拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解与代谢研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药残留引发各种环境污染和食品安全问题,文章主要综述了该农药的生物降解、光降解和生物代谢三个方面的国内外研究现状。生物降解是其分解代谢的重要环境过程之一,微生物、哺乳动物、水生生物、昆虫及植物等对拟除虫菊酯的代谢都具有不可替代的作用,其中微生物降解菌的分离、微生物的酶促降解及其衍生的基因工程菌技术迅速发展,为通过基因克隆高效表达拟除虫菊酯降解酶提供依据。合理利用光能可有效去除拟除虫菊酯,光敏化降解与光猝灭降解研究可有助于农药混配的效果分析。通过拟除虫菊酯在生物体内的代谢分析可为治疗人体农药中毒提供有效方法。文章还讨论了吸附作用、氧化作用对拟除虫菊酯的降解效果。     

拟除虫菊酯农药暴露途径及对人体健康的影响

拟除虫菊酯类农药的使用量和施用范围逐年扩大,导致农药残留问题也逐渐显现。空气、土壤、水体及沉积物中的拟除虫菊酯类农药通过各种途径进入生物体内并通过食物链的流动最终在人体内汇集,影响人体健康。文章综述了拟除虫菊酯农药的饮食摄入与非饮食摄入2种暴露途径及对人体健康的影响,并针对易感人群婴幼儿的暴露途径及潜在风险进行了分析。     

化肥、农药残留物质污染及其防治

X592 9400382涕灭威农药的残留、毒性及其对生态环境的影响/朱忠林…(国家环保局南京环境科学研究所)//农村生态环境/国家环保局南京环境科学研究所一1993,(:2)一50一53环情Q一46 描述了涕灭威农药在土壤、水体和生物中的残留、降解和归趋以及对生物的毒性。涕灭威是一种剧毒农药,在环境中虽然很快降解成亚砚,并能进一步降解成毒性更低的化合物,但它仍有可能造成对地下水的污染和对生物和人体的潜在危害。图l表4参15X592 9400383混合农药对拟除虫菊醋杀虫剂在水中光解的敏化和碎灭效应研究/岳永德·“(安徽农业大学植物保护系,合肥)刀环境…     

昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药的抗性研究进展

拟除虫菊酯是继有机氯、有机磷和氨基甲酸酯之后具有生物活性优异、环境相容性较好的一大类杀虫剂,在防治卫生害虫和农作物害虫中占有重要地位。然而随着拟除虫菊酯农药的广泛使用,害虫普遍对其产生了不同程度的抗药性。文章就此综述了昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药的抗药性现状、抗药性产生的原因及机制,以及昆虫对拟除虫菊酯农药与其他农药的交互抗性、昆虫的抗药性遗传和对昆虫抗药性进行监测的现行方法等国内外的研究进展。并对如何科学合理的使用拟除虫菊酯农药,及如何减缓昆虫对其产生抗性的措施进行了扼要的阐述,最后探讨了受农药影响所导致的昆虫基因多样性及生物多样性受损等问题。     

化肥、农药残留物质污染及其防治

X592 9601627甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊醋杀虫剂的光敏降解研究/花日茂…(安徽农业大学植保系)//环境化学/中科院生态环境研究中心一1995,14(6)二505~sxz环信X一57 以高压汞灯和自然阳光为光源,研究了甲基对硫磷对氯氰菊酷、澳氛菊酷和氛戊菊酷在玻片表面光致降解的影响。结果表明:甲基对硫磷与三种拟除虫菊隋农药混合照光处理后,可使拟除虫菊醋农药的光解速度加快。抓氛菊酷、氛戊菊醋和澳氛菊醋的光解半衰期,在高压汞灯下比其单独照光分别缩短12.18、8.46和7.33倍,在阳光下则分别缩短4.73,2.“和4.46倍。甲基对硫磷对三种拟除虫菊酷农药…     

缺陷假单胞菌M5R14粗酶液降解拟除虫菊酯类农药特性初探

以分离于杭州农药厂污水排放污泥的1株可降解多种拟除虫菊酯类农药的菌株--缺陷假单胞菌M5R14为对象,采用直接离心分离提取和超声波破碎提取的方法获得菌株M5R14的胞外和胞内粗酶,初步探讨了该菌株粗酶液降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的特性.研究表明该菌株降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的酶为胞内酶,粗酶液对联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯3种拟...     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的菊酯类农药残留量

气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的菊酯类农药残留量王红华（云南省农业环境保护监测站）拟除虫菊酯是八十年代开始使用于果树、棉花、茶树、蔬菜、小麦、水稻等作物的一种新型广谱性杀虫剂。此类农药具有短期毒性大，但降解快、残留低的特点。目前国内对其残留分析的报导较少，且多...     

20种农药在作物中多残留分析方法的研究

报道了20种有机氯、有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药在作物中多残留气相色谱分析方法。9种有机磷农药的最低检测浓度为0.34—22.30ppb,8种有机氯农药为0.13—9.76ppb,3种拟除虫菊酯为1.63—17.00ppb。20种农药在四种作物上的添加回收率大于80％,仅敌敌畏与速灭磷在低浓度(0.05ppm)时,回收率偏低。变异系数都小于10％。     

拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂在苹果和土壤中多残留分析方法的研究

一、前言 拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂是近年来发展很快的一类杀虫剂,它不但具有高效、低毒、杀虫谱广等优点,而且在生物体内无积累、在自然界中能很快降解,是防治棉花、果树、蔬菜及粮食作物害虫的理想药剂。目前,我国已停止生产DDT,六六六等高残留农药,拟除虫菊     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对淡水鱼的毒性试验及评价

拟除虫菊酯是一种高效低毒、广谱性杀虫剂。它们和有机氯杀虫剂一样,在水中能直接进入鱼鳃及鱼血液中而产生强烈的毒性。农业上使用拟除虫菊酯类农药后,其部分将随农业污水流入水体,对水生体系造成危害。为研究此类农药对鱼类的毒性,避免由于不合理的使用而产生的不良后果,我们根据实际情况,选用3种类型的拟除虫菊酯农药,对花鲢鱼、鲫鱼进行毒性试验。一、试验材料和方法(一)试验用鱼试验用鱼均选自青浦水产局鱼种场。花鲢鱼平均体长8.4cm,平均体重15.6g;鲫鱼体长为7.8cm,体重14.4g。试验前在室内驯养7天,死亡率在5％以下。试验用鱼全部生长正常无     

包头市蔬菜作物中农药残留状况的研究

本文探讨了包头市近郊大田蔬菜作物中28种农药的残留状况,调查了农药的使用情况,研究了有机磷、有机氯和部分菊酯类农药的分析检测方法,建立了蔬菜作物液液萃取加弗罗里硅土柱净化的前处理方法。给出了蔬菜作物的农药残留水平,对蔬菜种植过程中农药残留的检测提供了可靠的分析方法。     

我国区域性水体农药污染现状研究分析

以4大流域为基础,较为全面地概述了我国区域性农药污染情况,并对其污染原因进行了分析。结果表明:长江流域有机磷农药、氨基甲酸酯类农药以及部分拟除虫菊酯类农药的的残留量很高;珠江流域农药污染情况较轻,检出量均低于我国地表水环境质量标准;黄淮海流域和松辽流域主要检出农药为酰胺类和三嗪类农药,但具体检出物质存在差异。研究分析表明各流域农药污染与该区域的农作物种类有重要关系。     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Assessment of risks, implications, and opportunities of waterborne neurotoxic pesticides

Pesticides are a well-known family of chemicals that have contaminated water systems globally. Four common subfamilies of pesticides include organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamate insecticides which have been shown to adversely affect the human nervous system. Studies have shown a link between pesticide exposure and decreased viability, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of murine neural stem cells. Besides human exposure directly through water systems, additional factors such as pesticide bioaccumulation, biomagnification and potential synergism due to co-exposure to other environmental contaminants must be considered. A possible avenue to investigate the molecular mechanisms and biomolecules impacted by the various classes of pesticides includes the field of -omics. Discovery of the precise molecular mechanisms behind pesticide-mediated neurodegenerative disorders may facilitate development of targeted therapeutics. Likewise, discovery of pesticide biodegradation pathways may enable novel approaches for water system bioremediation using genetically engineered microorganisms. In this mini-review, we discuss recently established harmful impacts of various categories of pesticides on the nervous system and the application of -omics field for discovery, validation, and mitigation of pesticide neurotoxicity.     

适合大棚蔬菜的农药评价筛选

通过对农药使用的危险性评价方法，共筛选出７７种适合于大棚生产的化学农药和生物农药，其中杀虫剂３５种，杀菌剂２５种，除草剂１７种。为使大棚蔬菜的农药残留量低于国家食品卫生标准，应优先使用高效农药，最理想级的农药用量为〈４９．５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２，理想级为〈１６３．５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２，被评为危险级和较危险级的２３种农药，不应在大棚蔬菜生产和绿色食品生产中使用。     

用于有机磷农药固相萃取的吸附材料的研究进展

有机磷农药由于在环境中相对于有机氯农药容易降解,而成为全球范围内使用最广泛的杀虫剂。尽管有机磷农药已经被证实了低环境持久性,但由于具有生物毒性、高毒性、再生毒性、免疫毒性和基因毒性,造成的残留仍能对人类健康产生危害。样品前处理是有机磷农药残留分析过程的重要步骤,该过程耗费时间,其好坏直接影响整个分析结果的准确性。固相萃取相对液-液萃取由于具有诸如快速、简单和绿色环保的特点及较强的选择吸附性,是目前应用最广泛的农药残留分析样品前处理技术。吸附材料是决定固相萃取过程效能的关键因素。文章介绍了常见的硅吸附材料、碳吸附材料、分子印迹吸附材料及磁性吸附材料在有机磷农药固相萃取领域的研究应用现状,同时对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables

A complete set of procedure for determination of multiresidue of pesticides in vegetables was presented in this paper.The complete set of procedure included three steps:bioassay,cholinesterase inhibition and GLC analysis.The samples could be identified to be contaminated with pesticides if 5% of house flies was knocked down in 50 tested house flies. Those samples contaminated with pesticides needed to be detected by AChE inhibition method.The qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out by GLC.Recoveries ranged from 83.7% in Chinese cabbages to 105.6% in tomatoes for pyrethroids,and 84.0% in tomatoes to 102.7% in sweetbell redpeppes for organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to organophosphorus compounds.Coefficients of variations ranged from 0.59% to 7.87% for pyrethroids. and 0.33% to 9.88% for organophosphorus compounds with vegetables. The complete set of procedure has been used successfully to analyze 7000 samples collected in Beijing. About 1% of the samp     

扬州市长江段不同水层中鱼类有机氯农药残留研究

鱼肉含有的蛋白质,脂肪,矿物质,维生素对人的健康起到重要的作用,因而被大多数人所青睐。由于有机氯农药具有较高的杀虫活性,曾被广泛使用。中国早已停产,但由于其性质稳定在自然界不易分解属于高残留农药,残留于植物中有机氯农药,可通过＂食物链＂或其他途径进入动物体内,鱼类也会受影响。本文根据淡水鱼在水中分布状况,选取了扬州市长江段生活在不同水层中三种鱼类为分析对象。选取容易富集有机氯农药的腹部肌肉为实验样品测定部位,采用加速溶剂萃取法前处理分析鱼肉中有机氯农药并对该分析方法进行完善,通过实验总结出能满足环境监测工作中对淡水河流中鱼类有机氯农药测定,并能及时掌握淡水鱼类中有机氯农药对人身健康状况的影响。