温度、盐度和光照对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响研究

为阐明溶血毒素的生物合成机制、正确认识和评价球形棕囊藻赤潮的危害,设计了盐度、温度、光照三因素三水平正交实验,考查了不同盐度、温度、光照条件下球形棕囊藻的生长和产毒的变化,分析了盐度、温度、光照强度对球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果显示,温度是影响球形棕囊藻生长和产毒的显著因子,盐度和光照的影响不显著.30℃时球形棕囊藻比生长速率最大,藻细胞产毒能力最强,但所能到达的藻密度最小.在盐度为22、33、40,温度为20、25、30 ℃,光照为2000、4000、5000 lx的所有实验组合中,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为4000 lx时球形棕囊藻细胞产毒能力最强,盐度为40、温度为30℃、光照为5000 lx时球形棕囊藻的比生长速率最大.     

温度, 光照和盐度对产麻痹性贝类毒素藻类生长及产毒的影响

为探究温度、光照和盐度对产麻痹性贝类毒素（PSP）藻类生长及产毒的影响,本文选取了4株产麻痹性贝毒的藻种（塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）香港株（ATHK）、微小亚历山大藻（A.minimum）台湾株（AMSY）、链状亚历山大藻（A.catenella）南海株（ACSY）和链状裸甲藻（Gymnodinium catenatum）防城巷株（GCFC））在不同光照（60、120和200 μmol/（m2·s））、温度（16、22和28℃）和盐度（25、30和35）条件下生长及产毒的变化。结果显示,22℃最适宜4株藻的生长。低温可促进PSP的产生,除GCFC外,其余3株藻的单位细胞产毒量均随温度的升高而降低。ATHK和AMSY的生长与光照正相关。AMSY和GCFC的单位藻细胞产毒量与光照强度正相关,光照为120 μmol/（m2·s）时ATHK和ACSY产毒量最高,弱光均不利于4种藻产毒。盐度30条件下ATHK,AMSY和GCFC长势较好,高盐度（盐度35）促进ACSY的生长。ATHK的单位细胞产毒量均随盐度的升高而增加,AMSY和ACSY在高盐和低盐条件下产毒量均较大,GCFC则在盐度为30条件下产毒量最高。     

氮磷限制对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响

采用分批培养的方式研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在氮、磷单因子营养限制条件下的生长和产毒情况.结果表明,氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都有明显的抑制作用,而磷限制对其生长和产毒没有明显的抑制作用.在氮限制条件下,铜绿微囊藻的生物量仅为控制组的30%～50%,产毒量也仅为控制组的10%～60%;并且氮限制会促进细胞分裂,缩短细胞的生长周期.这可能是因为氮是铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒所必需的元素,直接控制着铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒;所以若培养基中的氮浓度比较低,会直接导致微囊藻的生物量较少和产毒量比较低.磷限制甚至磷被耗尽时对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都影响不大,这可能与铜绿微囊藻体内储存的含磷颗粒物有关.实验结果表明,在本实验条件下,水体中氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒影响较大.     

光照、温度和藻类对底泥释放磷的影响

在悬浮底泥与藻类体系中,不同温度和光照条件对底泥释放磷的影响方面的研究,尚未见到过报道。现对此进行了研究,并得出下述结论:有藻存在时底泥的释放量大于无藻存在时底泥的释放量。光照度大时(一定限度下),底泥的释放量稍有增加;温度升高时,底泥的释放量加大;水柱中含泥量大时,则磷的释放量也大。此工作对在不同条件下浅湖的内负荷量计算提供了基础。     

紊流脉动强度对藻类生长及水环境的影响研究

为探讨紊流脉动强度对藻类生长繁殖以及水环境的影响,采用自行设计的垂直振动格栅紊流装置,在一定的光照和水温条件下,通过改变各组实验装置中格栅的振动频率,在营养盐充足的封闭水体中开展了实验研究.结果表明,在实验设定的紊动范围内,紊流脉动强度对藻类的生长以及水环境的变化有明显的影响,较微弱的紊流脉动能促进水体中藻类的生长,而较强的紊流脉动则会抑制藻类的生长;随着紊流脉动强度的增加,藻类生物量峰值的出现时间逐渐推迟;不同水力条件下,5组实验过程中氮磷含量的变化情况具有显著的差异,当格栅振动频率达到2.0 Hz时,较之振动频率为0.5 Hz的实验,水体中TN和TP的最大消减量分别降低了55.2%和69.0%,与藻类生长情况关系密切;随着紊流脉动强度的增加,藻类生物量的峰值所对应的氮磷比先增后减;不同强度的紊流脉动均能促进水体的pH值和溶解氧迅速调节至藻类生长所需的最佳水平,且最佳值不变.     

水体及沉积物氮磷水平对附植藻类的影响

为了探讨湖泊富营养化过程中沉积物及水体氮、磷浓度对附植藻类的影响,通过室内模拟实验,研究了水体及沉积物氮、磷升高对苦草(Vallisnerianatans(Lour.) Hara)上附植藻类生长、群落组成及其体内氮、磷含量的影响.结果表明,在实验条件下,随着水中氮、磷含量升高,附植藻类生物量及附植藻类氮、磷含量均呈极显著增加(p0.01).随着水体可获得的氮、磷浓度升高,附植藻类的相对丰度有所变化,舟形藻(Navicula)、小球藻(Chlorella)及微囊藻(Microcystis)相对丰度随着氮、磷水平的升高而下降,直链藻(Melosira)则相反,但舟形藻、直链藻、微囊藻、小环藻(Cyclotella)和小球藻均为群落的优势属种.沉积物氮、磷含量升高对附植藻类生物量、优势种丰度及群落氮、磷含量影响较小,均未达到显著水平(p0.05).在实验条件下,沉积物氮、磷含量对附植藻类影响不大,而水体氮、磷浓度升高显著地促进了附植藻类生长.研究结果也为解释富营养化湖泊沉水植物衰退及消亡提供了一定的科学依据.     

微生物和藻类分解对荣成天鹅湖沉积物氮磷释放的影响

以荣成天鹅湖的沉积物和硬毛藻为试材,模拟研究了不同微生物活性和藻类条件下上覆水体氮磷的含量变化,探讨了藻类分解和微生物活性对沉积物营养盐释放的影响。在无藻条件下,不同处理水体的总氮和总磷含量随时间的波动较大,分别变化在0.42~11.71 mg/L和0.02~0.32 mg/L之间;中后期各微生物处理氮磷含量的顺序为氯化汞>葡萄糖、对照>甲醛。藻类分解条件下,水体的总氮和总磷含量远高于无藻条件,含量变幅分别为5.43~34.76 mg/L和0.28~1.80 mg/L;初期水体氮磷含量较高,之后随时间呈下降趋势。试验前期,有藻各处理总氮表现为氯化汞>葡萄糖>对照>甲醛,总磷为氯化汞>葡萄糖、甲醛>对照;后期各处理间差异减小。相同微生物活性下,有藻处理水体的氮磷含量均明显高于无藻条件。试验结束时,无藻组各处理沉积物的微生物活性均较低;而有藻条件下相对较高,各处理顺序为对照>葡萄糖、氯化汞>>甲醛。绿潮藻类分解条件下,微生物对天鹅湖沉积物的氮磷释放有着明显影响;微生物活性越强,沉积物氮磷的释放量越大。     

光照、温度和藻类对底泥释放磷的影响

在悬浮底泥与藻类体系中,不同温度和光照条件对底泥释放磷的影响方面的研究,尚未见到过报道。现对此进行了研究,并得出下述结论:有藻存在时底泥的释放量大于无藻存在时底泥的释放量。光照度大时(一定限度下),底泥的释放量稍有增加;温度升高时,底泥的释放量加大;水柱中含泥量大时,则磷的释放量也大。此工作对在不同条件下浅湖的内负荷量计算提供了基础。     

温度和氮、磷限制对南海一株利玛原甲藻生长和产毒的影响

为评估我国南海海域分布的一株产毒底栖型利玛原甲藻（Prorocentrum lima, HN45株）的潜在风险,在不同温度（20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃）和氮、磷限制（氮磷比:4.08、8.17、16.3、24.5、73.5、147）条件下对其进行室内培养,比较了温度和氮、磷限制对该株赤潮藻的细胞数、比生长率和色素等生理特征及其腹泻性贝类毒素（diarrhetic shellfish toxins,DSTs）生产特性的影响。多因素方差分析结果表明,温度和磷限制均显著影响利玛原甲藻的细胞数、多甲藻素和大田软海绵酸（okadaic acid,OA）细胞内总毒素含量。单细胞产毒量在温度为25 ℃、磷浓度为6 μM时呈现最高值,即11.34 pg/cell。磷限制抑制了藻细胞的生长和繁殖,但显著提高了其产毒能力。研究结果显示,该株藻细胞产毒以游离态DSTs毒素为主,其相应酯化态毒素含量仅占单细胞产毒总量的3%～14%,含量远低于游离态毒素。研究还发现,利玛原甲藻所产叶绿素a（chlorophyll a,Chl a）含量随生长周期的变化与DSTs含量呈负相关,进一步证实了Chl a与DSTs存在竞争关系,这对于解析环境胁迫条件下利玛原甲藻生存策略提供了重要科学依据。     

CO_2浓度升高和温度升高对铜绿微囊藻生长及产毒影响

以铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)FACHB905为研究对象,对4种条件下:(1)25℃+400μmol/mol(对照组);(2)29℃+400μmol/mol(温度升高组);(3)25℃+800μmol/mol(CO2升高组);(4)29℃+800μmol/mol(温室效应组),藻的生物量及微囊藻毒素含量的变化进行了测定,结果表明:温度升高与CO2浓度升高能够协同刺激铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)的生长,CO2浓度升高能导致铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)培养物中总毒素含量的上升,且总毒素含量与藻的生物量显著正相关(P0.05),但单个藻细胞的平均产毒量不会随CO2浓度升高而提高。上述结果说明全球气候变化(大气温度与CO2浓度的同时升高)将有可能造成铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa)水华的生物量增加,总产毒量将随之增加。     

The relationship between light intensity and nutrient uptake kinetics in six freshwater diatoms

In order to find effective measures to control diatom blooms, a better understanding of the physiological characteristics of nutrient uptake in diatoms is needed. A study of P and Si-uptake kinetics for diatom species from two light regimes was conducted at low (LL), moderate (ML) and high light intensities (HL) (2, 25 and 80 μmol photons/(m²·sec)), respectively. The results showed that P uptake of diatoms was heavily influenced by historic light regimes. P affinity changed with growth and photosynthetic activity. The lowest half saturation constant for P uptake (K_m(P)) was under HL for high-light adapted diatoms while the lowest half-saturation constant for low-light adapted diatoms was observed under LL. The Si half-saturation constant (K_m(Si)) increased with increasing light intensities for pennate diatoms but decreased for centric diatoms. Diatom volumes were correlated with the maximum Si uptake rates (V_m(Si)) at HL and K_m(Si) at ML and HL for six diatom species. Our results imply that when we assess the development of diatom blooms we should consider light intensity and cell volume in addition to ambient Si or P concentration. The relationship between light intensity and P-uptake suggests that we can find suitable methods to control diatom blooms on the basis of reducing phytoplankton activity of P-uptake and photosynthesis simultaneously.     

Effects of elevated CO_2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of alga

Introduction The atm ospheric C O 2 concentration increases at a rate of 1.5 滋 m ol/(m ol·a) and w ill double com pared to pre-industrial levels around the year 2050 (W atson et al., 1990). Its effects and m echanism by elevated CO 2 on global clim ate,…     

Effects of elevated CO2 on sensitivity of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of algae

Effects of elevated CO, （5000 μl/L） on sensitivity comparison of six species of algae and interspecific competition of three species of algae were investigated. The results showed that, the cell densities of six species of algae grown in elevated CO2 significantly increased compared to those in ambient CO2 （360 μl/L）, and with the time prolonged, the increasing extent increased. Therefore, elevated CO2 can promote the growth of six species of algae. However, there were differences in sensitivity between six species of algae. Based on the effects of elevated CO2 on biomass, the sensitive order （from high to low） was Platymanas sp., Platymanas subcordiformis, Nitzschia closterium, Isochrysis golbana Parke 8701, Dunoliella salina, Chlorella sp., on the condition of solitary cultivation. Compared to ambient CO2, elevated CO2 promoted the growth of three species of algae, Platymanas subcordiformis, Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701 under the condition of mixed cultivation. The sensitivity of the three species to elevated CO2 in mixed cultivation changed a lot compared to the condition of solitary cultivation. When grown in elevated CO2 under the condition of mixed cultivation, the sensitive order from high to low were Nitzschia clostertium, Platymonas subcordiformis; and Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701. However, under the condition of solitary cultivation, the sensitive order in elevated CO2 was Isochrysis galbana Parke 8701, Nitzschia clostertium, Platymonas subcordiformis, from sensitive to less sensitive. On the day 21, the dominant algae, the sub-dominant algae and inferior algae grown in elevated CO2 did not change. However, the population increasing dynamic and composition proportion of three algal species have significantly changed.     

光照与磷的交互作用对两种淡水藻类生长的影响

采用一次性单种培养的方法,研究了磷和光照对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长以及叶绿素形成的影响.结果表明,光照水平的提高能够提高藻类最大比增长率,延长藻类指数生长期;但达到一定水平后,光照水平的增加会抑制单细胞藻类体内叶绿素的合成.在试验设定的浓度范围内,磷对藻类最大比增长率的影响不大;而不利于藻类叶绿素的形成.对于铜绿微囊藻的生长,磷与光照表现出明显的交互作用,但对于四尾栅藻,二者的交互作用并不明显.     

除草剂百草枯对蓝藻和绿藻的毒性

为评估除草剂百草枯对藻类生态系统的环境毒害效应,测定了百草枯对4株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa XW01,M.aeruginosa 7806)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)、集胞藻(Synechocystis PCC 6803),以及两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.472)的毒害效应,采用半效抑制浓度EC5o值、无观察效应浓度(NOEC)、最低观察效应浓度(LOEC)及慢性值(ChV)评价了百草枯对6株藻的毒性.结果表明:蓝藻对百草枯的敏感性显著大于绿藻,蛋白核小球藻的96 h-EC50值是铜绿微囊藻XW01的96 h-EC50值的7.4倍.百草枯毒害作用具有时间效应,暴露时间越长,毒害作用越强.     

Effects of typical algae species (Aphanizomenon flosaquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) on photoreduction of Hg2+ in water body

Photoreduction characteristics of divalent inorganic mercury(Hg~(2+)) in the presence of specific algae species are still not well known. Laboratory experiments were conducted in the present study to identify the effects of different concentrations of living/dead algae species, including Aphanizomenon flosaquae(AF) and Microcystis aeruginosa(MA), on the photoreduction rate of Hg~(2+)under various light conditions. The experimental results showed that percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was significantly influenced by radiation wavelengths, and dramatically decreased with the presence of algae. The highest percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)was induced by UV-A, followed by UV-B, visible light and dark for both living and dead AF, and the order was dark UV-A UV-B visible light for both living and dead MA. There were two aspects, i.e., energy and attenuation rate of light radiation and excrementitious generated from algae metabolisms, were involved in the processes of Hg~(2+)photoreduction with the presence of algae under different light conditions. The percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)decreased from 15% to 11% when living and dead AF concentrations increased by 10 times(from 106 to 105 cells/mL), and decreased from 11% to ～ 9% in the case of living and dead MA increased. Algae can adsorb Hg~(2+)and decrease the concentration of free Hg~(2+), thus inhibiting Hg~(2+)photoreduction, especially under the conditions with high concentrations of algae. No significant differences were found in percentage reduction of Hg~(2+)between living and dead treatments of algae species.The results are of great importance for understanding the role of algae in Hg~(2+)photoreduction.     

不同光强对阿特拉津和百草枯藻类毒性的影响

分别在20和50μmol·m-2·s-1光照强度下,研究了两种除草剂阿特拉津和百草枯对3株蓝藻:铜绿微囊藻Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806、M.aeruginosa XW01、集胞藻Synechocystis PCC6803和两株绿藻:蛋白核小球藻Chlorella pyrenoidosa、四尾柵藻Scenedesmus quadricauda的毒害效应.通过测定藻的生长,计算出了半效抑制浓度EC50值,结果表明:高光强下两种除草剂对5株藻的96 h-EC50值均明显低于低光强下的值,显示高光强有促进两种除草剂对藻类毒害的效应.高光强可促使阿特拉津显著提高藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量,提示高光强促进阿特拉津产生更多的自由基破坏细胞膜脂.     

光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻生长的影响

在利用沉水植被对湖泊进行生态修复过程中,当营养盐有所降低,水体透明度增加有利于沉水植物生长时,丝状绿藻——刚毛藻会大量生长,从而影响生态修复效果.为了研究光照强度和磷浓度对寡枝刚毛藻(Cladophora oligoclona)生长的影响,本实验用含有不同磷浓度(0.005,0.02,0.1,0.6mg/L)的BBM培养基,在不同光照强度[10,30,50μmol/(m2·s)]下培养寡枝刚毛藻16d.结果发现,在光照强度为10μmol/(m2·s),初始P浓度0.1mg/L以上时,刚毛藻鲜重增加(约0.05g),其余处理条件下,刚毛藻鲜重均减少,其中光强为50μmol/(m2·s),初始磷浓度为0.005mg/L时,刚毛藻鲜重减少量最大(约0.49g).叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值的变化表现为光强越大,Fv/Fm的值越低.在光强为10μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值在0.75左右.光强为50μmol/(m2·s)时,Fv/Fm值仅为0.3.在相同光强下,不同磷浓度对Fv/Fm值变化无显著影响.相对于磷浓度对刚毛藻生长的影响,光强对刚毛藻的生长影响更大,且高光强不利于刚毛藻的生长.