集中供热锅炉烟气脱硝技术的开发与应用

通过锅炉结构的改进、SCR工艺装置的优化、快速跟踪负荷变化的还原剂制备及控制调节技术的开发和应用等系统性的工作,有效满足了集中供热锅炉房烟气脱硝工程的技术要求,成功开发了集中供热锅炉烟气脱硝技术。在实际工程应用中,确保了在不同负荷段下,锅炉至SCR装置入口段的温度满足脱硝要求,SCR工艺装置能够在不同负荷下连续稳定运行并很好地跟踪负荷的变化,确保氨逃逸率满足设计要求,保证锅炉的安全稳定运行。     

无烟气旁路脱硫系统在锅炉投油运行时的措施

无烟气旁路的脱硫装置与锅炉串联为一体,成为锅炉烟风道的一部分,是烟气排放的唯一通道,脱硫装置的高投运率是确保锅炉主机安全稳定运行的关键。本文分析了锅炉启动及低负荷稳燃运行时锅炉投油对脱硫装置的影响因素,从设计和运行的角度,提出了相应的解决措施。     

低负荷状态下CAST工艺脱氮特性的研究

在征润洲污水处理厂CAST工艺处理城市污水运行实践的基础上,开展了两个阶段的对比生产性试验;对城市污水处理过程中,低负荷运行状态下CAST工艺脱氮特性进行研究。研究结果表明:通过对F/M、DO、MLSS、SRT等工艺参数的优化控制,可实现同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和传统硝化反硝化有机结合的耦合脱氮模式。该耦合脱氮模式下各出水水质指标稳定达标的情况下,出水NH3-N的去除率达到90%以上,出水TN去除率在55%以上,取得了良好的脱氮效果。     

湿法脱硫系统“石膏雨”问题及对策

油田火电厂采用石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫,由于设计过程中取消了烟气换热器(GGH)装置,烟囱排烟温度降低,低温条件运行时易出现"石膏雨"现象。文章针对生产发电高峰期间,烟气流速过高或除雾器堵塞易导致"石膏雨"产生的现象,从设备、运行等方面提出减少湿法脱硫"石膏雨"现象发生的方法及措施,如调整吸收塔工况,防止吸收塔起泡;控制进煤质量,调整燃烧情况,保证锅炉稳定充分燃烧;采用优质石灰石;优化大负荷运行,降低除尘器出口烟气粉尘浓度;优化除雾器冲洗方式;脱硫石膏含水率≤10%等。     

沸石人工湿地填料对氨氮的去除效果

选取沸石作为人工湿地填料,对沸石吸附实验的水力负荷、污染负荷、运行方式分别进行研究,探讨沸石对氨氮的去除效果及影响因素。结果表明,沸石对氨氮有较好的处理效果,相同条件下远优于砂石。水力负荷会影响沸石对氨氮的去除效果,低水力负荷下的处理效果和稳定性均较好。沸石在不同氨氮浓度下的去除效果差别不大。运行方式对氨氮的去除有一定影响,6 h间歇周期运行时,沸石填料对氨氮的去除效果好于其他间歇周期。     

1000MW超超临界燃煤机组低负荷工况单侧风机运行经济性分析

通过对其他同类型电厂机组在低负荷下的对比,并对A公司机组60%THA、50%THA、40%THA、30%THA负荷进行研究分析,最终得出低负荷下单侧风机运行较双侧风机运行并无优势,如要实现单侧风机运行节能,需进一步开展风机低负荷下效率提高或风机变频调节等优化论证工作,为其他兄弟单位提供借鉴。     

复式潜流湿地净化生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型复式潜流人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。在不同水力负荷、季节、曝气方式等条件下经过小试试验,分析了该湿地对污染物净化效果的影响。结果表明,该系统出水水质稳定,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918--2002）的一级A标准。在水力负荷184mm·d。条件下COD、NH,一N去除率最大分别可达87．2％、68．9％。冬季低温条件下对各类污染物去除率仍大于20％。正交试验分析得知,最佳运行条件是气温28．6℃、水力负荷0．184m3·m-2·d-1、水力停留时间2．4d。对比试验表明,采用预曝气方式对湿地净化效果明显优于厌氧处理。     

含油污水处理工艺中的污泥及污油回收技术改进措施

针对油田含油污水处理工艺中油水分离设备及缓冲罐等,长期运行积累的污泥若不及时排出,将导致污水中的悬浮固体含量上升和过滤负荷增大、缩短污水处理时间、影响处理效果及水质的问题。寻找合适的工艺技术,去除系统中产生的污油,以提高处理效率、改善最终处理水质。通过采用污泥回收、污油回收等措施,实现了污泥的有效排出,污油的有效回收,改善了处理水质,满足油田的生产需要。     

长庆气田甲醇污水水质特点分析

长庆气田天然气开采加工过程中产生的甲醇污水水质复杂,区域差异大,只有正确认识甲醇污水水质特点,才能有针对性地进行甲醇污水处理工艺设计及运行管理,确保系统平稳、安全运行。文章分析了靖边气田、榆林气田、苏里格气田甲醇污水水质特点,对以上气田水质进行综合比较。应根据含醇污水水质特点,随着水质的变化进行相应的工艺调整。     

延长气田含甲醇污水预处理工艺改造效果评价

含甲醇污水预处理效果不佳会对装置运行和后续流程产生不利影响。为了保证后续处理正常运行,需要对预处理工艺进行改造。文章分析了延长气田含甲醇污水预处理工艺存在的问题,并针对存在问题进行了工艺改造,优化了加药方案。预处理改造后,污水含油量、铁离子含量、悬浮物浓度明显降低,透光率显著提高。改造后有效缓解了因预处理效果不佳所引起的后续设备和管线频繁结垢、堵塞的问题。     

湿热试验设备改造实践研究

湿热试验箱的正常工作的首要条件就是稳定的供水。当前使用的湿热试验箱,由于加湿用水直接采自于市政用水,锅炉水垢一直是影响温湿度试验设备正常运行的一大难题。在日常工作中,为了排除锅炉水垢,尝试了各种办法,实践中发现离子交换方法最为方便,因此通过改造现有试验箱水路结构,以压力引流方式,加入水处理装置,通过水路管道和开关引导加湿用水经过p H调节、过滤、防护、检测仪表、加压等装置,最终进入湿热试验箱锅炉内部,提高进入锅炉的水质,有效解决锅炉水垢的问题。     

地表水自动监测网数据自动审核的创新与实践

在地表水质量自动监测网络的质量保证管理中,山东省省、市两级监控中心使用计算机数据审核系统对监测数据进行实时监控和质量控制,创新地实现了对监测数据有效性的自动判别、监测网的运行情况自动评价等自动化质控措施。     

A Heuristic Method for Determining Changes of Source Loads to Comply with Water Quality Limits in Catchments

A common land and water management task is to determine where and by how much source loadings need to change to meet water quality limits in receiving environments. This paper addresses the problem of quantifying changes in loading when limits are specified in many locations in a large and spatially heterogeneous catchment, accounting for cumulative downstream impacts. Current approaches to this problem tend to use either scenario analysis or optimization, which suffer from difficulties of generating scenarios that meet the limits, or high complexity of optimization approaches. In contrast, we present a novel method in which simple catchment models, load limits, upstream/downstream spatial relationships and spatial allocation rules are combined to arrive at source load changes. The process iteratively establishes the critical location (river segment or lake) where the limits are most constraining, and then adjusts sources upstream of the critical location to meet the limit at that location. The method is demonstrated with application to New Zealand (268,000 km2) for nutrients and the microbial indicator E. coli, which was conducted to support policy development regarding water quality limits. The model provided useful insights, such as a source load excess (the need for source load reduction) even after mitigation measures are introduced in order to comply with E. coli limits. On the other hand, there was headroom (ability to increase source loading) for nutrients. The method enables assessment of the necessary source load reductions to achieve water quality limits over broad areas such as large catchments or whole regions.     

超稠油污水深度处理工艺技术

针对辽河油田超稠油污水的特点设计了处理工艺流程,进行了药剂的筛选,根据各工艺设备的出水水质要求确定了合适的净水剂、除硅剂、阻垢剂的加量,并进行了现场实际应用,外输出水达到锅炉给水指标要求,用于锅炉注汽使用,效果良好,分析了该超稠油污水处理技术的特点和优势,提出了超稠油污水回用锅炉的建议。     

A real-time simulating non-isothermal mathematical model for the passive feed direct methanol fuel cell

In order to understand the complex transport phenomena in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a theoretical model is essential. The analytical model provides a computationally efficient framework with a clear physical meaning. For this, a non-isothermal, analytical model for the passive DMFC has been developed in this study. The model considers the coupled heat and mass transport along with electrochemical reactions. The model is successfully validated with the experimental data. The model accurately describes the various species transport phenomena including methanol crossover and water crossover, heat transport phenomena, and efficiencies related to the passive DMFC. It suggests that the maximum real efficiency can be achieved by running the cell at low methanol feed concentration and moderate current density. The model also accurately predicts the effect of various operating and geometrical parameters on the cell performance such as methanol feed concentration, surrounding temperature, and polymer electrolyte membrane thickness. The model predictions are in accordance with the findings of the other researchers. The model is rapidly implementable and can be used in real-time simulation and control of the passive DMFC. This comprehensive model can be used for diagnostic purpose as well.     

重庆渝北双龙湖综合治理与工程实践

城市水景水体的修复和保持是水资源保护与可持续利用研究中的热点之一，重庆市双龙湖是典型的城市水景水体，治理前富营养化状况严重。双龙湖治理采取了综合整治的方案，包括污水截流工程、雨水截流及净化工程、湖水复氧循环工程、湖水的生态治理工程和污泥固化工程等。截断外源污染，抑制内源污染，有效的控制了水体的富营养化。经过治理，双龙湖水体水质明显提高，由治理前的劣Ⅴ类水质恢复到Ⅳ类水质，满足景观水要求。双龙湖水环境综合整治为我国，特别是三峡库区众多的城市水体的修复和保持积累经验，为城市水景水体富营养化的防治提供技术和方法上的借鉴。     

Application of an Environmental Decision Support System to a Water Quality Trading Program Affected by Surface Water Diversions

Environmental decision support systems (EDSSs) are an emerging tool used to integrate the evaluation of highly complex and interrelated physicochemical, biological, hydrological, social, and economic aspects of environmental problems. An EDSS approach is developed to address hot-spot concerns for a water quality trading program intended to implement the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for phosphorus in the Non-Tidal Passaic River Basin of New Jersey. Twenty-two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) spread throughout the watershed are considered the major sources of phosphorus loading to the river system. Periodic surface water diversions to a major reservoir from the confluence of two key tributaries alter the natural hydrology of the watershed and must be considered in the development of a trading framework that ensures protection of water quality. An EDSS is applied that enables the selection of a water quality trading framework that protects the watershed from phosphorus-induced hot spots. The EDSS employs Simon’s (1960) three stages of the decision-making process: intelligence, design, and choice. The identification of two potential hot spots and three diversion scenarios enables the delineation of three management areas for buying and selling of phosphorus credits among WWTPs. The result shows that the most conservative option entails consideration of two possible diversion scenarios, and trading between management areas is restricted accordingly. The method described here is believed to be the first application of an EDSS to a water quality trading program that explicitly accounts for surface water diversions.     

An Interval-Parameter Waste-Load-Allocation Model for River Water Quality Management Under Uncertainty

A simulation-based interval quadratic waste load allocation (IQWLA) model was developed for supporting river water quality management. A multi-segment simulation model was developed to generate water-quality transformation matrices and vectors under steady-state river flow conditions. The established matrices and vectors were then used to establish the water-quality constraints that were included in a water quality management model. Uncertainties associated with water quality parameters, cost functions, and environmental guidelines were described as intervals. The cost functions of wastewater treatment units were expressed in quadratic forms. A water-quality planning problem in the Changsha section of Xiangjiang River in China was used as a study case to demonstrate applicability of the proposed method. The study results demonstrated that IQWLA model could effectively communicate the interval-format uncertainties into optimization process, and generate inexact solutions that contain a spectrum of potential wastewater treatment options. Decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. The results are valuable for supporting local decision makers in generating cost-effective water quality management strategies.     

屯绿陈茶有效成分提取及茶多酚提纯工艺研究

探讨了从陈茶中提取有效成分和茶多酚的提纯工艺。采用不同物料比、浸提温度、浸提时间的正交实验,通过热水煮提从茶叶中获取水溶性物质。结果表明,当料液比为1：20、90℃、120min时,测得的水提取物固化物量最多可达31％;茶叶水提物固化物、水配比为13：400时与乙酸乙酯萃取茶多酚的得率达23％,茶多糖从总量中提取的得率达2．5％。屯绿陈茶有效成分保留效果良好,具有较好的综合利用价值。