黑龙江省生态旅游产业发展的综合评价及推进建议

旅游产业被认为是21世纪发展最快的产业之一.随着旅游业的不断发展,其对生态环境的影响日益增加,一种新的旅游形式--"生态旅游",已经蓬勃发展起来.黑龙江省拥有丰富的生态旅游资源,已经逐步形成了以自然文化资源为主要特色的生态旅游产业.依托丰富具有特色的自然文化资源,黑龙江省作为生态旅游目的地具有巨大的吸引力.着重通过综合评价指标体系对黑龙江省生态旅游产业的发展进行综合评价,提出了推进黑龙江省生态旅游产业发展的建议.     

泛化理解下的生态旅游发展思考——以南京珍珠泉旅游度假区为例

20世纪80年代初,许多学者提出了生态旅游的概念,以期解决旅游业中人与自然日趋激烈的矛盾,如今生态旅游已渐渐成为旅游业的发展方向。文章在概念的泛化理解下分析了发展生态旅游的核心,并以南京珍珠泉旅游度假区为例,阐述了其多方面的开发优势,提出其开发原则、理念和发展生态旅游的框架,以期对长江流域乃至全国的旅游资源开发提供借鉴。     

基于价值工程的生态旅游资源评价研究——以浙江省丽水市为例

生态旅游资源是发展生态旅游的重要基础,生态旅游资源评价是生态旅游开发的依据,建立指标体系是评价的关键。根据生态旅游的特征,在综合考虑生态旅游资源、生态环境、旅游开发条件和旅游开发潜力的基础上,建立了生态旅游资源评价的指标体系。通过对专家进行问卷征询,运用价值工程评价法对生态旅游资源各评价因素和因子的重要性进行分析,结果表明：生态环境条件和旅游开发条件是重要的影响因素;旅游资源组合条件、知名度和影响力、大气质量、旅游资源对游客的吸引力以及水体质量是居于前5位的重要影响因子。以浙江省丽水市为例,运用价值工程评价法得出丽水生态环境条件优势最明显,11个评价因子中有9个评价因子的价值系数（V）大于1;旅游资源组合条件（V=0.640）、本地投资能力（V=0.655）、区域经济水平（V=0.671）、旅游设施（V=0.672）以及知名度和影响力（V=0.678）等因子相对不足,最后针对评价结果提出了实现丽水生态旅游可持续发展的措施。     

沿海生态旅游资源评价指标及尺度研究——以江苏沿海为例

旅游资源评价是生态旅游研究的主要内容之一,尺度选取和指标建立是评价的关键。从生态旅游的角度出发,筛选体现沿海湿地类型、生态环境、旅游期望值、海洋文化以及开发程度等项目的一系列指标,综合构建沿海生态旅游资源评价指标体系。运用景观生态学理论,文章提出了沿海生态旅游资源(景观)评价的时空尺度、自然人文理性尺度以及数理统计尺度。在此基础上,运用层次分析法对江苏沿海生态旅游资源的吸引力、开发潜力和综合价值进行定性和定量评价,并探讨了发展江苏沿海生态旅游的策略。     

湖南省永兴县生态旅游现状与可持续发展

通过调查和评价永兴县旅游资源的分布和种类,探索永兴县生态旅游的发展目标和可持续发展方案。实践证明,永兴县生态旅游重点是打造便江画廊生态旅游区、板梁一悦来乡村旅游区和中国银都旅游区等品牌产品,积极推广“千年银都和一江丹霞”的旅游形象,加强生态旅游资源的管理,优化旅游产品和产业结构,全面提升旅游竞争力,有利于促进旅游业在永兴县的发展,有利于把永兴建设成为具有区域影响意义的省级精品旅游目的地。     

生态旅游资源有偿使用法律制度研究

资源有价已经逐渐成为当代社会的共识,自然资源的价值和价格问题也已成为当今社会热点问题,生态旅游资源作为当前新兴的资源在中国尚无明文规定有偿使用这一制度,国家或集体作为民事主体对生态旅游资源所享有的收益权被严重低估甚至忽视,生态旅游资源几乎成了"免费午餐".因此,必须健全中国生态旅游资源有偿使用法律制度,完善相关立法,建立科学的价格形成机制和规范的出让程序,最大程度地实现国家或集体的收益权能.     

泸沽湖生态旅游建设研究

生态旅游强调开采取一系列措施保护旅游业以生存和发展的资源和环境，泸沽湖生态旅游资源丰富，独特，发展生态旅游潜力巨大，在泸沽湖旅游业发展中，只有将生态旅游的保护思想融入旅游开发和管理，才能实现可持续发展，否则最终将导致旅游业的衰落。     

自然保护区环境资源保护与生态旅游的研究

生态旅游作为我国第三方国民支柱产业,在我国经济发展中占有重要地位。随着近年来生态旅游开发的高速发展,自然保护区环境资源保护与生态旅游开发问题日渐凸显,如何处理好自然保护区环境资源保护与生态旅游之间的关系成为人们研究的重点课题。基于此,本文对自然保护区环境资源保护与生态旅游之间的关系进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了自然保护区环境资源保护与生态旅游的对策,以供参考。     

森林保健旅游开发之探讨

生态旅游已成为21世纪世界旅游业的热点,森林旅游被认为是生态旅游的龙头和主体.森林保健旅游则是森林生态旅游的重要发展方向.在对森林保健功能阐析的基础上,提出中国森林保健旅游开发方向与对策.     

生态旅游 不仅仅是走向大自然

旅游业目前已经成为世界上发展最快、赢利最丰的行业之一,并将继续保持强劲的发展势头。在我国,1996年国内旅游人数达到6.5亿人次,外国来华的旅游者达到5120万人,旅游外汇收入102亿美元,旅游业总产值达2500亿人民币。中国已经成为世界第5旅游大国。在旅游业中,生态旅游更是方兴未艾,迅速崛起。根据最近在巴西召开的世界生态旅游大会上公布的数据,全世界的生态旅游每年的产值为200亿美元,几乎占所有国际旅游的20％。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.