Dynamics of sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri

Mating tactics differ remarkably between and within species of social Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) concerning, e.g., mating frequencies, sperm competition, and the degree of male sperm limitation. Although social Hymenoptera might, therefore, potentially be ideal model systems for testing sexual selection theory, the dynamics of mating and sperm transfer have rarely been studied in species other than social bees, and basic information needed to draw conclusions about possible sperm competition and female choice is lacking. We investigated sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri, a species in which female sexuals attract males by “female calling.” The analysis of 38 female sexuals fixed immediately or up to 7 days after copulation with a single male each revealed that the sperm is transferred into the female bursa copulatrix embedded in a gelatinous mass, presumably a spermatophore. Sperm cells rapidly start to migrate from the tip of the spermatophore towards the spermatheca, but transfer is drastically slowed down by an extreme constriction of the spermathecal duct, through which sperm cells have to pass virtually one by one. This results in the spermatheca being filled only between one and several hours after mating. During this time, the posterior part of the spermatophore seals the junction between bursa copulatrix and spermathecal duct and prevents sperm loss. The prolonged duration of sperm transfer might allow female sexuals to chose between ejaculates and explain previously reported patterns of single paternity of the offspring of multiply mated queens. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征及动力学模拟

为解析水库泄洪闸下溪流深潭氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NaBr为保守示踪剂,分别以NH₄Cl和KH₂PO₄为添加营养盐,在合肥板桥河源头溪流开展野外示踪实验,据此估算氨氮（NH₄⁺）、磷酸盐（PO₄^3-）营养螺旋指标,识别主流区和暂态存储区NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留贡献水平,模拟深潭地貌的氮磷吸收动力学特征.结果表明,深潭具有较好的氮磷滞留潜力,且对PO₄^3-的滞留潜力超过NH₄⁺;暂态存储区对NH₄⁺的滞留贡献率平均为91.49%,表明NH₄⁺滞留主要发生在暂态存储区;主流区对PO₄^3-的滞留贡献率平均为96.09%,意味着主流区是PO₄^3-滞留的主要场所;Michaelis-Menten（M-M）方程可以较好的模拟深潭氮磷滞留动力学效应,模拟得到的最大吸收速率U_max-NH₄、U_max-PO₄均值分别为0.48、0.08 mg·m^-2·s^-1,半饱和常数K_m-NH₄、K_m-PO₄均值分别为0.26、0.19 mg·L^-1.     

秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域水体沉积物的反硝化作用

2007年5、8、11月和2008年2月,在秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域的河流和水库中,采用自行设计制作的无扰动采样器采集了沉积物柱样,使用乙炔抑制法进行培养试验,并测定了沉积物上覆水的温度(T)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和总溶解性氮(TDN)的浓度,以及沉积物有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量,研究了沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化及其影响因素.结果显示,水体沉积物反硝化潜势存在显著的季节差异,河流沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在8.85～64.04pμg·m-2·h-1之间、水库沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在5.01～28.18μg·m-2·h-1之间.沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化与上覆水的温度、NH4+-N、NO-3-N和TDN的浓度,及沉积物的OM和TN含量的季节变化有关.     

Two experimental tests of the relationship between group stability and aggressive conflict in Polistes wasps

Two field experiments were used to examine how the relative benefits of cooperation influence within-group conflict in foundress associations of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus. P. dominulus foundresses can either nest alone or cooperate with other foundresses. We experimentally manipulated the relative benefits of co-foundress associations vs independent reproduction and tested the effect on aggressive within-group conflict. First, we examined aggression between alpha and beta co-foundresses before and after lower-ranking foundresses were removed. Removal of subordinates increases the relative contributions of the remaining subordinates to group reproductive output as there are fewer adults to care for the brood. Transactional models predict that group conflict over reproductive shares will increase as the relative benefits of grouping increase. As predicted, aggression between the co-foundresses significantly increased following subordinate removal. Second, we experimentally reduced ecological constraints on independent nesting by placing a previously orphaned, adoptable nest comb near the occupied nests. Providing an independent breeding opportunity is predicted to increase the benefits of independent reproduction relative to those of cooperating, thereby reducing group stability and aggression. As predicted, aggression between dominant and subordinate foundresses significantly decreased after the orphaned comb was presented. Therefore, group members sense variation in ecological constraints and relative productivity contributions and quickly modulate their behavior in response. Overall, these two experiments suggest that paper wasps behave as if within-group competition is limited by the threat of group dissolution such that stable groups where cooperation is strongly favored can withstand higher levels of conflict than unstable groups.     

湖泊水库水体氮、磷允许纳污量定量研究

在充分考虑湖库水体污染物实际自净能力、并分析其出流污染物浓度分布规律的基础上,根据风险分析理论和Monte Carlo模拟方法,提出了湖库水体氮、磷允许纳污量计算方法,指出:在满足湖库水体污染物浓度达标率90%以上的条件下,所对应的水体污染物降解量才是湖泊水库水体氮、磷允许纳污量.通过实际算例对水库总氮、总磷允许纳污量的计算,说明了所提出的计算方法的适用性.     

东南沿海地区钢质包装弹药的储存管理研究

为了进一步做好钢质包装弹药的保障工作,在分析东南沿海地区的气候环境的基础上, 着重从包装储存功能角度研究钢质包装材料的功能特点,并讨论了采用钢质包装对弹药储存工作带来的不利影响,最后提出了在东南沿海地区恶劣气候条件下钢质包装弹药的储存与管理措施。     

河道型水库溶解甲烷浓度的空间异质性研究

以河道型水库-西北口水库为研究对象,于2021年12月采用新型快速水-气平衡装置（FaRAGE）结合温室气体分析仪对其表层水体,垂向剖面溶解甲烷（CH₄）浓度进行监测,并采集代表性河段表层水体及库底沉积物,分别测定水体CH₄氧化速率与沉积物CH₄释放速率,初步探讨了河道型水库溶解CH₄浓度的空间异质性及其影响因素.结果表明,水库表层水体溶解CH₄浓度为0.02~0.42μmol/L （平均值为0.11±0.08μmol/L）,从库首到库尾呈递增趋势;水体溶解CH₄浓度的空间异质性受水库内部CH₄产生,消耗及河道入流等多因素的综合作用,其中库尾水体因沉积物CH₄产生量大且低水深影响下CH₄消耗量较小而呈现高溶解浓度,库首水体则因为CH₄产生量相对较小且高水深影响下的CH₄消耗量较大而呈低溶解浓度;同时,河道入流可能是影响水体溶解CH₄浓度垂向分层的原因之一.     

Anatomic and acoustic sexual dimorphism in the sound emission system of Phoenicoprocta capistrata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

Both sexes of Phoenicoprocta capistrata have functional tymbals. The scanning electron microscopy revealed differences in the morphology of these organs in males and females. Male tymbals have a well-developed striated band, constituted by 21 ± 2 regularly arranged striae whereas female tymbals lack a striated band. This type of sexual dimorphism is rare in Arctiidae. The recording of the sound produced by moths held by the wings revealed that while males produced trains of pulses organized in modulation cycles, females produced clicks at low repetition rate following very irregular patterns. Statistically, there are differences between sexes in terms of the duration of pulses, which were 355 ± 24 μs in the case of males and 289 ± 29 μs for females. The spectral characteristics of the pulses also show sexual dimorphism. Male pulses are more tuned (Q ₁₀ = 5.2 ± 0.5) than female pulses (Q ₁₀ = 2.7 ± 0.5) and have a higher best frequency (42 ± 1 kHz vs. 29 ± 2 kHz). To our knowledge, this is the first report on an arctiid moth showing sexual dimorphism in tymbal’s anatomy that leads to a best frequency dimorphism. Males produce sound at mating attempts. The sounds recorded during mating are modulation cycles with the same spectral characteristics as those recorded when males are held by the wings. The morphological and acoustic features of female tymbals could indicate a process of degeneration and adaptation to conditions under which the emission of complex patterns is not necessary. Frank Coro no longer works at Universidad de La Habana.     

大伙房水库表层沉积物重金属污染分析与评价

辽河流域大伙房水库是抚顺、沈阳两市重要的生活饮用水水源地,因其汇水区内的矿山开采活动而面临严重的重金属污染问题.为了解该区域的重金属污染状况,对大伙房水库表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的含量及空间分布进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及基于多方的沉积物质量基准法对水库重金属污染程度及潜在...     

Spatial and temporal variations of two cyanobacteria in the mesotrophic Miyun reservoir, China

Spatial variations in phytoplankton community within a large mesotrophic reservoir （Miyun reservoir, North China） were investigated in relation to variations in physico-chemical properties, nutrient concentrations, temperature and light conditions over a 5 month period in 2009. The dynamics of phytoplankton community was represented by the dominance of cyanobacteria through summer and fall, following with a short term dominance of chlorophyta in late fall, and a relatively high abundance of diatom in October; on the other hand, maximum phytoplankton biomass was recorded in the north shallow region of Miyun reservoir with a higher nutrients level. Particular attention was paid to the impacts of environmental conditions on the growth of two cyanobacteria genera, the toxin-producing Microcystis and the taste ＆ odor-producing Oscillatoria. Microcystis biomass was in general greatly affected by water temperature and mixing depth/local water depth ratio in this reservoir, while the Oscillatoria biomass in the surface and middle layers was greatly affected by total dissolved phosphorus, and that in the bottom layer was related with the Secchi depth/local water depth ratio. Abundant Oscillatoria biomass was observed only in late September when Microcystis biomass decreased and allowed sufficient light go through.     

油气回收技术在储运系统的应用

介绍了储运各个过程中的油气排放情况,及吸收法、吸附法、冷凝法、膜分离法和氧化燃烧法这5种油气回收方法的基本原理。重点介绍了近几年吸收法、吸附法、冷凝法、膜分离法这4种油气回收装置在油库和加油站应用的国内外新成果,以及新兴的车载油气回收系统(ORVR)。     

一株架桥细菌的共凝集能力及强化生物膜反应器效能的研究

测定了架桥细菌Bacillus cereus G5与活性污泥中分离得到的13株土著细菌及3株复杂有机物降解菌配对组合后的共凝集能力和成膜能力.结果表明:凝集2 h和20 h时的共凝集率分别达到40%~70%和55%~80%;架桥细菌与其中15株细菌混合培养时的生物膜形成量高于单菌培养时的生物膜量.这表明在废水处理系统外G5能与土著菌和降解菌发生较强程度的共凝集,并可促进多数菌株生物膜量的增加.进一步考察了G5与3,5-二硝基苯甲酸降解菌Comamonas testosterone A3投加到序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中的生物强化效果.32 d的运行结果表明,同时投加A3与G5菌株的反应器,24 h时出水中3,5-二硝基苯甲酸由100.0 mg·L-1降解至10.1 mg·L-1,降解最快;3,5-硝基苯甲酸负荷由100 mg·L-1增加到1000 mg·L-1的运行过程中,平均降解率稳定在65.0%~88.1%的范围内,表现出最强的抗冲击能力;生物膜量在1.4~2.0 mg·cm-2之间,比其他两组反应器同期时的生物膜量略高.表明在废水处理系统内Bacillus cereus G5亦可能通过其广泛的共凝集能力,促进反应器中生物膜的形成,并辅助降解菌以自固定化方式定殖于生物膜,从而表现出快速的生物强化作用和较强的抗冲击能力.     

企业危险化学品仓储管理的探讨

化学品的仓储作为化学品生命周期的一个重要阶段,它的安全管理是化学品安全管理的一个重要环节.探讨了企业危险化学品安全储存管理的一般要求和工作程序.     

三峡库区优势藻类聚集参数与水华状态函数

在三峡库区最大次级河流嘉陵江现场采集水样,并进行藻类生长试验,探讨了藻类在氮磷比、光照强度和流速条件下的聚集行为.在不同TN/TP和光照强度的静水表层中主要藻类为蓝、绿藻.优势种为蓝藻门的水华微囊藻,总体上蓝藻的聚集参数θ大于绿藻;在流速大于0.03m·s-1的动态水体中蓝绿藻聚集参数迅速下降,优势藻类不再明显.对水质的生态学评价结果表明,水华微囊藻聚集参数θ与生物多样性指数d拟合的可决系数R2在0.81以上,反映出优势藻聚集能力与水体环境质量的反比关系.作为水质污染和营养水平评价依据的指数d不能直接表征水华污染状态,因此.在参数θ的基础上构建了描述水华污染状态的函数G,将函数G应用于对实验结果和实际流域水华污染的评价,结果表明,水华状态函数G确实能有效和半定量刻划水华污染程度.     

海河流域植物中碳的输出(或存留)量和土壤中的库存量

研究了海河流域地区植物中碳的输出量和土壤库存量。结果指出：不同作物－土壤系统中各种作物碳的输出量和归还量有很大不同,作物碳输出量一般为归还量的３－１７倍;海河流域地区不同子流域土壤中碳的库存量也有差异,以滹沱河子流域土壤碳的库存量最高,大清河子流域土壤中碳的库存量最低。     

自然资源资产负债表编制中生态损益核算

生态损益核算是自然资源资产负债表的重要部分,是对自然资源分类核算的扩展和补充。本文梳理生态损益核算的总体思路,系统总结生态损益核算技术,以围场县为例进行实证,遵循先实物后价值的核算原则,选择森林、草地、湿地生态系统,按不同的生态服务指标进行实物量和价值量的核算,并在已有的核算基础上计算各类型生态系统的实物量参数和价值量参数,以便根据面积统计数据进行快速简洁的核算比较。研究发现:围场县2015年生态系统服务功能价值量总值为338.99亿,与2013年相比增加了0.04%。生态系统服务功能价值量从大到小依次为草地、森林、湿地,核算期间森林和草地生态系统价值量分别下降0.06%和0.22%,湿地生态系统价值量增加4.47%。研究成果有助于全面理解和量化自然资源数量变化和质量变化带来的生态效应,并为自然资源资产负债表中的负债核算提供数据基础。     

三江平原湿地沉积有机碳密度和碳储量变异分析

论文研究了东北三江平原3类典型湿地共16个沉积物剖面有机碳的分布特征。结果表明,沼泽化草甸、腐殖质沼泽和泥炭沼泽的储碳层厚度分别为11～29、18～58和70～130cm;其有机碳含量(单个剖面平均)分别为29～75、124～348和187～389g/kg(干物质计);有机碳密度(单个剖面平均)分别为31～48、35～59和49～94kg/m³。3类湿地淀积层的有机碳含量和密度都很低且较稳定。由于有机碳含量的差异,不仅3类湿地之间而且同一类型湿地的不同剖面间有机碳密度的差异也十分明显。储碳层厚度及有机碳密度的空间变异性是导致湿地有机碳储量估算不确定性的主要原因。根据研究结果估算,沼泽化草甸、腐殖质沼泽和泥炭沼泽储碳层单位面积碳储量分别约为8×10³、18×10³和72×10³t/km²,其变异系数分别约为40%、49%和34%;“储碳层+1m淀积层”的单位面积碳储量分别约为17×10³、27×10³和83×10³t/km²,其变异系数分别约为16%、39%和27%。表明以“储碳层+1m淀积层”深度来估算碳储量能较合理地反映湿地沉积物有机碳的蓄积特征。结果还表明,以1m作为统计深度将在很大程度上低估湿地的碳储量。     

河北省耕地数量减少原因及对策研究

论文在分析河北省近50年来耕地数量动态变化的基础上,对1988～1995年间河北省耕地资源数量下降的状况及其构成进行了详尽的剖析,探讨了河北省耕地减少的原因,并提出了减缓耕地减少的对策。农业结构调整占地(占耕地总减少量的47%)是河北省耕地减少的主要原因;其次是非农建设占地和灾害毁地,分别占总减少量的22%和30%;在新增加的耕地类型中,开荒和复垦的比例分别占耕地总增加量的49%和44%,是耕地增加的主要来源。     

基于OTIS模型的巢湖十五里河源头段氮磷滞留特征

为揭示巢湖十五里河源头河段氮磷营养盐滞留特征,选择NH4Cl、KH2PO4及NaCl作为示踪剂,开展野外现场示踪实验.根据获得的氯离子浓度和营养盐浓度穿透曲线数据信息,利用OTIS与OTIS-P计算软件,估算水文参数(D、A、As、a等)和营养盐一阶吸收系数(λ、λs).在此基础上,计算暂态存储指标和营养盐吸收相关参数值,定量评估主河道流动水体与暂态存储对NH4+和SRP的损失贡献.结果表明,主河道与暂态存储区NH4+吸收系数平均值分别为3.88×10-6,8.81×10-4s-1,SRP分别为7.80×10-6,7.98×10-8s-1;综合衰减系数k-NH4平均值为1.64×10-4s-1,k-SRP为7.80×10-6s-1;NH4+和SRP的吸收长度Sw-NH4、Sw-SRP相当大,分别为1632.88,25471.32m,意味着该河段经由物理或生态过程去除N、P的可能性低;该河段Vf-NH4、Vf-SRP 值较营养盐浓度低的溪流或小河流偏小,但U-NH4、U-SRP则明显偏大;暂态存储对于NH4+损失的平均贡献率为93.82%,主河道水流对SRP损失的平均贡献率高达99.70%.     

江西省“三线冲突”空间特征及其强度影响因素

科学划定“三线”（城镇开发边界、永久基本农田、生态保护红线）有利于合理安排国土空间资源,识别“三线冲突”强度影响因素,可加深对国土空间规划的认识。以省级空间规划试点区——江西省为例,通过“三线冲突强度指数”识别不同区域“三线冲突”差异,利用空间自相关分析探究空间特征,并应用地理加权回归模型分析不同冲突类型的影响因素。结果表明：研究区内,城镇—生态、城镇—农业、生态—农业、城镇—生态—农业冲突面积分别为4305.791 km²、2892.894 km²、1845.341 km²、159.444 km²,各类型冲突存在明显的空间聚集性;固定资产投资强度、建设用地适宜区面积占比和地形位指数分别为城镇—生态、城镇—农业和生态—农业冲突强度的主要影响因素,城镇化率和距河流距离对城镇—生态—农业冲突强度具有影响作用。研究结果可为今后合理布局“三线”、实现国土空间结构优化提供参考依据。