几种表面活性剂对柴油及多环芳烃的增溶作用

研究表面活性剂在多种柴油HOCs(疏水性有机物)组分共存条件下对PAHs(多环芳烃)的增溶作用.选用阴离子表面活性剂LAS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠),非离子表面活性剂TX 100(曲拉通X-100)和TW 80(吐温80)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和烷基糖苷,评价表面活性剂对柴油的增溶效果,并筛选出LAS,TX 100和鼠李糖脂,进行柴油中PAHs的增溶试验.结果表明,表面活性剂对柴油增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 >烷基糖苷> TW 80> LAS>SDS.在多种柴油组分共存条件下,PAHs的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.表面活性剂对柴油中PAHs的增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 > LAS.鼠李糖脂具有较低的临界胶束浓度和较复杂的分子结构,能够形成更多、更大的胶束,有利于柴油及PAHs的增溶.      

鼠李糖脂表面活性剂复配体系对芘的增溶特性

该研究采用Tween 80、Triton X-100、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、槐糖脂(SL)、烷基糖苷(AG)6种常用的表面活性剂与鼠李糖脂(RL)进行复配,研究不同复配表面活性剂对芘增溶效率的影响.结果 发现:Triton X-l 00、Tween 80可以显著提高RL对芘的增溶效率;低浓度(＜600 mg/L) SL与RL复配也可促进芘溶解;AG与鼠李糖脂复配对芘增溶效率影响较小;加入SDS和SDBS则抑制RL对芘的增溶效率.通过Clint等模型分析发现,鼠李糖脂与Triton X-100复配后分子间产生协同效应,当两者质量比为9:1时对芘的增溶效率较高并且具有良好的pH稳定性,优于其他复配体系.该研究可为鼠李糖脂在多环芳烃增溶应用中的推广提供理论依据.     

非一阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃（PAHs）萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂增溶PAHs的强化效果.结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为：Tween 80 ＞TX-100＞ Tween 20＞ SDS＞SDBS.将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大.低浓度（0.03 mol/L）的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显.     

非-阴离子表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶作用及无机盐的强化效果研究

文章研究了几种非离子和阴离子表面活性剂在单一或混合条件下对多环芳烃(PAHs)萘和菲的增溶作用,并分析了无机盐对表面活性剂増溶PAHs的强化效果。结果表明,在相同浓度条件下,非离子表面活性剂对菲和萘的增溶效果均高于阴离子表面活性剂,其增溶能力大小顺序为:Tween 80TX-100Tween 20SDSSDBS。将非离子与阴离子表面活性剂混合后,对萘和菲的增溶作用大于单一阴离子表面活性剂而小于单一非离子表面活性剂,且增溶效果随着非离子表面活性剂比例的增加而增大。低浓度(0.03 mol/L)的NaCl和Na2SO4可大幅度促进表面活性剂对萘和菲的增溶效果,但随着无机盐浓度的提高,对增溶效果的促进作用不明显。     

生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿修复多环芳烃污染土壤

在温室盆栽条件下,通过单独或联合添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RH)和接种多环芳烃专性降解菌(DB),研究了利用生物表面活性剂-微生物强化紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)修复多环芳烃(PAHs)长期污染土壤的效果.结果表明,添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能促进紫花苜蓿的生长和土壤中PAHs的降解.培养90d后,RH、DB处理的PAHs的降解率分别为30.0%和49.6%,均高于对照处理(CK)(21.7%).RH+DB处理PAHs的降解率最高达53.9%,说明鼠李糖脂和PAHs专性降解菌协同作用显著.另外,随着PAHs苯环数的增加,其平均降解率逐渐降低,但是接种PAHs专性降解菌能够提高4环和5环PAHs的降解率.同时也发现土壤中脱氢酶活性和PAHs降解菌数量越高的处理,土壤PAHs的降解率也越高.所以添加鼠李糖脂和接种PAHs专性降解菌能够有效促进土壤多环芳烃降解.     

表面活性剂增溶洗脱土壤中多环芳烃的效果研究

表面活性剂增效洗脱修复技术被广泛应用于土壤修复. 本文选取11种非离子型和3种离子型表面活性剂对多环芳烃(PAHs,菲、芘、苯并[a]芘)污染土壤进行洗脱研究,筛选出洗脱效果较好的表面活性剂,并深入探索表面活性剂浓度、洗脱时间、固液比等因素以及表面活性剂的复配对土壤PAHs增效洗脱的影响,旨在比选出一种高效洗脱土壤PAHs的表面活性剂并对其洗脱方法进行优化. 结果表明:①表面活性剂浓度为10 g/L、固液比为1∶20条件下,聚氧乙烯醚-10(NSF10)的去除率最高,达到78%;其次为曲拉通X-100(TX-100)和吐温80(TW-80),去除率分别为76.7%和73.4%. ②随着表面活性剂添加浓度的增加,土壤PAHs的去除率增大,当表面活性剂浓度超过5 g/L时,PAHs去除率的增幅减缓,可见,5 g/L是相对有效且经济的表面活性剂添加浓度. ③当洗脱时间为16 h时,NSF10对PAHs的洗脱达到平衡,继续延长洗脱时间,洗脱效果并未增强. ④增加NSF10用量有利于洗脱,固液比1∶40是最优固液比,此时PAHs的去除率已达到固液比为1∶100时的85.2%. ⑤非离子表面活性剂NSF10、TX-100、TW-80与阴离子表面活性剂SDS分别以体积比9∶1进行复配时均取得了优于单一活性剂的洗脱效果,NSF10与SDS体积比为7∶3时,增溶洗脱效果最为明显,比单一表面活性剂提高了18.2%. 研究显示,NSF10是一种高效的PAHs洗脱剂,添加浓度为5 g/L、洗脱时间为16 h、固液比为1∶40是其最优参数选择,其与SDS以体积比7∶3进行复配可进一步提升增溶洗脱效果.      

双子表面活性剂CG_(12-3-12)、鼠李糖脂与TX-100对多环芳烃增溶作用的比较研究

对新季铵盐型Gemini阳离子表面活性剂CG12-3-12、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂Rhamnolipid、普通非离子表面活性剂TX-100以及它们的混合体系对多环芳烃菲和芘的增溶效果进行了比较研究.通过计算与比较临界胶束浓度(CMC)、摩尔增溶率(MSR)和增溶的标准自由能ΔG0s,评价了3种不同类型表面活性剂及它们的混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力.3种表面活性剂对菲和芘的增溶性大小顺序为:CG12-3-12RhamnolipidTX-100.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合表面活性剂都较相对应的单一表面活性剂有更好的增溶能力,在降低表面张力效率方面都能够产生协同效应.但是两种混合溶液都不符合理想溶液的性质.TX-100/CG12-3-12系统的CMCexp相对于CMCmi有更大的负偏差.由两混合体系的吉布斯自由能ΔG0m可以看出,TX-100与鼠李糖脂比与CG12-3-12更容易形成混合胶束.TX-100/CG12-3-12与TX-100/Rhamnolipid表现出协同作用.TX-100/Rhamnolipid混合体系对菲和芘的增溶能力的提高大于TX-100/CG12-3-12混合体系.本实验研究结果可为疏水性有机物污染环境修复效果的强化提供科学依据.     

生物表面活性剂对多环芳烃增溶行为的研究

比较了生物表面活性剂-皂角苷(Saponin)与两种化学表面活性剂-聚氧乙烯月桂醚(Brij35)和曲拉通100(TX100)对多环芳烃(PAHs)蒽在水溶液体系中的增溶作用,结果表明,在水溶液体系中,当表面活性剂的浓度在其临界胶束浓度(CMC)以下时,对蒽的增溶程度较弱,增溶顺序为:SaponinBrij35TX100;在CMC以上时,表面活性剂对蒽产生显著的增溶作用,增溶顺序为:Brij35SaponinTX100。因此,该增溶性研究可以为多环芳烃污染土壤的修复提供一定的理论依据。     

单一及复合表面活性剂对菌株降解柴油的影响

研究了单一表面活性剂SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响,同时探讨了不同比例配制的复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂的CMC值变化,及对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响。实验主要结论如下：（1）SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂,都能提高菌株SD10对柴油的降解率,鼠李糖脂能力最强,其次为TW80,SDS能力最弱。SDS和TW80浓度过高,会抑制菌株生长及活性,导致降解率下降,不过这种抑制或毒害作用可能是短时间的,超过一定时间后,菌株SD10活性又能恢复;（2）TW80或鼠李糖脂,与SDS复配,都能显著降低复合体系的CMC值,且SDS－鼠李糖脂复合体系的CMC值更低;（3）复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂比单一表面活性剂性能更强,能有效提高菌株对柴油的降解率,特别是鼠李糖脂和SDS配制复合表面活性剂效果更佳。复合表面活性剂的研究也将为表面活性剂增溶促降解研究和应用提供新的思路和理论基础。     

土壤微生物群落对多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复过程的响应

采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究了土壤微生物群落多样性对生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的响应.结果表明,细菌群落的Shannon-Weaver指数修复前为3.17,修复后为3.24～3.45,多样性整体呈上升趋势,其中以植物-菌根真菌-降解菌处理最高,但各处理间无显著差异(P>0.05).聚类分析结果显示,植物、植物-鼠李糖脂、植物-菌根真菌和植物-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂这4个处理的群落相似度在90%以上,植物-降解菌处理与这4个处理群落结构最近,此外,植物-降解菌-鼠李糖脂、植物-降解菌-菌根真菌-鼠李糖脂群落相似度在80%以上.通过测序比对,DGGE图谱上优势及特征性条带分别为Bacillus、Pseudomonas、Acidobacteria、Sphingmonas、Rhodopseudomonas、Firmicutes和Methylocytaceae等,可能是与PAHs降解密切相关的种属.生物表面活性剂强化的植物-微生物联合修复污染土壤过程中,在提高PAHs生物有效性基础上,改变了土壤微生物群落结构和丰度,从而可以有效提高PAHs的降解率.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.