原油在土壤中迁移及降解的研究

为了解原油在土壤中淋滤及降解的规律，剖析了大庆老油田开发区贮油池土壤含油状况，进行了自然植被不同类型土壤的浇油、室内原油淋滤模拟及栽培试验。结果表明：贮油池土壤原油淋滤深度绝大部分集中在0～30cm，以下原油明显减少（除沙化土壤外）；盐碱土集中在0～10cm；草甸黑钙土集中在0～50cm；柱内油水混合渗透试验，80％集中在0～20cm；原油覆盖土壤表面时清水淋渗较弱，在0～20cm内残留94％；加原油的土壤降解试验，平均降解59．92％，范围为53．94％～62．25％，盆栽试验平均降解61．99％，范围为55.12％～70．68％。     

油田采出水微生物菌株的筛选及适应性评价

微生物处理油田采出水技术已在各油田广泛应用,如何针对地层条件、区块采出水特性筛选适宜的采出水降解菌株需要进一步探讨。文章从长庆油田姬嫄油田某联合站采出水中分离纯化出5种微生物菌株,分别研究温度、酸碱性、盐度等条件对筛选菌株的影响,从而探讨菌株对该区块油藏条件的适应性;结果表明5种菌株能够适应该区块油藏条件,其中A菌株生长繁殖趋势最好;进一步开展5种筛选菌株降解原油性能的实验,结果表明A菌株对石油类的降解率达到55.6%,可作为油田采出水降解菌菌株。     

石油污染生物修复技术研究

本文概述了影响石油污染物生物降解修复处理的多种因素，对石油污染生物处理技术的发展进行了展望。其中主要影响因素包括：菌种的影响，菌种在不同的环境中和对不同碳链长度的碳氢化合物表现出不同的降解效率；石油物质本身物理化学特性的影响，如石油物质在水体或土壤中的浓度以及石油的粘度、沸点、折射率等特性；生存环境条件的影响，在接种入高效率的降解菌或利用土著微生物进行降解时，降解率受到生存环境中各种条件的影响，如表面活性剂、光照条件、吸附剂的利用、营养盐、共代谢底物、氧气、温度、盐度等。     

勿色杆菌和假单胞菌对原油降解特征对比

为对比勿色杆属菌种(Achromobater sp)SLTHX114株和黄色假单胞菌(Pseudomonas flavescens)SLTHX214株对原油降解特征的差异性,在40℃恒温有氧实验室条件下,使用两株原油降解菌对塔里木油田原油进行了生物降解模拟实验,分析了生物降解气组分、生物降解原油的族组分及生物标志化合物变化特征。实验结果表明,革兰氏阴性SLTHX214株对原油降解能力强于革兰氏阳性SLTHX114株,SLTHX114株对原油中的饱和烃具有明显的降解作用,而SLTHX214株更倾向于降解原油中的芳烃。对土壤石油污染修复和菌种选择具有一定的指示意义。     

原油在土壤中的渗透及降解规律

为了了解原油在江苏地区土壤中的迁移转化规律,真武油田分别在多雨及少雨季节进行了原油在土壤中的渗透及降解实验。实验结果表明：随着时间的增加,原油在土壤中的渗透作用逐渐加强;而其降解的可能性较小。     

用于处理含油泥砂的菌种性能实验研究

对从孤东油田原油污染的土壤中筛选出三株可以降解原油的细菌进行的实验结果表明,所筛选的细菌能够很好地利用油泥砂中的原油作为碳源而进行生长代谢,从而达到降解原油的目的。同时,细菌还可利用油泥砂中的原油在生长代谢过程中产生生物降解表面活性剂,将原油从泥砂表面剥离下来,并使其乳化、溶解在溶液中。在油泥砂处理初期加入化学表面活性剂,可以促进细菌的生长,缩短处理时间,对最终处理效果没有根本影响。     

生化处理沙漠油田高盐含油污水

文章研究了含油污水生化处理装置在某油田13~#站井区的试验情况。采用驯化培养的"某油田13#站高效优势菌种"对石油类物质具有良好的降解性能、盐度适应范围广。利用该菌种对油田外排污水进行二级生化处理,结果表明:处理后污水COD低于100mg/L;石油类浓度低于10mg/L;挥发酚浓度低于0.5mg/L。含油污水生化处理装置可处理含油高于500mg/L,矿化度高于20 000mg/L,进水量高于4.0m~3/h的油田污水。研究表明利用微生物工艺处理高盐、高矿化度油田污水技术可行,工艺可靠,具有推广应用的价值。     

微生物法处理海上钻井废钻井液

微生物法适用于海上钻井含油废弃物的处理。通过多次对菌株采集、分离、纯化和培养驯化,选育得到了3株对石油烃类有很好降解效果的石油类降解菌;确定了石油类降解菌适宜的生化处理条件:最佳生长及原油降解温度为50℃、最佳生长及原油降解酸碱性环境为pH=6.0、最佳菌株接种量2%、最佳原油初始浓度为500mg/L。处理后的含油废弃钻井液含油量基本稳定在2mg/L以下,降解率达98%以上。     

硅藻土/活性炭对石油降解菌群的固定化研究

研究了一种石油降解菌群的固定化方法,其中菌群包括假单胞菌、芽孢杆菌和微球菌。以硅藻土/活性炭作为降解菌群的固定化载体,对最佳固定化条件进行研究,结果表明:降解菌群的最佳固定化时间16h,温度37℃,硅藻土/活性炭加入量0.1g/mL,pH值7.5,120r/min振荡16h,降解菌群固定化率达97.1%。固定化菌群用于油基钻屑中油降解,降解14d,可使钻屑中TPH含量由30 000mg/kg降至10 450mg/kg,平均油去除率达65%。     

耐盐石油降解菌性能及降解条件优化

从冀东油田钻井废液中筛选分离出耐盐石油降解菌Virgibacillus sp.(简称SJ菌),其在高含盐条件下对石油具有较好的降解效果,高达56.12%左右。考察了pH值、盐度、不同N和P形态等因素对SJ菌降解石油效果的影响。结果表明:SJ菌有较宽的pH值适应范围(pH值为6～10)和较好的耐盐能力(0.5%～20%),在pH值为9及NaCl质量浓度为5%时对石油类降解效果最好,其最佳利用N源和P源分别为(NH2)2CO和KH2PO4,该研究为油田高含盐含油废液处理提供了一条新途径。     

Application of Bacillus subtilis strain for microbial-enhanced oil recovery

In order to improve the oil recovery, injection of exogenous bacteria into the oil reservoir is one of the most widely used microbial flooding methods. In this study, a screened strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) was introduced to perform the microbial flooding. The biosurfactants produced by B. subtilis was one kind of cyclic lipopeptides, which could reduce the surface tension of the culture solution from 68 mN/m to 25 mN/m and also decrease the interfacial tension of water/oil from 25.6 to 4.6 mN/m. Emulsification tests indicated that the strain and the biosurfactants could degrade and emulsify the crude oil. In the oil displacement experiments, oil recovery was increased by 32.4% by injecting fermentation broth into the simulated formation. By respectively performing the emulsification and oil displacement tests, it was demonstrated that the biosurfactants and degradation of the microbes in the heavy components of the crude oil are the main factors to enhance the oil recovery. Besides, the optimal cultural temperature for strain of B. subtilis was set as 40°C. Nevertheless, the strain was inappropriate for the oil displacement under acidic conditions. In addition, the hydrophilic sands and an optimal culture solution volume of 0.7 pore volume (PV) would be in favor of the oil recovery. It was further confirmed that the efficiency of microbial flooding was much higher than that of the chemical oil displacement.     

Stimulated Biodegradation of Crude Oil in Soil Amended with Periwinkle Shells

The potential of periwinkle shell (PS) in enhancing the microbial break down of crude oil spilled in soil were studied. The results revealed that the counts of crude oil degrading bacteria in oil-polluted soil fortified with PS were higher than the counts in unfortified soil. The rates and total extent of crude oil biodegradation in the soil were stimulated by the amendment. About 43.4 percent of crude oil was degraded in unfortified soil after 16 days as compared to 70.1 percent oil biodegradation, which occurred in PS fortified soil during the same period. These values were significantly (P>0.05) different from each other. Amendment of the soil with PS also raised the pH of the soil from acidic to alkaline range. The crude oil degrading microorganisms identified in PS amended soil were of the genus Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus. Similarly, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Mucor, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified as crude oil degrading microorganisms in unamended soil. The bacteria formed either stable or unstable emulsions, suggesting that the organisms produce surface-active agents (biosurfactants) during the biodegradation process. The results of this study indicate that PS can be used in reclaiming oil-polluted soil.     

高效纤维素分解菌复合系的构建及其环境适应性研究

以纤维素培养基和纤维素刚果红培养基为初筛和复筛培养基,从采集的样品中分离得到具有纤维素分解能力的菌株20株。选择其中具有较高纤维素酶活力的12个菌株与2株自生固氮菌和EM菌进行正交实验,得到3个组合表现出协同降解纤维素的作用,对滤纸降解效果为组合12〉组合8〉组合5。选用组合12进行了一系列的环境适应性研究,结果表明,碳源为微晶纤维素＋CMC-Na时CMC酶活最高,最适氮源为蛋白胨＋酵母膏,最适pH6．5,最适培养温度为30℃。培养第6天CMC酶活最高。     

Effect of bioremediation on the growth of Okro (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abelmoshus esculetus</Emphasis>) in the Niger Delta soils

This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus subtilus, Arthrobacter globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows (A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth.     

油污土壤微生物生态研究

利用微生物降解土壤中的油等有机污染物的就地生物治理技术受土壤及环境的诸多条件影响,在使用该技术之前,首先要进行油污土壤微生物生态研究,弄清影响微生物处理效果的各种因素。通过对胜利油田油污土壤微生物研究得知：胜利油田油污土壤的ｐＨ值、含水量等指标利于微生物降解原油。土壤优势菌种多为原油降解菌,并且与含油量呈正相关。油污土壤中氮、磷等营养物质含量不足时,向其添加一定数量的营养物质和降解菌,能够提高微生物处理地面溢油的处理效率。     

电脱盐含油废水除油工艺应用研究

原油电脱盐含油废水由于乳化带油严重,破乳分离困难,处理难度大。文章对目前工业化应用技术成熟的旋流油水分离、化学破乳及电化学3种电脱盐含油废水除油工艺,在工艺流程、工业应用现状、应用效果等几方面进行了对比研究。结果表明,电化学除油工艺具有除油率高、效果稳定、费用低、设备简单、抗冲击力强、占地面积小等优势,除油率和COD去除率大于90%,对悬浮物、胶体、重金属等也有一定的去除效果,具有较好的应用前景。