氨基酚类化合物对鲤鱼(Cyprinus caprio)肾细胞遗传毒性的影响

应用彗星试验技术,通过检测分级与分析软件相结合的方法,研究氨基酚类化合物在鲤鱼体内暴露72h后对其肾脏细胞DNA的遗传毒性。结果表明:3种氨基酚类化合物均能引起不同程度的DNA损伤,其损伤程度随剂量的增加而增加;与溶剂对照组相比,存在显著或极显著差异(P<0 05,P<0 01);同时,4个损伤指标AU,TDNA,MT及MOT显示了较好的一致性;结果也表明3种化合物所表现出的基因毒性差异可能与其结构有关。试验表明鱼类肾细胞彗星试验在环境质量监测中有较大的应用前景。      

长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性研究

运用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验和蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验对长江南京段水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究. 结果表明:长江南京段水体中的有机污染物对人外周血淋巴细胞和蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,存在明显的遗传毒性,有机物是导致水体遗传毒性的主要因素. 试验结果与水体的有机污染状况基本一致. 彗星试验结果及趋势与微核试验相吻合,但前者更为敏感. 彗星试验和微核试验的结合使用在水环境的遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值.      

人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验检测饮用水水质毒性研究

应用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验对无锡充山水厂、中桥水厂,常州西石桥水厂进出水及金坛市拟用水源地长荡湖湖心水样的生物毒性进行了研究．结果表明,各水样的有机浓集物均可对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤,存在一定的遗传毒性．试验结果与各水样水质污染状况基本一致．同时,季节变化以及常规水处理过程对水样的生物毒性也有影响．研究表明,彗星试验可有效地用于检测饮用水质有机浓集物遗传毒性．     

四膜虫彗星实验在环境水质检测中的应用

介绍四膜虫作为生物材料在彗星实验水质检测中的应用,探讨了将单细胞原生生物应用于彗星实验在环境水质检测、遗传毒性检测等方面的应用优势和发展前景。研究结果表明:过氧化氢浓度与细胞损伤之间呈现良好的剂量-效应关系,东湖水和长江水未造成四膜虫DNA的损伤,印染厂污水对细胞有严重的损伤作用,可能会影响正常的生态环境。     

彗星实验检测渤海主要入海河流遗传毒性

利用彗星实验检测渤海区主要入海河流遗传毒性.以虾虎鱼为受试生物,暂养在河口水样中,染毒48h,取外周血细胞,运用彗星实验检测外周血细胞内DNA损伤程度,以尾相(TM)作为DNA损伤程度指标,并据此评估入海河流邻近海域遗传毒性风险.实验结果表明,入海河流中的特征污染物可导致虾虎鱼外周血细胞的DNA损伤,且损伤程度可以通过彗星实验定量分析,同时该试验方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,能够反映出多种污染因子的综合致毒能力.因此,通过彗星实验建立实验室检测入海河流遗传毒性方法具有可行行和创新性.     

试述生物毒性试验在工业废水监测中的应用

本文主要论述了废水生物毒性试验在国内外发展过程及应用于废水监测的生物毒性和理化法的优缺点比较，简单介绍了生物毒性试验在工业废水监测中应用的几种常见方法。     

遗传毒性检测技术在海洋环境监测中的应用

介绍了几种常用的遗传毒性检测技术,即Ames试验、微核试验和彗星试验等;概述了国内外在海洋环境的遗传毒性检测领域所取得的成果及研究进展;通过与常规化学监测做比较,阐明遗传毒性检测在海洋环境监测中的重要性;最后探讨了开展海洋环境遗传毒性检测可能存在的问题,为把遗传毒性检测技术应用于我国海洋环境监测提供思路。     

阿散酸及其降解产物对鱼和蚯蚓的遗传毒性

为了全面评价有机胂制剂阿散酸对水生生物和土壤生物的遗传毒性效应,文章分别以红鲤鱼和赤子爱胜蚓为生物材料,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术从细胞水平上研究了阿散酸降解前后对鲤鱼肾细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤。鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前和降解的第4周阿散酸对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA有显著损伤,表现出明显的遗传毒性作用,但第二周却不引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的任何损伤。蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前不能诱导蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,不表现遗传毒性效应,与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);但阿散酸降解开始后,各浓度的降解混合物体系都能引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,表现出较强的遗传毒性作用。     

基于SCGE的五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫DNA损伤的研究

采用单细胞凝胶电泳(SCGE)技术,研究了在不同的染毒时间内不同浓度的五氯酚(PCP)对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的损伤.结果显示,各PCP染毒组细胞彗星尾部DNA含量 (%DNAT) 和彗星尾长(TL) 显著增加,与空白对照组比较,差异极显著(P0.926,说明在实验浓度范围内, 存在显著的浓度-效应关系.在同一浓度下,随着暴露时间的增加,处理组%DNAT和TL逐渐增加,存在显著的时间-效应关系.由于PCP可引起稀有鮈鲫血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的严重损伤,因此稀有鮈鲫血细胞和肝脏细胞DNA的损伤可作为PCP遗传毒性的指示.     

鱼血微核试验在项目竣工环保验收监测中应用

某化工技改项目曾因超标排污引发跨地区厂群纠纷被责令停产整改,为考察该项目整改后废水处理设施的运行效果,在该项目竣工环保验收监测期间,采用鱼外周血红细胞微核试验现场检测废水的遗传毒性。结果表明:Cr6+对鱼外周血红细胞有致突变作用,并有明显剂量效应关系;试验期间废水特征污染物均达标排放,未对生物监测塘中的鲤鱼和鲫鱼产生明显的遗传损伤;微核试验与验收监测结果有可比性。证实了鱼血微核试验可用于长期监控敏感项目废水遗传毒物的排放。     

镉引起蚕豆(Vicia faba)叶片DNA损伤和细胞凋亡研究

以蚕豆为研究对象,采用碱性、半碱性和中性彗星实验方法研究Cd对植物DNA的损伤,同时还采用DAPI染色法从细胞形态学入手研究Cd诱导的蚕豆叶片的细胞凋亡.用3种彗星实验研究Cd处理蚕豆叶片DNA损伤,结果表明Cd能够引起蚕豆叶片DNA损伤,但是不同Cd浓度引起DNA损伤的种类不同:5mg·L^-1Cd处理主要引起单链DNA损伤和碱性不稳定位点的形成;10mg·L^-1Cd处理时开始检测到DNA双链断裂;20mg·L^-1Cd处理下,各种类型的DNA损伤均明显增加,且DNA双链断裂尤其明显.DAPI染色法通过细胞形态学变化来检测蚕豆叶片细胞凋亡的结果表明,蚕豆叶片细胞在Cd处理下发生凋亡的过程与DNA损伤过程有很大的相关性.结果表明,Cd是一种基因毒性物质,同时证明Cd引起的DNA损伤是引起细胞发生凋亡的机制之一.     

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

Genotoxicity evaluation and a primary risk assessment of organic pollutants in the drinking water sources of Nanjing, China

An increasing number of industrial, agricultural, and commercial chemicals in the aquatic environment leads to various deleterious effects on organisms, which is becoming an increasingly serious problem in China. In this study, the comet assay was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity to human body caused by organic concentrates in the drinking water sources of Nanjing City from Yangtze River of China, and health and ecology risk due to expose to these organic pollutants were evaluated with the multimedia environmental assessment system （MEAS）. For all the water samples, they were collected from four different locations in the drinking water sourcr samples, es of Nanjing City. The results of the comet assay showed that all the organic concentrates from the water samples could induce different levels DNA damages on human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a statistically significant difference （p〈0.01） was observed compared with the solvent control, which demonstrated the genotoxicity was in existence. According to the ambient severity （AS） of individual compound, we had sorted out the main organic pollutants in the drinking water source of the four waterworks, and the results showed that there was some potential hazard to human body for all the source water, namely the total ambient severity （TAS） of health for each water source was more than 1. However, the TAS of ecology for each water source was less than 1, which indicated that it was safe to ecology. The results of this investigation demonstrate the application of the comet assay and the MEAS in aquatic environmental monitoring studies, and the comet assay found to be fast, sensitive, and suitable for genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water source.     

HepG2细胞对垃圾渗滤液经SND/UF/RO处理前后的毒性评估

垃圾渗滤液含有高浓度难降解毒性污染物及致癌、致诱变和致畸物质,其较为成熟的处理工艺主要有硝化反硝化(SND)、超滤(UF)和反渗透(RO)等.目前,关于SND/UF/RO技术对渗滤液处理前后的毒性降低情况尤其与细胞凋亡相关的研究较缺乏,故本文选用HepG2细胞为评价对象,研究经SND/UF/RO处理前后垃圾渗滤液的细胞...     

Evaluation of drinking water treatment combined filter backwash water recycling technology based on comet and micronucleus assay

Based on the fact that recycling of combined filter backwash water（CFBW）directly to drinking water treatment plants（WTP）is considered to be a feasible method to enhance pollutant removal efficiency,we were motivated to evaluate the genotoxicity of water samples from two pilot-scale drinking water treatment systems,one with recycling of combined backwash water,the other one with a conventional process.An integrated approach of the comet and micronucleus（MN）assays was used with zebrafish（Danio rerio）to investigate the water genotoxicity in this study.The total organic carbon（TOC）,dissolved organic carbon（DOC）,and trihalomethane formation potential（THMFP）,of the recycling process were lower than that of the conventional process.All the results showed that there was no statistically significant difference（P>0.05）between the conventional and recycling processes,and indicated that the genotoxicity of water samples from the recycling process did not accumulate in 15 day continuous recycling trial.It was worth noting that there was correlation between the concentrations of TOC,DOC,UV₂₅₄,and THMFPs in water and the DNA damage score,with corresponding R² values of 0.68,0.63,0.28,and 0.64.Nevertheless,both DNA strand breaks and MN frequency of all water samples after disinfection were higher than that of water samples from the two treatment units,which meant that the disinfection by-products（DBPs）formed by disinfection could increase the DNA damage.Both the comet and MN tests suggest that the recycling process did not increase the genotoxicity risk,compared to the traditional process.