进行阐述和探讨。最后提出对此项工作的若干认识。     

SOIL EROSION AWARENESS AND USE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROL1

Water pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.     

Use of beryllium-7 to document soil redistribution following forest harvest operations

Rapid and reliable methods for documenting soil erosion associated with forest harvest operations are needed to support the development of best management practices for soil and water conservation. To address this need, the potential for using 7Be measurements to estimate patterns and amounts of soil redistribution associated with individual post-harvest events was explored. The 7Be technique, which was originally developed for use on agricultural land, was employed to estimate soil redistribution associated with a period of heavy rainfall within a harvested forest area located in the Lake Region of Chile (39 degrees 44'7' S, 73 degrees 10'39' W; 22% slope; and mean annual rainfall 2300 mm yr(-1)). The results provided by the 7Be technique were validated against direct measurements of soil gain or loss during the same period obtained using erosion pins. The information produced by the two approaches was similar. The results of this study demonstrate the potential for using 7Be measurements to document event-based erosion in recently harvested forest areas.     

秦皇岛市城镇水土保持工作主要做法及成效分析

随着城镇建设的迅猛发展,项目开发建设占用大量具有生态功能的地表,人为造成的水土流失日趋严重,因此做好城镇水土保持工作至关重要。秦皇岛市从2004年起通过制定规划、建立工作体系、强化预防监督、加强宣传等措施,水土保持工作取得了显著成效:提高了全民水保法制观念,规范了城镇建设项目管理工作,城郊水土流失治理度达90%以上,城区碧水工程已基本完成,实施了城市雨水资源利用试点工程,城市区人均绿地面积达到12 m2,森林覆盖率达40%以上。     

浅谈开发建设项目水土保持方案的编制

依据有关水土保持法律法规和技术规范,简明阐述了开发建设项目水土保持方案编制的有关规定和水土保持方案的主要工作内容,旨在宣传水保法规、推动我区水土保持,尤其是开发建设项目水土保持方案工作,为提高社会各界水土保持意识提供信息     

秦皇岛市水土保持工作存在的问题及对策

自水保法颁布实施以来,秦皇岛市的水土保持工作取得了巨大成效;全市共出台县级以上水土保持规范性文件15个;工程建设力度不断加大,综合治理水土流失面积1 619 km2;宣传教育活动深入开展,人们的水保意识普遍增强。然而,在新形势下还存在着宣传不到位、投入不足、治理思路老化、重治理轻预防、执法队伍素质低等诸多问题。因此,针对我市目前水土保持工作存在的问题,提出六项保证措施,推进水土保持工作健康发展。     

浅谈新疆风电场水土保持措施配置——以新疆华电小草湖风电场二场一期工程为例

风能作为一种清洁无污染的可再生能源,已经被广泛运用到电力事业的发展中来。近年来,新疆的风力发电发展迅速,风电场建设过程中不可避免地会对土壤及植被造成一定的破坏,人为地加剧了水土流失。概述了风电项目水土流失特点,以新疆华电小草湖风电场工程为例,结合项目区具体特点,分区设置防治措施。通过工程措施、植物措施与临时措施的有机结合,有效地防止水土流失。     

Predicting soil erosion for alternative land uses

The APEX (Agricultural Policy-Environmental eXtender) model developed in the United States was calibrated for northwestern China's conditions. The model was then used to investigate soil erosion effects associated with alternative land uses at the ZFG (Zi-Fang-Gully) watershed in northwestern China. The results indicated that the APEX model could be calibrated reasonably well (+/-15% errors) to fit those areas with >50% slope within the watershed. Factors being considered during calibration include runoff, RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) slope length and steepness factor, channel capacity flow rate, floodplain saturated hydraulic conductivity, and RUSLE C factor coefficient. No changes were made in the APEX computer code. Predictions suggest that reforestation is the best practice among the eight alternative land uses (the status quo, all grass, all grain, all grazing, all forest, half tree and half grass, 70% tree and 30% grain, and construction of a reservoir) for control of water runoff and soil erosion. Construction of a reservoir is the most effective strategy for controlling sediment yield although it does nothing to control upland erosion. For every 1 Mg of crop yield, 11 Mg of soil were lost during the 30-yr simulation period, suggesting that expanding land use for food production should not be encouraged on the ZFG watershed. Grass species are less effective than trees in controlling runoff and erosion on steep slopes because trees generally have deeper and more stable root systems.     

Effects of Stonewalled Terracing Techniques on Soil-Water Conservation and Wheat Production Under Mediterranean Conditions

A field plot experiment was conducted in the Palestinian Autonomous Areas to study the effect of stonewalled terracing on soil and water conservation as compared to the nonterraced areas. Effects of the wheat canopy were considered as a second treatment. The experiment was undertaken over a period of two seasons (2000 and 2001). The results of the experiment found that the mean soil erosion was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the terraced plots than in those that were nonterraced (182 kg/ha and 3525 kg/ha during the first season, 1769 kg/ha and 5057 kg/ha during the second season for terraced and nonterraced plots, respectively). A similar trend was observed with respect to runoff in areas under the same treatments. The wheat canopy showed lower, but not significant runoff and erosion in most of the cases for both seasons. Due to better soil and water conservation, the terraced plots obtained significantly higher total plant dry matter than nonterraced plots (1570 and 630 kg/ha in 2000, 2545 and 889 kg/ha in 2001 for terraced and nonterraced treatment, respectively). The runoff coefficient was 20% and 4% for the nonterraced and terraced plots, respectively. Rainstorms with intensity ≥4 mm/hand rainfall ≥10 mm are more likely to cause runoff and erosion.     

Watershed management program on Santiago Island,Cape Verde

The Watershed Management Program (WMP) was put into operation in early 1985 on Santiago Island, Cape Verde, with the stated purpose, “to develop and protect the soil and water resources of the Program-designated watersheds … to stabilize the natural environment and increase agricultural production potential in the Program area.” The approach to soil and water conservation in the program has been to build erosion and flood control structures (engineering approach) and plant trees (biological approach) to decrease rill and gully erosion, trap sediment behind control structures, provide flood protection, increase infiltration, increase fuelwood and fodder production, and increase water supplies for irrigation. There have been many successes resulting from specific management activities, but flawed approach or implementation in a few key areas has acted to impede the program's complete success, including lack of a scientific basis for evaluating its impact on soil and water conservation; poor design, placement, and maintenance of some major hydraulic structures; inadequate intervention in stabilizing farmlands or education of farmers and landowners in the need for and benefits of agroforestry; and incomplete integration of engineering and biological approaches.