BTEX在乙醇汽油和传统汽油污染地下水中的衰减行为对比

地下燃油储藏罐泄漏造成苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯（BTEX）影响生态环境和公众健康的问题一直备受关注,随着乙醇汽油的推广使用,乙醇对BTEX修复策略的影响成为需要重视的新问题.为揭示乙醇汽油污染地下水中BTEX的衰减行为,本文通过室内两个独立砂槽投注实验和近3年的监测,对比了乙醇汽油和传统汽油中BTEX自然衰减和基于硫酸盐-硝酸盐补充的增强生物修复行为.结果表明,传统汽油BTEX自然衰减较快,乙醇汽油BTEX自然衰减较慢,一级衰减速率常数分别为0.0055~0.0329 d^-1和0.0045~0.0124 d^-1;苯衰减最快,其次为甲苯.补充硫酸盐和硝酸盐能促进生物修复,单独补充硫酸盐时其利用率为89.7%~92.9%,同时补充硝酸盐时硫酸盐利用被抑制,硝酸盐利用率为79.9%~87.2%.水位波动会促进BTEX溶解和迁移,增大质量通量.乙醇汽油不仅能消耗更多电子受体,使得BTEX衰减被抑制,而且可能会扩大水位波动引起的增溶效应.     

氧化沟工艺低氧同步脱氮启动研究

在常温条件下,采用小试Pasveer氧化沟处理低C/N实际污水,通过控制好氧区平均ρ(DO)为0.2～0.4 mg/L,保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比为1∶1,成功实现低氧脱氮过程。其中,模式1先接种好氧污泥并逐渐降低好氧区DO,然后接种缺氧污泥;模式2初始阶段保持低氧环境,并直接接种好氧和缺氧混合污泥。结果显示:两种方式均能成功启动低氧脱氮并保持较高的脱氮率;同时,当C/N值为1.94时,氨氮去除率较高;当C/N值为3.00时,总氮去除率较高,低氧低碳条件下脱氮效果较好。     

基于TMVOC的地下水位波动带苯系物迁移转化模拟

为探究水位波动情况下苯系物的迁移转化规律,提高石油污染场地地下水污染治理精度,以西北某傍河石化场地为研究对象,基于TMVOC模型对特征污染物苯系物开展泄漏模拟,通过情景模拟比较水位波动对苯系物迁移转化的影响,并从污染分布、相间转化等方面,解析地下水位稳定和波动状态下苯系物迁移转化过程差异.结果表明:①TMVOC模型较好地模拟了水位波动状态下苯系物迁移转化过程.②相较于水位稳定状态下,水位波动作用下苯系物污染深度增加0.5 m,污染面积增加25%,总质量增加12 kg.③水位稳定和波动状态下苯系物"气-液-NAPL（Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids）相"占比分别为0.17%、2.03%、97.8%和0.04%、3.69%、96.27%.④NAPL相苯系物饱和度分布与苯系物质量分布呈正相关,水位波动造成NAPL相初始饱和度降低,且初始水位面以下NAPL相饱和度升高.⑤对于苯而言,水位波动状态下非饱和带中苯在液相中的质量是水位稳定状态下的1.11倍,饱和带为10.15倍.研究显示,水位波动显著地影响了苯系物的迁移转化过程,促进了苯系物的溶解,并使更多的苯系物残留在地下介质中.      

运用批实验研究溶解氧对米酒去除硝酸盐的影响

为了判别不同溶解氧条件下脱氮效果和碳的需求量,在水温为25~30℃条件下,设置了缺氧、微氧和有氧3种输入条件,以及C/N分别为2.0、1.5两种碳源投放量开展实验。研究表明:溶解氧的存在对反硝化作用的启动有延迟作用,但影响较小。溶解氧对于反硝化过程并没有产生明显的抑制作用,但在溶解氧较低的情况下,反硝化速率更为理想。缺氧条件下,C/N的适宜值应低于1.5;微氧条件下的C/N适宜值在1.5~2.0;而在有氧条件下C/N=2.0时可高效去除硝酸盐。该研究可为农村地区家庭自行去除饮用水中硝酸盐的实际应用提供参考。     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

厌氧/好氧SNEDPR系统处理低C/N污水的优化运行

为实现同步硝化内源反硝化除磷（SNEDPR）系统的优化运行,以实际生活污水为处理对象,采用厌氧（180min）/好氧运行的SBR反应器,并通过联合调控好氧段溶解氧（DO）浓度（0.3～1.0mg/L）和好氧时间（150～240min）,考察了该系统脱氮除磷特性.并结合荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术对系统优化过程中各功能菌群的结构变化情况进行了分析.试验结果表明,当系统好氧段DO浓度由约1.0mg/L逐渐降至0.3mg/L,且好氧时间由150min逐渐延长至240min后,出水PO₄^3--P浓度稳定在0.4mg/L左右,但出水TN浓度由14.3mg/L降至8.7mg/L,TN去除率由75%提高至84%.此外,随着好氧段DO浓度的降低,SNED现象愈加明显,SNED率由34.7%逐渐升高至63.8%.SNED的加强,降低了出水NO₃^--N浓度,并提高了系统的脱氮性能和厌氧段的内碳源储存量.FISH结果表明：经127d的优化运行,系统内PAOs,GAOs和AOB（氨氧化菌）仍保持在较高水平（分别全菌的29%±3%,20%±3%和13%±3%）,其保证了系统除磷、硝化和反硝化脱氮性能;但NOB（亚硝酸盐氧化菌）含量减少了50%,为系统内实现短程硝化内源反硝化提供了可能.     

连续流湿地中DO、ORP状况及与植物根系分布的关系

构建了水平潜流芦苇人工湿地以处理富营养化河水.在连续运行的近2a时间中,对湿地芦苇根系分布、湿地水体溶解氧(DO)、氧化还原电位(OBP)的时空变化及水力负荷(HLR)对DO、ORP的影响等进行了研究.结果表明,当年生芦苇95%的根系生物量分布在0～20 cm的基质层中,第2个生长年中97%的根系生物量分布在0～35 cm的基质层中,第2年植物根系在深度方向上有了更大的扩展.湿地中上层水体DO和ORP在沿程方向上是逐渐升高的,底层的变化很小,在水深方向上上层大于中底层.受芦苇根系主要分布在基质上层的影响,距地表20 cm的范围内基本属于中等还原环境,中底层水体为强还原环境,水平潜流湿地内部总体上是厌氧状态的.受植物光合作用及大气复氧作用的影响,湿地水体DO在1d之内先升高后降低.水体DO及ORP随着HLR的增大而降低.考察了植物根区ORP状况及根系分布对水体氧化还原状态的影响,结果表明,根系表面的OBP高达(260.6±54.3)mV,远高于水体的ORP(-220.3±21.5)mV.植物根系的释氧作用提高了根区的氧化能力.根区的好氧微环境不足以改变湿地内部的整体厌氧状态;但湿地上层大量根系分布仍然起到了改善湿地上层环境氧化状态的作用.     

DO对SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的影响研究

实验研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮城市污水处理工艺。试验结果表明:DO是影响SBBR工艺实现同步硝化反硝化的一个重要因素,将DO控制在2.8～4.0mg/L的范围内,可以取得较好同步硝化反硝化效果,总氮去除率可达67%以上。通过好氧反应过程中溶解氧在生物膜内反应扩散模型以及扫描电镜对生物膜的形态结构观察,分析了SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化机理。SBBR工艺同步硝化反硝化主要是由微环境引起的,生物膜在好氧条件下能创造缺氧微环境,DO浓度直接影响生物膜内部好氧区与缺氧区比例的大小,进而影响硝化和反硝化的效果。DO浓度升高,使氧传递能力增强,使生物膜内部原来的微环境由缺氧性转为好氧性;反之DO浓度降低,生物膜内部微环境倾向于向缺氧或厌氧发展。     

典型污染物包覆层中氯仿的沿程生物转化机制

为明晰氯仿（CF）在包覆层中的降解过程,构建了模拟覆盖层系统（SLCS）,并结合高通量测序技术首次系统分析了CF在SLCS中的沿程生物转化机制,结果表明,覆盖层可根据氧气含量分为有氧区（0~20cm）、缺氧区（20~40cm）和无氧区（>40cm）.高通量测序分析表明,有氧区的优势菌为甲烷氧化菌,其中I型菌Methylobacter（甲基杆菌属）及Ⅱ型菌Methylosinus（甲基弯菌属）居多,缺氧区甲烷氧化菌的相对丰度为13%左右,缺氧和无氧区中Anaeromyxobacter（厌氧粘细菌属）成为了优势CF厌氧降解菌.CF在有氧、缺氧和无氧条件下均有效降解.在缺氧和无氧区,CF经厌氧还原脱氯转化为二氯甲烷,部分二氯甲烷在Dehalobacter（脱卤素杆菌属）作用下产生乙酸盐、H₂和CO₂.在有氧区,其余二氯甲烷通过甲烷氧化菌共代谢降解.改变进气口通量发现,SLCS对甲烷的去除率与通量呈负相关关系（R²=0.80）,但甲烷氧化速率与通量呈正相关关系（R²=0.90）.与甲烷类似,SLCS对CF的去除率与进气口通量呈负相关关系（R²=0.86）,但降解速率与进气口通量呈正相关关系（R²=0.89）.此外,进气口通量的增加对CF好氧共代谢降解的促进作用大于厌氧还原脱氯降解.该研究对氯代烃类污染物的降解提供了新的基础,对该类污染物的原位生物修复提供了理论依据.     

Impact of carbon-based nutrient enhancement on biofiltration performance for drinking water treatment

Incorporation of a carbon-based nutrient enhancement strategy for drinking water biofiltration is an attractive option, especially for source waters which contain recalcitrant organics. This study compared biofilters that were operated in parallel and individually enhanced with amino acids (including alanine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan), inulin, and sucrose to increase biomass concentration and promote biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water, including disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors. Biomass activity was characterized by measuring adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption, and through the use of laccase and esterase enzyme assays. Performance was evaluated in terms of headloss, turbidity, pH, DOC, UV₂₅₄, and DBP formation potential (DBP FP). The introduction of carbon-based nutrients significantly increased biomass activity, where ATP values peaked at 976?ng/g of filter media, 853?ng/g, and 513?ng/g for amino acids, inulin, and sucrose-spiked biofilters, respectively, while a non-spiked control only reached 104?ng/g. DO utilization by the enhanced biofilters was significantly higher than the control, with a strong correlation between ATP and DO uptake observed for all filters (R²?>?0.74). Laccase and esterase enzyme activities of enhanced biofilters were also elevated (p?> 0.05), suggesting greater biodegradation potential. Operational parameters such as headloss development and turbidity control were not impaired by carbon supplementation strategies or an increase in biomass concentration and activity. However, the enhancement strategy did not provide improvement in terms of source water carbon removal (DOC and UV₂₅₄) or DBP FP when treated filters were compared to a control.     

溶解氧对分段进水生物脱氮工艺的影响

采用分段进水生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水.设置0.9,0.6,0.4,0.3m³/h4组曝气量,相应的好氧区溶解氧(DO)浓度约为2.8,1.7,0.8,0.5mg/L左右.结果表明,在好氧区DO为0.5mg/L左右的低氧条件下,通过对系统进行适当的控制,可以取得较好的硝化效果,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.同时,由于低曝气量下混合液从好氧区到缺氧区携带的DO量减少,并且在好氧区发生了同步硝化反硝化作用,使得TN去除效果明显优于高曝气量的情况.另外,由于工艺结构的特点,分段进水生物脱氮系统可长期在低氧条件下运行,且污泥沉降性能良好.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

乙醇对含水层中燃油芳香烃内在生物修复的潜在风险

内在生物修复,是在没有工程措施促进的情况下利用土著微生物降解含水层内灾害性物质的一种修复技术,在燃油烃污染管理方面具有显著的成本效益。该技术需要确定自然衰减过程,并能够继续提供有效的风险保护。针对燃油污染含水层,北美与欧洲认为内在生物修复是值得优先考虑的应用技术。然而,随着乙醇燃油的推广使用,我国在应用这样的经验时需要考虑乙醇的潜在影响。现有的文献研究表明乙醇存在能够阻止燃油主要污染物芳香烃(BTEX)的生物降解,降低水环境的pH值,并可能增强BTEX在水中的溶解性,或存在对生物的毒性,或因为乙醇降解降低介质的渗透性能。因此,需要更好地认识乙醇的潜在风险,为发展乙醇燃油污染含水层修复策略提供科学依据。     

辽河盘锦段与河口海域水体氮素分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系

选取辽河盘锦段至河口近岸海域区域进行研究水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分布特征及其与溶解氧的关系进行研究。结果表明水中氮素含量高于海水,且氨氮表现尤为突出,可能与水体中溶解氧含量和微生物环境、海水的稀释和迁移有很大关系;河水中氮素与溶解氧的呈显著负相关,而海水中氮素与溶解氧的关系不明显。这可能与海水的质化作用有关。     

苯系化合物在硝酸盐还原条件下的生物降解性能

运用驯化的反硝化混合菌群进行了苯系化合物(BTEX)的厌氧降解试验.结果表明,混合菌群能够在反硝化条件下有效降解苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯和对二甲苯.BTEX的降解规律符合底物抑制的Monod模型,当初始浓度小于50mg·L^-1时,6种受试基质的厌氧降解速率顺序为:甲苯>乙苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>对二甲苯>苯.整个试验过程中NO₃^-的消耗与苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯及对二甲苯生物降解之间的摩尔比分别为:9.47,9.26,1     

石油污染土壤生物修复中试系统对微生物特性的影响

微生物作为土壤石油烃生物降解的主体,其活性是提高石油降解效率的关键要素.在石油污染土壤生物修复过程中,环境条件的改变造成微生物特性及其降解活性的相应变化.与现场调研的土壤相比,生物修复中试系统中微生物密度提高了1个数量级,FDA活性提高了1.5倍.由于环境胁迫产生的诱导作用,除油微生物优势明显.中试系统运行稳定后,除油微生物密度比微生物总密度低1个数量级,污染土壤中微生物的活性与除油微生物的密度变化更趋于一致.扫描电镜和显微镜观察结果表明,生物修复系统微生物以杆菌、球菌为主,革兰氏染色呈阳性.生物修复不同时期土壤与现场土样相比,其种群构成呈现各自的特点.在生物修复后期,微生物种群多样性有所降低,在强化生物修复中试系统中更为明显.这主要是因为随着反应的进行,环境胁迫对微生物的种群多样性及其相对丰度都产生了诱导.      

Groundwater contamination and natural attenuation capacity at a petroleum spilled facility in Korea

As a remedial option, the natural attenuation capacity of a petroleum contaminated groundwater at a military facility was examined. Hydrogeological conditions, such as high water level, permeable uppermost layer and frequent heavy rainfall, were favorable to natural attenuation at this site. The changes in the concentrations of electron acceptors and donors, as well as the relevant hydrochemical conditions, indicated the occurrence of aerobic respiration, denitrification, iron reduction, manganese reduction and sulfate reduction. The calculated BTEX expressed biodegradation capacity ranged between 20.52 and 33.67 mg/L, which appeared effective for the reduction of the contaminants levels. The contribution of each electron accepting process to the total biodegradation was in the order: denitrification > iron reduction > sulfate reduction > aerobic respiration > manganese reduction. The BTEX and benzene point attenuation rates were 0.0058-0.0064 and 0.0005-0.0032 day^-1, respectively, and the remediation time was 0.7-1.2 and 2.5-30 years, respectively. The BTEX and benzene bulk attenuation rates were 8.69 × 10^-4 and 1.05 × 10^-3 day^-1, respectively, and the remediation times for BTEX and benzene were 7.2 and 17.5 years, respectively. However, most of the natural attenuation occurring in this site can be attributed to dilution and dispersion. Consequently, the biodegradation and natural attenuation capacities were good enough to lower the contaminants levels, but their rates appeared to be insufficient to reach the remediation goal within a reasonable time frame. Therefore, some active remedial measures would be required.     

岩溶地下河反硝化作用的有限性——一个碳酸盐岩管道的实验研究

反硝化作用是公认的去除水体中硝酸盐的路径,但相比于多孔介质,岩溶地下河中反硝化效果具有不确定性.为更好地认识岩溶地下河中反硝化效果,本研究利用天然碳酸盐岩管道几何模型,以乙醇为可利用电子供体(碳源),示踪了控制流速条件下管道流中反硝化作用,并辅以多孔介质流实验进行对比.反应示踪、地球化学印迹和微生物检测结果表明:当碳源缺乏时,反硝化作用没有明显启动的迹象;一旦补充了碳源,溶解氧、硝酸盐浓度和质量都出现了明显衰减,并且有中间产物亚硝酸盐产生,水体碱度增加.然而,即使在碳源充足情况下,管道流中反硝化强度却明显比多孔介质流中强度低,两者硝酸盐生物去除率分别为39.4%和大于99%,生物降解速率分别为0.113和10.8 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1).推测其原因,一是碳酸盐岩管道内固体表面积与水体积比值低,固体吸着条件不利于微生物生长与发育,降低了硝酸盐去除率;二是管道富含的溶解氧可能延迟了反硝化作用启动,溶解氧降至3.0 mg·L~(-1)左右时硝酸盐浓度才有明显衰减.相比之下,其它环境因素如p H值和温度没有出现明显变化.该研究意义在于:岩溶管道流反硝化去除硝酸盐的潜能是存在的,但即使可利用碳源充足仍具有明显的局限性,这可能意味着岩溶地下河一旦遭受硝酸盐污染,其作为饮用水源的安全风险更大.     

Application of sewage sludge and intermittent aeration strategy to the bioremediation of DDT-and HCH-contaminated soil

Adding organic amendments to stimulate the biodegradation of pesticides is a subject of ongoing interest. The effect of sewage sludge on the bioremediation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane（DDT） and hexachlorocyclohexane（HCH） contaminated soil was investigated in bench scale experiments,and intermittent aeration strategy was also used in this study to form an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. Bioremediation of DDT and HCH was enhanced with the addition of sewage sludge and the intermittent aeration. The removal rates of HCH and DDT were raised by 16.8%–80.8% in 10 days. Sewage sludge increased the organic carbon content from 6.2 to218 g/kg,and it could also introduce efficient degradation microbes to soil,including Pseudomonas sp.,Bacillus sp. and Sphingomonas sp. The unaerated phase enhanced the anaerobic dechlorination of DDT and HCH,and anaerobic removal rates of β-HCH,o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDT accounted for more than 50% of the total removal rates,but the content of α-HCH declined more in the aerobic phase.     

不同电子受体对无分子氧环境中苯微生物降解的影响

为了考察提供氧分子以外的其它电子受体时微生物对石油污染的修复效果,在缺氧和厌氧条件下,采用批式试验方法研究了活性污泥在供给硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、EDTA铁盐或硝酸盐+EDTA铁盐条件下对苯的降解效果,探讨了这些电子受体对缺氧和厌氧微生物降解苯的影响以及这些电子受体之间的相互作用.结果表明:①在供给硝酸盐时,苯的生物降解作用、硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐暂时累积现象同时出现;②当供给亚硝酸盐时,苯的生物降解作用不明显;③在供给EDTA铁盐为电子受体时,苯的生物降解作用明显,亚铁盐浓度逐渐升高;④当同时供给硝酸盐和EDTA铁盐时,苯的生物降解作用明显.并且没有出现明显的亚硝酸盐和亚铁盐累积现象.这表明,同时供给硝酸盐和EDTA铁盐时,伴随苯的降解首先硝酸盐和铁盐还原产生亚硝酸盐和亚铁盐,随后亚硝酸盐将亚铁盐氧化为铁盐.氧化产生的铁盐又继续作为苯降解的电子受体来降解苯;铁离子和亚铁离子之间构成的氧化还原循环,从而促进了苯的缺氧降解和硝酸盐还原.