海洋环境污染监测方案设计研究

海洋环境污染监测方案是一项复杂的系统工程。中国经过２０多年海洋环境污好监测的实践活动，积累了丰富的经验。但是，由于未能对海洋环境污染监测方案进行深入细致的研讨，致使今天我国海洋环境污染监测尚停留在定性或半定量描述阶段。该文第一次把有关海洋环境污染监测相结合，通过运用逻辑构思方法和监测方法学，详细分析监测方案设计中的各个阶段，监测目标的提出，到方案的实施；从监测数据的加工，到监测信息的发布都进行了辩证的分析。本文既是中国海洋环境污染监测方案的设计指南，也是中国海洋环境污染监测工作的集大成。     

Dumping on the high seas: National regulations and their application in practice in the Federal Republic of Germany

A survey is given of the way in which in the Federal Republic of Germany the Conventions for the prevention of marine pollution by the dumping of wastes from ships or aircraft are implemented. Organizational problems as wel as permits granted at the present time are discussed.     

The Potential of Current- and Wind-Driven Transport for Environmental Management of the Baltic Sea

The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impact to the coasts. This method is based on characterizing systematically the damaging potential of the offshore areas in terms of potential transport to vulnerable regions of an oil spill or other pollution that has occurred in a particular area. The resulting maps of probabilities of pollution to be transported to the nearshore and the time it takes for the pollution to reach the nearshore are used to design environmentally optimized fairways for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Proper, and south-western Baltic Sea.     

海洋高技术发展及其对海洋生态环境影响的案例分析与政策研究

本文描述了海洋高技术的兴起与进展、海洋采矿对生态环境影响的案例分析。６０年代以来，海洋高技术最重要的成就是深海采矿，根据当前发展动态看，深海石油和采矿技术仍是海洋高技术的主要方向，而海洋生物技术也是最有前景的高技术领域之一。对油船触礁造成的漏油事故案例分析指出海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响主要表现如下：１．对海洋生物资源的危害。首先，在油污染事件的短期内大量海鸟和海兽被杀死；其次，长期累积在经济鱼类内的有害物质通过食物链进入人体而对人体健康产生危害。２．对海滨环境的影响。如破坏海滨浴场水质。为了避免各种海洋高技术对海洋生态环境的影响，介绍了几点政策建议。     

Disposal and resource utilization of waste masks: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Waste masks pose a serious threat to the environment, including marine plastic pollution and soil pollution risks caused by landfills since the...     

Sources and source variations for aerosol at Mace Head,Ireland

The sources and source variations for aerosol at Mace Head, Ireland, were studied by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF), a variant of factor analysis, to a 5-yr data set for bulk aerosol. Signals for the following six sources were evident year round: (1) mineral dust, (2) sea salt, (3) general pollution, (4) a secondary SO₄²⁻–Se signal that is composed of both natural (marine) and pollution (coal) components, (5) ferrous industries, (6) and a second marine (possibly biogenic) source. Analyses of seasonally stratified data suggested additional sources for iodine and oil emissions but these were present only in certain seasons, respectively. The marine signal is particularly strong in winter. The main pollution transport from Europe to Mace Head occurs in May, but the influence of continental European emissions is evident throughout the year. Mineral aerosol evidently follows a transport pathway similar to that of pollution aerosol, i.e., recirculation via the westerlies brings pollutants mixed with dust to the site from nearby land, i.e., Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg (Benelux) region, with some inputs from Scandinavia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and even the Mediterranean region. Compared with Bermuda, aerosol at Mace Head has stronger marine sources (especially marine-derived secondary SO₄²⁻ and Se) but weaker crustal and oil signals. Transport across the North Atlantic, especially in winter, cannot be ruled out.     

Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan

The presence of polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBBEs), commonly used as flame retardants, was confirmed in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan. These compounds were detected in seven out of 17 marine fish and shellfish, though at low levels. Tetrabrominated biphenyl ether was a major component in marine organisms. However, sediment pollution by PBBEs, particularly that by decabrominated biphenyl ether, pose a serious problem in the rivers of Osaka but not in marine areas.     

A graphical technique for determining major components in a mixed aerosol. I. Descriptive aspects

A persistent problem in aerosol science is how best to determine the compositions of the major components in mixed samples. This paper presents a graphical technique for extracting the elemental compositions of the crustal, marine, and general pollution components in large suites of samples from single sites. Log-log scatter diagrams are constructed, with the vertical axis being the X/Al ratios of the samples (where X is an element of interest and Al is the crustal reference element) and the horizontal axis being either Na/Al or Se/Al (where Na and Se are marine and pollution reference elements, respectively). If the crustal component is sufficiently enriched in enough samples, a horizontal “compositional tail” of X/Al will appear at the left-hand end of the plots, with an asymptotic value equal to the ratio in the pure crustal aerosol. If the second component is sufficiently enriched in enough samples, its compositional tail will appear as a 45° zone at the right-hand end of the plots. Depending on the choice of component, the asymptotic value of this tail will be the X/Se ratio in the pollution component or the X/Na ratio in the marine component. When the sample set is large enough, compositions of components can frequently be determined to uncertainties of 10% or less. Results for elements in a large suite of aerosol samples from Narragansett, RI, measured by neutron-activation analysis, reveal well-defined compositional tails for most elements and a smooth progression of elements from purely crustal to purely pollution derived. This graphical technique can also be applied to precipitation, provided only that it has been sampled and analyzed in ways that make its data directly analogous to those of aerosol.     

Oyster copper levels in the northern South China Sea from 1989 to 2015: spatiotemporal trend detection and human health implications

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Coastal heavy metal pollution has become an important topic for seafood safety and marine environmental protection. Unlike toxic heavy metals such as...     

Use of high-resolution MM5/CALMET/CALPUFF system: SO2 apportionment to air quality in Hong Kong

Recent research has highlighted the substantial health-related costs of air pollution in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and the potential threat from air pollution to HKSARs economic competitiveness. In order to address the air pollution problems, this paper seeks to analyse the individual contributions of major sulphur dioxide (SO₂) sources in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR) (Pearl River Delta + HKSAR) on the air quality in the HKSAR. This study employed the coupling of the MM5/CALMET system with the CALPUFF, the multi-layer, non-steady-state puff dispersion model, where major power plants, marine vessels and vehicles, all in the PRDR, are taken into account. The observation data and simulation results at 11 Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) general (non-road-side) stations are analyzed. Urban (in-zone) and Rural (out-zone) stations are defined in order to examine the SO₂ contribution of different emission sources in different regions of the HKSAR. The model results show that the contribution of the HKSAR marine sources is significant both in summer and in winter, especially for the locations around the in-zone stations (in general 60%, and 55% in summer and winter respectively). In addition, the contribution of the HKSAR power plants is slightly higher than that of the PRD power plants in early summer, with a contribution difference of up to 20% when the prevailing wind is from the south. However, in late summer, this situation reverses. In winter, the contribution of the PRD power plants is two to three times greater than that of the HKSAR power plants. Moreover, Yantian port affects the northern part of the HKSAR when a northeasterly wind dominates the HKSAR. In order to solve these air pollution problems, the main implication of these results suggests that the HKSAR government, in close co-operation with the Guangdong government, needs to take immediate action.     

Bioremediation perspectives and progress in petroleum pollution in the marine environment: a review

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The marine environment is often affected by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution due to industrial activities and petroleum accidents. This pollution has...     

Review articles: Tankships in the marine environment

This report gives an inside view on discussions held at the headquarters of the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations agency concerned with maritime safety and the prevention of pollution from ships. Marine environmental protection regulations and their historical development are presented and discussed. The regulative measures that have been taken under the responsibility of this organization during the last decades to reduce accidental and operational discharge from tankships have achieved success although the marine environment is still suffering. Those standards which will come into force will further reduce the risks of accidental pollution. The report summarizes aspects beyond issues of environmental science which have to be analysed in order to reduce the impact of tankships on the marine environment. The report ends with the thesis that safer ships and improved occupational conditions on board are prerequisites for cleaner seas.     

Framework for the environmental impact assessment of operational shipping

Shipping is an important source of pollution affecting both atmospheric and aquatic environments. To allow for efficient mitigation of environmental degradation, it is essential to know the extent of the impacts of shipping in relation to other sources of pollution. Here, we give a perspective on a holistic approach to studies of the environmental impacts of operational shipping through presentation of an assessment framework developed and applied on a case of shipping in the Baltic Sea. Through transfer of knowledge and concepts, previously used in assessments of air pollution, now applied to assessments of marine pollution and underwater noise, the horizon of understanding of shipping-related impacts is significantly improved. It identifies the main areas of environmental degradation caused by shipping and potential improvements through legislation and technological development. However, as the vast majority of contaminants discharged into the sea are not routinely monitored and assessed, the links between pressure of contaminants from shipping and environmental state and impacts will not be caught in the current environmental regulatory frameworks.     

Optical detection of microplastics in water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Unfortunately, the plastic pollution increases at an exponential rate and drastically endangers the marine ecosystem. According to World Health...     

海洋塑料污染问题研究概况

世界各国，特别是发达国家，已对海洋的塑料污染问题进行了广泛研究。本文在广泛调研文献的基础上，综合评述了世界各地对海洋塑料废弃物污染状况，塑料废弃物对海洋动物、渔业经济和环境的影响，以及塑料废弃物污染的防治等问题研究的概况。详细讨论了有关研究方法、调查结果及影响因素。     

Factors influencing the vertical distribution of microplastics in the beach sediments around the Ras Rakan Island,Qatar

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microplastic (MP) pollution is an emerging environmental problem, particularly in the marine environment, and nations are concerned about this issue....     

Biomonitoring aquatic environmental quality in a marine protected area: a biomarker approach

The main aims of the present study, conducted in the framework of the MONIQUA-Egadi Scientific Project, were twofold: first, to make the first step in the development and validation of an ecotoxicological approach for the assessment of marine pollution in coastal environments on the basis of a set of biomarker responses in new sentinel species; and second, to obtain preliminary information on environmental quality in an Italian marine protected area, the Egadi Islands (Sicily). Several cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activities were measured in the following sentinel species: rainbow wrasse Coris julis, gastropod limpet Patella caerulea, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results suggest that specimens from the Favignana Harbor may be exposed to P450 inducers, whereas most of the other sites seem to share similar environmental quality. The proposed approach has potential for assessment of environmental quality in marine protected areas.     

Foraminiferal proxies for pollution monitoring in moderately polluted harbors

Benthic foraminifera are increasingly used as environmental bio-indicators, especially in polluted environments where their sensitivity to pollutants may be expressed by a modification of the assemblages. Eighteen sediment samples were collected in September 2000 in five harbors located in moderately polluted estuaries on the coast of Vendée (France) for the study of foraminiferal assemblages. Ten heavy metals and 13 PAH have been analyzed from the sediments. The marine to continental estuarine gradient has a prevalent influence on the foraminiferal distribution. However, the results show that foraminiferal density and species richness of the assemblages decrease with an increase in heavy metal and PAH concentration, and therefore may be used as pollution indicators. Moreover, the more polluted areas are dominated by the tolerant pioneer species Haynesina germanica that may be used as bio-indicator of pollution, mainly in the uppermost areas.     

Assessment of metal pollution based on multivariate statistical modeling of 'hot spot' sediments from the Black Sea

The paper deals with application of different statistical methods like cluster and principal components analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLSs) modeling. These approaches are an efficient tool in achieving better understanding about the contamination of two gulf regions in Black Sea. As objects of the study, a collection of marine sediment samples from Varna and Bourgas "hot spots" gulf areas are used. In the present case the use of cluster and PCA make it possible to separate three zones of the marine environment with different levels of pollution by interpretation of the sediment analysis (Bourgas gulf, Varna gulf and lake buffer zone). Further, the extraction of four latent factors offers a specific interpretation of the possible pollution sources and separates natural from anthropogenic factors, the latter originating from contamination by chemical, oil refinery and steel-work enterprises. Finally, the PLSs modeling gives a better opportunity in predicting contaminant concentration on tracer (or tracers) element as compared to the one-dimensional approach of the baseline models. The results of the study are important not only in local aspect as they allow quick response in finding solutions and decision making but also in broader sense as a useful environmetrical methodology.     

海洋环境中的有机锡及其对海洋生物的影响

本文综述了有机锡化占物对海洋环境的冲击及其对海洋生物的影响，介绍了有机锡化合物的分析方法，讨论了有机锡污染的预防和控制措施，并展望了有机锡研究的前景。