长江口、杭州湾整体水动力和水质数学模型的建立与应用

应用正交曲线网格数学模型(TRISULA)建立了长江口、杭州湾整体二维水动力与水质数学模型.利用模型模拟计算并分析了不同季节水文条件下长江口冲淡水、上海城市污水在研究水域的扩散规律.     

杭州湾南岸20 a水质净化功能变化及预测

区域水质净化功能及其影响因素的研究,对深入了解区域水质净化潜力,指导因地制宜的区域总体规划方案与环境保护措施具有重要的现实意义.研究区位于杭州湾南岸,是陆海相互作用的典型区域,承载着重要的经济发展及生态环境功能.基于收集的地形和土地利用类型数据,结合基于站点的气象数据,采用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型（InVEST模型）中的水质净化模型,研究杭州湾南岸氮（N）、磷（P）的负荷量、输出量和净化量的时空演变特征,探索不同发展情境下研究区域水质净化功能的差异.结果表明,时间上,N和P的输出量以及净化量在两年中存在明显差异,相比2000年,2020年研究区域N总负荷量减少276.72 t,输出量减少140.86 t,净化量减少137.86 t;P总负荷量增加93.65 t,输出量增加28.91 t,净化量增加64.74 t;空间上,N、P输出量空间分布趋势大致相同,总体呈现北高南低以及南部部分区域为高值的特征,与土地利用类型密切相关;基于不同情景的模拟分析表明,在自然发展优先情景下,研究区N、P的输出量分别为1 682.36 t和115.50 t,在经济发展优先情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别增加约83.02%和79.93%,在环境保护情景下,区域N、P的输出量分别减少约为79.96%和56.44%.因此环境保护发展优先情景,能有效地减少区域N和P的输出,提高水质净化功能.研究结果为制定区域陆海统筹的规划方案,促进研究区域内经济和生态的协同发展提供了坚实的理论基础.     

杭州湾南岸海水中的氯酚类化合物的污染特征及生态风险评价

应用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了杭州湾南岸18个站位海水中的19种氯酚(CPs),氯酚总量范围是16.71~2.181104ng/L。从结构上看,杭州湾南岸海水中以低氯代的氯酚为主。运用主成分分析法确定其分布特征和污染情况,可以将氯酚分为高、低含量2组,2-氯酚、4-氯酚和2,4,6-三氯酚是主要氯酚污染物。污染程度从高到低依次为镇海余姚慈溪,其中镇海泥螺山、新泓闸海区、慈溪淡水泓近岸和余姚黄家埠的污染较为严重。采用风险商进行生态风险分析,发现杭州湾南岸海水中的氯酚已具有一定程度的环境风险,需要进一步的监测并采取相应措施减少污染。     

莱州湾西南部岸线变迁对海域水动力影响的数值研究

20世纪70年代以来,盐田、养殖围堤、港口堤坝建设等开发活动使莱州湾西南部岸线变迁尤为显著,从而引起了海湾水动力环境的改变。为探究近50年莱州湾水动力环境对海湾西南部岸线变迁的响应,本文建立二维数值模型,研究莱州湾西南部3个时段岸线变迁对海湾潮流、纳潮量和水交换的影响。结果表明,1968－2020年莱州湾西南部流速变化以减小为主,流速变化较大的区域主要位于盐田或养殖围垦区和新建港口附近海域。近50年,莱州湾纳潮量呈逐年减小趋势,大潮、中潮、小潮和全潮平均纳潮量分别减少5.85%、7.28%、8.85%和6.47%,围填海是导致纳潮量减小的主要原因。1968－2010年莱州湾整体的水交换能力有所提高,2010－2020年则相差很小;从局部看,1990－2020年港口附近海域的水交换能力均显著降低。     

填海造地对胶州湾水动力环境影响的数值研究

以胶州湾为全不杂交方法建立了胶州湾变边界潮流数值模型，并对其进行了模拟计算，重现了该海域的潮流分布规律，另外，根据几个填海方案，分别进行了预测计算，从而得以了各方案实施时对潮流、一、流通量等水动力因素带来的影响，结果表明，填海面积越大，影响也越大，截流填海比顺流填在，强流区填海比弱流区填海影响大。     

水动力环流流场研究

多因素水动力环流流场的研究．涉及环境水力学与工程水力学、水动力学、海洋动力学等学科，是近年来由工程实际问题提出而被人们所认识并逐渐加以探索的新学科研究内容，因而研究还很粗浅。本文系统地考虑了各类水动力作用因素，对各种模拟系统模拟的环流流场进行了全面、系统的定量化研究。     

内陆排污对杭州湾南岸滩涂湿地浮游桡足类群落结构的影响

2010年1月～2011年1月,在杭州湾南岸滩涂湿地5个断面(S1～S3为排水区,S4～S5为非排水区。)10个采样站进行桡足类群落结构的周年调查,分析了不同生态环境下桡足类群落的种类组成、密度、生物量和种类丰富度等时空变化特征。共发现桡足类19种,剑水蚤和猛水蚤各7种、哲水蚤5种,其中,8种为淡水种,11种为咸淡水种。根据种群的年平均密度和出现频度,淡水种类的优势种为汤匙华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus dorrii)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)和三角大吉猛水蚤(Tachidius triangularis),半咸淡水种类的优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和球状许水蚤(Schmackeria forbesi)。群落年平均密度变幅2.64～39.16/L,平均13.54/L;生物量0～2.078 mg/L,平均0.164 mg/L。哲水蚤的群落密度和生物量分别占总桡足类的29.32%和79.88%。密度季节变化以春季>秋季>夏季>冬季,水平变化以S3>S2>S1>S5>S4,S2断面中潮位比高潮位多67.00%。Margalef种类丰富度在1.20～6.20,平均3.35。污对中潮位桡足类群落的影响大于高潮位。     

海洋工程影响下莱州湾海域水动力环境变化特征

本文利用MIKE21FM数值模拟软件模拟了2000年和2014年莱州湾海域的水动力变化。结果表明由于海洋工程的建设,莱州湾内地形和浅滩发生变化,导致2014年湾内整体潮流流速较2000年减小,流向发生一定偏转;在NE向定常风驱动下对比2000年和2014年模拟海流结果可知变化幅度在1~3 cm/s内,莱州湾整体表层海水运动受岸线变化影响较小;纳潮量减少0.1788 km3,为2000年的3.2%;半水交换时间由27.5 d增加到29 d,工程建设对莱州湾水交换影响相对较小。     

宁波杭州湾新区河网水动力及水质数值模拟研究

针对杭州湾新区水环境污染较重的现状,采用MIKE11软件构建新区河网的一维水动力——水质耦合模型,在此基础上研究分析了现状及远期规划排污条件下河网水质分布.结果表明:河道内水体流动较弱,不利于污染物迁移扩散,污水处理厂排出的处理水对排污口周围的河道的水质影响范围和程度均较大,叠加本底浓度后许多区域超过了Ⅴ类水质标准.最后提出了针对性措施以改善新区河网水质.     

环境影响评价中累积效应分析方法的探讨

与单个环境要素的影响评价比较,累积效应评价是更为复杂和不确定性更大的一类分析工作.论文从累积效应的概念和分类出发,从基本方法和规划式方法介绍累积效应的分析方法.     

中国南部沿海近岸西加鱼毒素研究

为了查清我国南部沿海珊瑚礁鱼类体内的西加鱼毒素状况,首次在海南三亚、琼海、广西涠洲岛、珠海担杆列岛、广东徐闻县灯楼角和福建东山岛收集渔民从附近珊瑚礁海域捕捞的野生鱼类,采用酶联免疫法、小白鼠生物法和高效液相色谱质谱联用法进行毒素测定.结果表明,6个调查海区均检测出染毒鱼类,总阳性检出率达50%,其中福建东山岛(77.8%) >广东徐闻县灯楼角(66.7%) >广东珠海担杆列岛(55.6%) >广西涠洲岛(37.5%) >海南三亚(37.5%) >海南琼海(16.7%),与海域环境质量可能存在一定的关联.鱼组织毒素含量为0~169ng P-CTX-1/kg肉,8个样品 (占总样17.4%) 超过100ng P-CTX-1/kg肉,达到可致人中毒水平.染毒鱼种类繁多,主要包括蝴蝶鱼科(Chaetodontidae)、鹦嘴鱼科(Scaridae)、鳂科(Holocentridae)、笛鲷科(Lutjanidae)和鮨科(Serranidae).酶联免疫法与小鼠生物法对鱼毒定性检测结果基本一致,但仅在福建东山岛2个鱼样中检测到P-CTX-1成分.染毒鱼类的毒素含量和鱼体重/体长没有相关性,也与其食性无关.     

Combined and synergistic effects of climate change and urbanization on water quality in the Wolf Bay watershed, southern Alabama

This study investigated potential changes in flow, total suspended solid(TSS) and nutrient(nitrogen and phosphorous) loadings under future climate change, land use/cover(LULC)change and combined change scenarios in the Wolf Bay watershed, southern Alabama,USA. Four Global Circulation Models(GCMs) under three Special Report Emission Scenarios(SRES) of greenhouse gas were used to assess the future climate change(2016–2040). Three projected LULC maps(2030) were employed to reflect different extents of urbanization in future. The individual, combined and synergistic impacts of LULC and climate change on water quantity/quality were analyzed by the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT).Under the "climate change only" scenario, monthly distribution and projected variation of TSS are expected to follow a pattern similar to streamflow. Nutrients are influenced both by flow and management practices. The variation of Total Nitrogen(TN) and Total Phosphorous(TP) generally follow the flow trend as well. No evident difference in the N:P ratio was projected. Under the "LULC change only" scenario, TN was projected to decrease,mainly due to the shrinkage of croplands. TP will increase in fall and winter. The N:P ratio shows a strong decreasing potential. Under the "combined change" scenario, LULC and climate change effect were considered simultaneously. Results indicate that if future loadings are expected to increase/decrease under any individual scenario, then the combined change will intensify that trend. Conversely, if their effects are in opposite directions, an offsetting effect occurs. Science-based management practices are needed to reduce nutrient loadings to the Bay.     

象山港海湾资源开发累积生态效应的解释结构分析

将文献资料调查和专家咨询相结合,选择用海方式、地形地貌、水文、化学、生物生态、灾害共计6大类31个要素,建立了象山港海湾资源开发累积生态效应的解释结构模型(Interpretive Structural Modeling,ISM)。模型显示,象山港累积生态环境影响从各类影响源到影响结果共计可分为10个层次,影响途径在不同层次表现为相互交叉,呈现出明显的非线性特征。模型结果可以供海湾资源开发利用规划编制和生态环境保护措施制订参考。     

Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in eight mollusc species along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India

Eight mollusc species and sediment samples collected from three different stations along Tamilnadu coast, Bay of Bengal, India were analysed for the levels of petroleum hydrocarbons to elucidate the status of the petroleum residues in mollusc meant for human consumption. The concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments along Tamilnadu coast varied from 5.04–25.5 g/g dw (dry weight). High concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediment of Uppanar estuary (25.5 1.45 g/g dw) was perhaps land and marine based anthropogenic sources of this region. The petroleum hydrocarbon residues in eight mollusc species collected from Uppanar, Vellar and Coleroon estuaries varied between 2.44–6.04 g/g ww (wet weight). Although the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediment of the Uppanar region was markedly higher than the background, the petroleum hydrocarbon residues in mollusc collected from Uppanar estuary did not suggest bioaccumulation. The results signified that industrial growth has affected the aquatic environments and regular monitoring will help to adopt stringent pollution control measures for better management of the aquatic region.     

有机污染物对杭州湾海域浮游细菌群落的影响

杭州湾海域剧烈的人为干扰及大量的陆源输入,导致有机物污染严重,是我国近海污染最严重的海域之一.微生物在污染物降解过程中发挥着关键作用并能作为评价污染程度的生物标记,但对于浮游细菌群落如何响应有机污染物尚不清楚.因此,本研究从杭州湾采集了13个站点的表层水样(水表下0.5 m),并采集了邻近外海8个站点的水样作为对照,利用Illumina Mi Seq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,研究不同有机污染程度对浮游细菌群落的影响.结果表明杭州湾有机污染值A(13.2±1.6)显著(P0.001)高于邻近外海(5.4±3.0),且两区域浮游细菌分布和多样性存在显著差异.杭州湾浮游细菌群落优势菌群为γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria,24.4%±5.5%)、α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria,16.5%±7.7%)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes,13.9%±8.6%),邻近海域主要优势菌群为蓝细菌(Cyanobacteria,20.1%±7.5%)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,18.4%±1.5%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,17.5%±4.2%)、γ-变形菌纲(16.6%±1.2%)和α-变形菌纲(14.3%±1.7%).多元回归树(multivariate regression tree,MRT)分析表明:悬浮颗粒(suspended particulates,SP)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2)、油污(oil)、有机污染是影响浮游细菌群落多样性的最主要因素,分别解释了22.0%、6.5%、6.0%和5.5%的多样性变异.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明:驱动浮游细菌群落变异的环境因子有机污染、化学需氧量(COD)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总氮(TN)、硝酸盐(NO-3)和盐度对物种分布的总解释量为71.0%,而有机污染作为单因子控制了6.5%的群落变异,高于其它单一因子.此外,采用指示值方法共挑选出了35个敏感物种,这些物种相对丰度与有机污染显著相关,可用来指示近海有机污染水平.综上,浮游细菌群落对环境污染敏感,为评价海洋有机污染水平提供了敏感的生物学指标.     

Vulnerability risk assessment and adaptation to climate change induced sea level rise along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt

Consequence of the sea level rise (SLR) on the Mediterranean coastal areas in Egypt, particularly the Nile River Delta, has become an issue of major concern to Egypt’s population and the government. Previous publications disregard the entire Mediterranean coast of Egypt as an integral unit subject to the impacts of the SLR. This study aims to analyzing the risks, ranking the vulnerability and suggesting adaptation measures to mitigate the impact of the SLR along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Although the prominent features of Egypt’s Mediterranean coastal zone are the low lying coast of the Nile Delta, associated with land subsidence, tectonic activities and erosion; the contiguous coastal sectors are backed by shore-parallel carbonate ridges and Plateau (the western coast) and sand dune belts (Sinai coast). The coastal zone is ranked as high, moderate, and low vulnerable to the SLR. The social and biophysical vulnerabilities demonstrate the asymmetrical impacts of the SLR on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Areas at risk in the Alexandria region are Mandara and El Tarh whereas in the Nile Delta region, they are the Manzala Lagoon barrier, east and west of the Rosetta City, Gamil, and the Tineh plain. Risk associated with these impacts may be reduced provided the consideration of immediate and adequate adaptation measures.     

Transport of photochemical oxidants along the northwestern adriatic coast

In coastal areas featuring industrial plants, air masses rich in photochemical pollutants can be transported offshore and then back inshore as a result of the land-sea breeze circulation system. Precursors of O₃ are transported out to sea in the morning hours and the offshore-formed oxidants blown back to the coast in the early afternoon by the sea breeze, thereby raising the concentration of ozone at ground level. Along the northwestern coast of the Adriatic Sea this phenomenon takes on a marked significance, involving an offshore distance of approximately 30–40 km. The present paper surveys the findings of experimental studies conducted in the Ravenna area over the last decade, and reports the results of an empirical trajectory model developed to provide a dynamic interpretation of the ground-level distribution and concentration of photochemical oxidant concentrations along the area's coastline.     

The effects of land tenure change on sustainability: human security and environmental change in southern African savannas

Using a human security perspective, we investigate how the history of land tenure changes has driven sustainability in southern African savannas. The paper examines four countries—Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Two research questions are addressed: first, how has colonial land tenure and distribution affected people's options and capacity to end, mitigate or adapt to risks to their human, environmental and social rights, and what have been the related effects on land uses and degradation? Second, to what extent have post-independence land reforms addressed threats to human security and political causes of land degradation? The inequitable distribution of land and colonial legacy of dual or pluralistic systems of tenure are found to be at the root of many agrarian and environmental problems. Post-independence land reforms have largely failed to address these fundamental issues, sometimes even reinforcing threats to social, economic and environmental sustainability. The skewed distribution of land and resources, insecure rights, and the marginalisation and restriction of savanna livelihood systems have persisted, undermining human security and environmental integrity in the region as well as leading to mounting conflict and insecurity.