Adsorbent selection for endosulfan removal from water environment

In the present study, an attempt was made to select a low cost adsorbing material for the removal of endosulfan [C,C'-(1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10- trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylene)(dimethylsulphite)] from water. Various low cost adsorbents like wood charcoal, kimberlite tailings, silica, macro fungi sojar caju were tried with activated charcoal as reference material. The above materials were selected from various sources encompassing organic, inorganic, clayey, and biological sources. For the selection of suitable adsorbent for endosulfan uptake, maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) was chosen as the parameter. Kinetic profiles of removal were generated for all the materials to assess the equilibrium time. Equilibrium studies were carried out for all materials to assess the adsorption equilibrium model that they followed. The model that gave the best correlation coefficient by linear regression analysis, was adopted for the calculation of Qmax of the corresponding adsorbent material. Using linearised forms of equilibrium models like Langmuir, BET, and Freundlich, maximum adsorptive capacities were determined. Activated charcoal showed the best adsorptive capacity with Qmax of 2.145 mg/g followed by wood charcoal 1.773 mg/g, sojar caju 1.575 mg/g, kimberlite tailings 0.8821 mg/g, and silica 0.3231 mg/g. Albeit activated charcoal gave better performance, it was not considered as a candidate material because of its high cost. Wood charcoal was the next best adsorbent with Qmax 1.773 mg/g. Therefore, wood charcoal was chosen as the best material for endosulfan removal. The study of physical and chemical characteristics of wood charcoal revealed that it is a potential adsorbent and can even be improved further.     

Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

Removal of PCBs from wastewater using fly ash

Liquids and sludges containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be treated to concentrate the PCBs in a solid residue. The latter can then be handled to destroy the PCBs. A study on sorption kinetics of PCBs on fly ash was conducted in controlled batch systems. TCB and HeCB are removed at 25 degrees C by adsorption on fly ash up to 97% at pH 7, with an adsorbent dose of 5 g/l. An examination of the thermodynamic parameters shows that the adsorption of TCB and HeCB by fly ash is a process occurring spontaneously at ambient conditions. Activation energies for the sorption process ranged between 5.6 and 49.1 kJ/mol. It was observed that the rate at which TCB and HeCB are adsorbed onto fly ash showed a diffusion limitation. The uptake rate of TCB and HeCB increases with increasing initial concentration and gradually tends to a constant value. A decrease in the adsorption of TCB and HeCB was observed when interfering ions and other PCB congeners were present. Changing the pH in the aqueous solution from 2 to 10 had no effect on the adsorption process. Overall, fly ash can be used for an efficient removal of PCBs from several aqueous solutions.     

离子交换树脂对氰化溶液中Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的吸附行为

研究了大孔型弱碱性阴离子交换树脂L-300对于氰化溶液中Fe(CN)64-和Fe(CN)63-的吸附过程。结果表明,L-300树脂可有效地吸附Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的氰化络合离子。25℃时,该树脂(湿树脂)对Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的静态饱和吸附容量分别为5.301 mg/mL和8.585 mg/mL。该树脂对铁氰络合离子的吸附过程符合Lagergren二级速度方程式,以液膜扩散为主控步骤,对Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的吸附速率常数分别为39.85 mL/(g·min)和55.56 mL/(g·min),表明对Fe(Ⅲ)的吸附速率要稍大于对Fe(Ⅱ)的吸附速率。L-300树脂对Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)的吸附符合Freundlich经验等温式,吸附过程的焓变分别为11.65 kJ/mol和11.81 kJ/mol,表明吸附是吸热过程。     

生物炭质吸附剂对硝基苯的吸附

以花生壳为生物炭质（P-BC）原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,采用化学活化法制备生物炭质吸附剂（Z-BC）,并以其吸附水中的硝基苯,考察了pH值、吸附剂投加量和吸附时间等因素对Z-BC吸附硝基苯过程的影响。分别采用吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型对吸附动力学和等温线进行了系统分析。结果表明：pH值对吸附的影响不大,吸附剂适宜投加量为2 g·L-1,吸附平衡时间为120 min;Z-BC对硝基苯的吸附动力学过程用准一级动力学模型能很好地描述,其计算平衡吸附量与实验值相符;颗粒内扩散模型表明,吸附过程受液膜扩散与颗粒内扩散联合控制,并以颗粒内扩散为主要速率控制步骤;Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地描述硝基苯在Z-BC上的吸附平衡;吸附热力学方程计算得到吸附焓变（ΔH）G）S）>0,表明Z-BC对水中硝基苯的吸附为放热和熵值增加的自发过程。     

Diffusion mechanism of lindane into wood charcoal

Abstract

The wood charcoal treated by 1N HNO₃ (WCT) was used to remove toxic chlorinated pesticide lindane (y‐HCH) residue from water by the sorption process. Using a simple first order reversible kinetics constants and half time equations, the film and pore diffusion coefficients were determined. Film diffusion was found to be rate limiting step in sorbing lindane by WCT. This was further authenticated by kinetics studies at different initial sorbate concentrations, different sorbent sizes, and different agitation speeds besides interruption test. A pore diffusion model was used to fit the data of kinetics in continuously mixed batch reactors (CMBR), and the tortuosity, external resistance, and surface diffusion effects on lindane sorption by WCT were noticed. The tortuosity values of 15 to 28 were obtained for WCT‐lindane system.     

Removal of aqueous nickel (II) using laterite as a low-cost adsorbent.

The present paper describes the laboratory study of laterite as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of aqueous nickel (II). At pH 7 and a temperature of 30 degrees C, a sorbent dose of 15 mg/L resulted in approximately 90% removal of nickel (II) from its initial concentration of 10 mg/L. A maximum removal of 98% of the adsorbate was observed with an adsorbent particle size of 210 micro with the above conditions. Batch kinetics results were described by fitting in a Langmuir isotherm. Helffrich's half-time equation (Helffrich, 1962) has been applied to evaluate the adsorption process. It appears that film diffusion would be the rate-limiting step. The effect of pH on the sorption process was carried out to a value of 8.0. The removal rate of nickel was found to be the function of pH of the reaction mixture. The rate of nickel uptake by laterite with the decrease in pH value has been explained on the basis of aqueous-complex formation and the subsequent acid-base dissociation at the solid-solution interface.     

Rice and wheat straw ashes: Characterization and modeling of pretilachlor sorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm

The rice straw ash (RSA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) were explored as low cost adsorbent for pretilachlor removal from water. The ashes were characterized and sorption behavior of pretilachlor was evaluated. Kinetics study suggested that the modified Elovich model best explained the pretilachlor sorption on both the ashes. The adsorption data were analyzed using 2-, 3- and 4-parameter models and nine error functions were used to compute the best fit isotherm by nonlinear regression analysis. The pretilachlor was more sorbed onto the RSA (22.0–92.2%) than the WSA (11.4–61.4%) and percent adsorption decreased with increase in the herbicide concentration in solution. Isotherm model optimization analysis suggested that the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherms were the best models to predict the pretilachlor adsorption onto the RSA and the WSA. The error analysis suggested that the reciprocal of the observed squared (ROS) and the reciprocal of the predicted squared (RPS) error functions provided the best determination of the adsorption constants for the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherms, respectively. The RSA, which exhibited higher pretilachlor sorption potential, can be utilized as low cost adsorbent for pesticide removal from contaminated water.     

Adsorptive removal of an acid dye by lignocellulosic waste biomass activated carbon: equilibrium and kinetic studies

Chemically prepared activated carbon material derived from palm flower was used as adsorbent for removal of Amido Black dye in aqueous solution. Batch adsorption studies were performed for the removal of Amido Black 10B (AB10B), a di-azo acid dye from aqueous solutions by varying the parameters like initial solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration and temperature with three different particle sizes such as 100 μm, 600 μm and 1000 μm. The zero point charge was pH 2.5 and the maximum adsorption occurred at the pH 2.3. Experimental data were analyzed by model equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms and it was found that the Freundlich isotherm model best fitted the adsorption data and the Freundlich constants varied from (K_F) 1.214, 1.077 and 0.884 for the three mesh sizes. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were also calculated for the adsorption processes and found that the adsorption process is feasible and it was the endothermic reaction. Adsorption kinetics was determined using pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order rate equations and also Elovich model and intraparticle diffusion models. The results clearly showed that the adsorption of AB10B onto lignocellulosic waste biomass from palm flower (LCBPF) followed pseudo second-order model, and the pseudo second-order rate constants varied from 0.059 to 0.006 (g mg⁻¹ min) by varying initial adsorbate concentration from 25 mg L⁻¹ to 100 mg L⁻¹. Analysis of the adsorption data confirmed that the adsorption process not only followed intraparticle diffusion but also by the film diffusion mechanism.     

凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的低温吸附性能研究

首次研究凹凸棒土对饮用水中腐殖酸的低温吸附性能,考察5℃条件下,吸附时间与腐殖酸初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH对凹凸棒土吸附腐殖酸的影响,确定吸附剂的吸附等温线、吸附动力学和热力学等相关理论参数,研究凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附性能与机理。结果表明,江苏盱眙凹凸棒土在温度5℃、pH=4、水中腐殖酸初始浓度为5 mg/L,投加量为15 g/L的条件下,吸附180 min后对腐殖酸的去除率可达97.26%。凹凸棒土对腐殖酸的吸附符合二级吸附动力学方程与Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程由孔隙内扩散过程控制,吸附为自发的吸热过程,包括物理吸附与化学吸附。根据Fre-undlich吸附等温式拟合计算,5℃、pH=7时理论最大吸附量为9 mg/g,说明凹凸棒土对于低温饮用水中腐殖酸具有良好的吸附效果。     

粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附特性

以建筑废料粉煤灰砖块为吸附剂材料,通过静态吸附实验研究其对磷酸盐的吸附特征,以及磷酸盐初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、pH等因素对吸附反应的影响。Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin等温模型的分析发现,Langmuir等温式方程最适合描述吸附过程,对磷酸盐的理论饱和吸附容量为44.62 mg/g。利用伪一级动力学模型、伪二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散模型考察了吸附过程特征,其中伪二级动力学模型为最适于描述粉煤灰砖块对磷酸盐的吸附过程的动力学模型。通过颗粒内扩散模型、Bangham方程及Boyd模型对吸附动力学机理进行的探讨表明,颗粒内扩散速率不是粉煤灰砖块吸附磷酸盐反应的惟一速率控制步,膜扩散速率和颗粒内扩散速率共同影响着吸附反应速率。磷酸盐浓度较低时主要是膜扩散限制吸附反应速率,而磷酸盐浓度较高时则颗粒内扩散成为速率控制步。研究证明,粉煤灰砖块粉末作为湿地基质具有对磷酸盐很强的吸附能力,在减少了固体废弃物的数量的同时又可以实现水污染控制的目的。     

Removal of lignin and tannin colour from aqueous solution by adsorption onto activated charcoal

Sorptive uptake of lignin and tannin from an aqueous phase by activated charcoal was investigated in the laboratory. The sorption reaction was found to be of a first order. The influence on the rate of sorption of various factors, such as amount of sorbent and pH of the system, have been investigated. Sorption data fit well into the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating formation of a monolayer over a homogeneous sorbent surface. Sorption capacity, rate constant, intraparticle diffusion coefficient, etc. were calculated from the sorption data. Desorption studies indicate the irreversible nature of the sorption reaction, whereas interruption studies suggest film diffusion to be rate limiting.     

锆、铁氧化物改性活性炭纤维的制备及其除磷性能

利用锆、铁氧化物对活性炭纤维进行改性,制备了一种新型高效除磷吸附剂——负载锆铁氧化物的活性炭纤维(ACF-ZrFe)。综合运用单因素实验与正交实验对吸附剂的制备条件进行优化,同时利用环境扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析对吸附剂表面性质及反应机理进行了探究。实验结果表明,ACF-ZrFe制备的最佳条件为:锆铁摩尔比7:3,浸渍液中锆铁总浓度0.1 mol/L,超声处理时间10 min。当pH为4时,ACF-ZrFe对磷的吸附效果最显著。NO3-、SO42-、F-和Cl-等共存阴离子对磷吸附有一定抑制作用,其作用强弱顺序为:F- > NO3- > Cl- > SO42-。Langmuir等温吸附模型很好地描述了ACF-ZrFe对水中磷的等温吸附行为,最大吸附量为27.03 mg/g,吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,表明化学吸附是该反应的主要限速步骤。红外光谱分析及pH影响实验表明,ACF-ZrFe吸附磷的主要机理为阴离子配位体交换和静电吸附。     

改性棉铃壳对水中刚果红的吸附性能

通过甲醇酯化制备改性棉铃壳吸附剂,利用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜等表征了改性前后棉铃壳表面结构和官能团变化情况,考察了改性棉铃壳投加量、刚果红初始浓度和溶液pH等因素对改性棉铃壳吸附水中刚果红的性能影响,并通过实验分析了改性棉铃壳对水中刚果红吸附动力学。结果表明,改性后棉铃壳表面官能团明显改变,表面光滑、致密。改性棉铃壳对刚果红的吸附效果较未改性棉铃壳明显提高,增加刚果红初始浓度和吸附时间可以增加改性棉铃壳对刚果红的吸附量。在溶液pH为6、吸附剂投加量为20 g·L-1,吸附时间为120 min时,刚果红的去除率可达79.1%。改性棉铃壳对刚果红的吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,吸附过程属于化学吸附,吸收速率受表面扩散和颗粒内扩散控制。     

Thermodynamic and kinetic studies of As(V) removal from water by zirconium oxide-coated marine sand

Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a major threat to human beings globally. Among various methods available for arsenic removal, adsorption is fast, inexpensive, selective, accurate, reproducible and eco-friendly in nature. The present paper describes removal of arsenate from water on zirconium oxide-coated sand (novel adsorbent). In the present work, zirconium oxide-coated sand was prepared and characterised by infrared and X-ray diffraction techniques. Batch experiments were performed to optimise different adsorption parameters such as initial arsenate concentration (100–1,000 μg/L), dose (1–8 g/L), pH of the solution (2–14), contact time (15–150 min.), and temperature (20, 30, 35 and 40 °C). The experimental data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. Furthermore, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were evaluated to know the mode of adsorption between ZrOCMS and As(V). The maximum removal of arsenic, 97 %, was achieved at initial arsenic concentration of 200 μg/L, after 75 min at dosage of 5.0 g/L, pH?7.0 and 27?±?2 °C. For 600 μg/L concentration, the maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 270 μg/g at 35 °C. Kinetic modelling data indicated that adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The mechanism is controlled by liquid film diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameter, ΔH°, was ?57.782, while the values of ΔG° were ?9.460, ?12.183, ?13.343 and ?13.905 kJ/mol at 20, 30, 35 and 40 °C, respectively, suggesting exothermic and spontaneous nature of the process. The change in entropy, ΔS°?=??0.23 kJ/mol indicated that the entropy decreased due to adsorption of arsenate ion onto the solid adsorbent. The results indicated that the reported zirconium oxide-coated marine sand (ZrOCMS) was good adsorbent with 97 % removal capacity at 200 μg/L concentration. It is interesting to note that the permissible limit of arsenic as per World Health Organization is 10 μg/L, and in real situation, this low concentration can be achieved through this adsorbent. Besides, the adsorption capacity showed that this adsorbent may be used for the removal of arsenic from any natural water resource.     

改性木屑对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

在木屑上接枝季氨基团制备了改性木屑,并用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征。通过静态实验研究了改性木屑对水溶液中六价铬Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性,并探讨了温度、pH、多组分共存离子等对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在30℃时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)的饱和吸附容量为218.33 mg/g,吸附规律符合Langmuir等温方程式。在pH为3~10时,改性木屑对Cr(Ⅵ)均有显著的吸附效能,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,反应活化能为21.71 kJ/mol,对吸附热力学参数△G0、△H0和△S0的计算表明,吸附过程是吸热的自发过程。多组分干扰离子共存时,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附影响不大。     

Adsorption of glyphosate on resin supported by hydrated iron oxide: equilibrium and kinetic studies

Hydrated iron oxide supported on resin (D301) was prepared as a new sorbent for the removal of glyphosate from wastewater. Batch adsorption studies were performed on glyphosate aqueous solutions with different initial glyphosate concentrations and temperatures. Experimental data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and the adsorption data were best fit to the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters AG, AH, and AS also were calculated for the adsorption processes. Adsorption rate constants were determined using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order rate equations and Kannan-Sundaram intraparticle diffusion models. Adsorption of glyphosate clearly followed the pseudo-second-order model and was controlled by both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion.     

改性荞麦壳对水溶液中Cu~(2+)离子吸附效果及机理

以柠檬酸对荞麦壳进行化学改性,改性后荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附量增加。研究了不同pH、吸附剂投入量、浓度和时间对吸附效果的影响。在pH值为5.5,Cu2+初始浓度50 mg/L,吸附剂投入量为1 g,吸附时间为120 min的条件下,Cu2+的吸附量达到较大值。通过用改性荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的热力学吸附过程的分析,结果表明,改性荞麦壳吸附剂符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,改性荞麦壳吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附存在化学吸附,改性荞麦壳的最大吸附量可以达2.26 mg/g。研究改性荞麦壳吸附剂吸附Cu2+的动力学特性,吸附动力学行为可用准二级速率方程进行很好的描述,准二级吸附速率常数随温度升高而增大。准一级速率方程和颗粒扩散模型可以较好地描述吸附初始阶段,Cu2+浓度较高,颗粒内扩散;吸附后期,Cu2+浓度较低,受到颗粒外扩散的控制。总之,整个吸附过程可能是多种动力学机理共同作用的结果。     

Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution onto alunite

The phosphate removal potential of alunite, a low cost and abundantly available material, has been investigated. The effects of calcination temperature and time of alunite, adsorbent particle size, pH and initial phosphate concentration on the phosphate adsorption by the calcined alunite have been studied. Phosphate removal was seen to increase with increasing calcination temperature, decreasing adsorbent particle size and pH. Adsorption of phosphate followed first-order rate kinetics. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm constants and correlation coefficients were calculated and compared. It was concluded that the adsorption data of phosphate onto calcined alunite fitted to the Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Specific surface areas of the calcined alunite were calculated at different calcination temperatures and particle sizes.     

NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附去除水中Cr(VI)

采用共沉淀法合成磁性复合材料NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH,通过静态吸附试验考察复合材料去除水中Cr（VI）的性能,系统地研究了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和温度等因素对Cr（VI）去除效果的影响。结果表明,当溶液初始pH值为2、初始Cr（VI）浓度为50 mg·L-1、吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1时,吸附过程在240 min内达到平衡,此时Cr（VI）的去除率为89.5%。动力学和吸附等温式的研究表明：NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH吸附Cr（VI）的过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温吸附模型。热力学参数表明该吸附过程为自发、放热的反应过程,低温有利于吸附剂对Cr（VI）的吸附。吸附剂经4次再生后对Cr（VI）仍有83.1%的去除率,且其在外加磁场的作用下能快速与水溶液分离,因此NiFe2O4/ZnAl-LDH可作为去除水中Cr（VI）的良好吸附剂。