原油在盐水中的溶解度研究

为了弄清污染事故的污染程度及影响因素,对原油在盐水中的溶解度进行了研究;采用正交实验方法,选定四个主要影响因素：水温、水深度、放置时间及油膜厚度,每个因素取三个水平。实验结果表明：影响水中油浓度最显著的因素是油膜厚度,显著因素是温度和水深度,次要因素是放置时间;研究结果可为污染事故的应急水处理提供依据。     

Dynamics of global oil prices,exchange rate and precious metal prices in India

This study examines cointegration and Granger causality among global oil prices, precious metal (Gold, Platinum and Silver) prices and Indian Rupee–US Dollar exchange rate using daily data spanning from 2nd January 2009 to 30th December 2011. ARDL bounds tests indicate that the series are cointegrated. Toda–Yamamoto version of Granger causality has been employed to establish the causation amongst the variables. The study also examines generalized error variance decomposition of variables due to various shocks in the system. Such information provides insight into the transmission links between the global oil market and the Indian precious metals and foreign exchange market. These have the potential for significant impact in further research, portfolio management and central bank policy design.     

原油指纹识别技术

为使毛细管色谱“指纹”特征应用于污染事故的鉴定,采用分辨效能高的毛细管色谱柱及原油指纹识别技术,对江苏油田９个不同地区和来源的原油进行了分析考察,测定了油品中正构烷烃及姥鲛烷、植烷的含量。实验进一步论证了：以正构烷烃轮廓特征和姥鲛烷、植烷特征峰面积比值相结合的原油鉴别方法不受进样和色谱条件的影响,具有一定的准确性和可靠性。     

On the price-volume relationship in crude oil futures markets

This paper applies a quantile regression model to examine the relationship between the contract prices and trading volumes of light sweet crude oil contracts on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) and Brent crude oil contracts on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE). The results show a tandem rise in prices and volumes for light sweet crude oil contracts but a deviation between prices and volumes for Brent crude oil contracts. These two crude oil contracts exhibit significantly different relationships between prices and volumes when prices fluctuate. This finding can help analysts and investors in their investment decisions.     

原油对草原植被的影响

为了定量说明落地原油对大庆地区草原植被的影响，选择了四种植物群落进行浇原油试验，浇油厚度为0．2、0．4、0．8cm，浇油时间为秋、春、夏。试验结果表明原油对植物个体的影响因原油量、季节和植物种类的不同而不同，随原油量的增加影响增大。     

原油在土壤中迁移及降解的研究

为了解原油在土壤中淋滤及降解的规律，剖析了大庆老油田开发区贮油池土壤含油状况，进行了自然植被不同类型土壤的浇油、室内原油淋滤模拟及栽培试验。结果表明：贮油池土壤原油淋滤深度绝大部分集中在0～30cm，以下原油明显减少（除沙化土壤外）；盐碱土集中在0～10cm；草甸黑钙土集中在0～50cm；柱内油水混合渗透试验，80％集中在0～20cm；原油覆盖土壤表面时清水淋渗较弱，在0～20cm内残留94％；加原油的土壤降解试验，平均降解59．92％，范围为53．94％～62．25％，盆栽试验平均降解61．99％，范围为55.12％～70．68％。     

Physiological responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction of light Arabian crude oil

Stomatal behavior, growth performance and the accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., treated with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Abu-Dhabi light Arabian crude oil through foliar spraying or soil application.Irregular stomatal behavior and weak stomatal control over transpiration were observed during the first 24 hours, where stomatal resistances of plants sprayed with 150 and 300 g PAHs plant^–1 were significantly lower than that of the control plants. After six weeks, all treated plants showed no significant difference in their relative growth rate (RGR) or in the net assimilation rate (NAR) compared with the control plants.Tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were the most accumulated in tissues of the treated plants. Penta- and hexa-aromatics, on the other hand, were undetectable in the WSF and consequently in the treated plants. A linear relationship was observed between the dose applied to plants and the amounts of tissue accumulated PAHs (r ²=0.515 for soil application and r ²=0.984 for foliar spray). In plants sprayed with 300 g PAHs plant^–1, the total PAHs accumulated were more than that accumulated in plants treated through soil application.These findings suggest that: aqueous extraction of crude oil tends to signify the percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs, e.g. naphthalene, to the total PAHs; disturbed stomatal behavior in the first day of the treatment may be due to the venting of the volatile low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and xylenes) through the stomata; and uptake of water-soluble hydrocarbons by plants is equally possible through both of the root system and the foliage. The ecological implications of these finding are discussed in relation to oil pollution of mangrove stands under field conditions.     

An economic appraisal of the Australian oil and gas industry

The author assesses Australian oil and gas production within the context of overall domestic energy supply and demand. Future domestic production of petroleum is unlikely to meet more than 60% of domestic demand after this decade, although gas reserves should be adequate until 2000. Important economic issues - leasing, royalties, taxation, pricing, and exploration incentives - and their relationship to future supply and demand, are identified and evaluated.     

原油及产品对藻类毒性影响研究

藻类具有种类繁多，个体小，生长繁殖迅速，对毒物的毒性敏感等特点，它长时间在水中生长，能客观地反映原油及产品对水体污染所产生的毒害综合效应。实验室中毒性研究通常采用纯种藻类培养来评价油的急性和早期毒性影响。经过实验室研究及原油泄漏现场调查研究表明：在含油的生态系统中油能刺激藻类的生长。在油污染过的水体中，原油中的轻烃和较易挥发的组分对藻类的毒性影响最大，原油泄漏的短期毒性影响和二次影响同等重要，油对藻类种群结构也具有重要的毒性影响。     

稠油炼制废水的可生化性研究

为了提高生化处理效果，运用BOD动力学方程及频数统计的方法对胜利油田石化总厂稠油炼制废水的可生化性进行了研究。研究结果表明：BOD氧化速度常数k为0．08，氧化速度m为0．52，BOD／COD范围在0．165～0．655之间，其中在0．165～0．305之间占24％，在0．305～0．655之间的占76％，平均值为0．38；CODB／COD为73％，CODNB／COD为27％。说明稠油炼制废水可生化性尚好，但生物氧化速度较小。     

Linkages to manufacturing in the resource sector: The case of the Angolan oil and gas industry

This paper discusses the current state and future prospects of backward production linkages to the manufacturing sector in the Angolan oil and gas industry. The paper finds that local value-added links are currently limited to labour and to a lesser degree in basic services. However, there is a realistic and strategic potential for local manufacturing linkages to expand in the oilfield services sector of the industry, which in turn can stimulate industrial development. For this to be achieved, the factors that are currently constraining the expansion and deepening of linkages have to be addressed, namely, a weak local content strategy, a weak local skills and industrial base and the integration of industrial and oil sector policies.     

Effect of crude oil carbon accounting decisions on meeting global climate budgets

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change quantified a cumulative remaining carbon budget beyond which there is a high likelihood global average temperatures will increase more than 2 °C above preindustrial temperature. While there is global participation in mitigation efforts, there is little global collaboration to cooperatively mitigate emissions. Instead, countries have been acting as individual agents with independent emission reduction objectives. However, such asymmetric unilateral climate policies create the opportunity for carbon leakage resulting from the shift in embodied carbon emissions within trade networks. In this analysis, we use an optimization-based model of the global crude trade as a case study to demonstrate the importance of a cooperative, system-level approach to climate policy in order to most effectively, efficiently, and equitably achieve carbon mitigation objectives. To do this, we first characterize the cost and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the 2014 crude production and consumption system by aggregating multiple data sources and developing a balanced trade matrix. We then optimize this network to demonstrate the potential for carbon mitigation through more efficient use of crude resources. Finally, we implement a global carbon cap on total annual crude emissions. We find that such a cap would require crude consumption to drop from 4.2 gigatons (Gt) to 1.1 Gt. However, if each country had an individual carbon allocation in addition to the global cap consistent with the nationally determined contribution limits resulting from the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, allowable consumption would further decrease to approximately 770 million metric tonnes. Additionally, the carbon accounting method used to assign responsibility for embodied carbon emissions associated with the traded crude further influences allowable production and consumption for each country. The simplified model presented here highlights how global cooperation and a system-level cooperative approach could guide climate policy efforts to be more cost effective and equitable, while reducing the leakage potential resulting from shifting trade patterns of embodied carbon emissions. Additionally, it demonstrates how the spatial distribution of crude consumption and production patterns change under a global carbon cap given various carbon accounting strategies.     

油污染土壤中微生物量──碳的测定方法研究

用熏蒸-培养法测定油污染土壤中的微生物量─—碳。对某油田距采油井1、15、30m的土壤测定结果表明，受原油污染的土壤微生物量的大小随土壤含油量变化而变化。熏蒸-培养法受土壤水分状况影响较大，不适用于强酸性土壤及刚施用过大量有机肥的土壤，在测定性质差异很大的土壤时，必须分别测定转换系数Kc，才能得到可靠的结果。     

Impact of crude oil pollution on species number and live standing herbaceous crop biomass

Summary The impact of crude oil spill on the number of plant species and the above-ground live standing crop biomass (AGLSCB) of a herbaceous plant community was assessed. The spillage had a devastating effect on the herbaceous community and especially on the component herbaceous annuals. At least 80–90% of the species were absent in the affected areas in comparison to nearby unaffected areas, most of these being annuals. Perennial species were generally less affected. The total herbaceous production for a period of 12 months in the polluted areas was 885.1 gm^–2 compared with 4860.7 gm^–2 for the unaffected areas. The average monthly production in the polluted areas was 73.8 gm^–2 compared with 405.0 gm^–2 for the unaffected areas.Dr Debojit Baruah is the senior author of this paper and he is a research scholar at Dibrugarh University. Dr Sarada K. Sarma is a Pofessor in the Botany Department of Guwahati University in Assam.     

Impact of crude oil price volatility on economic activities: An empirical investigation in the Thai economy

This paper empirically examines the impact of oil price volatility on key macroeconomic indicators of Thailand. Following Andersen et al. [2004. Analytical evaluation of volatility forecasts. International Economic Review 45(4), 1079–1110], quarterly oil price volatility is measured by using the realized volatility (RV). The impact of the oil price volatility is investigated using the vector auto-regression (VAR) system. The Granger causality test, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition show that oil price volatility has significant impact on macroeconomic indicators, such as unemployment and investment, over the period from 1993Q1 to 2006Q4. Perron's [1997. Further evidence on breaking trend functions in macroeconomic variables. Journal of Econometrics 80(2), 355–385] test identifies structural breaks in all the concerned variables during the time of the Asian Financial Crisis (1997–1998). A VAR for the post-crisis period shows that the impact of oil price volatility is transmitted to budget deficit. The floating exchange rate regime introduced after the crisis may be the key contributor to this new channel of impact.     

Framing fracking: scale-shifting and greenwashing risk in the oil and gas industry

In this paper, I examine corporate environmental communication on hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, and industry efforts to shape public perception of resource extraction and its impacts on the environment. I look at how the oil and gas industry (OGI) frames fracking to ease public fear by downplaying risk and shifting its scale with rhetoric presenting the benefits of this emergent technology. Contrasting and building on ecological modernisation versus risk society ideas, I use OGI print advertising supplemented by corporate social responsibility statements and other online material to critically evaluate framing in light of the practice of corporate greenwashing. Findings reveal OGI efforts to positively portray fracking in the interest of unfettered resource extraction and profits from energy production. Several themes emerge in OGI framing rhetoric, starting with the establishment of trust through education and claims of transparency and continuing with ideas touting safety and responsibility, scientific progress, economic benefits and jobs, energy security, environmental protection, and sustainability. On the whole, such rhetoric reflects ecological modernisation ideas that shift the perception of risk and its consequences, framing fracking in a way that obscures the negative impacts of dependency on a fossil fuel-based economy.     

The crude oil market and the gold market: Evidence for cointegration,causality and price discovery

Given that the gold market and the crude oil market are the main representatives of the large commodity markets, it is of crucial practical significance to analyze their cointegration relationship and causality, and investigate their respective contribution, from the perspective of price discovery, to the common price trend so as to interpret the dynamics of the whole large commodity market and forecast the fluctuation of crude oil and gold prices.     

Identification of environmentally vulnerable areas with priority for prevention and management of pipeline crude oil spills

The oil industry is one of the main productive activities in Mexico and has a huge infrastructure, including a wide pipeline network that crosses urban, industrial, agricultural and natural areas. The threat of crude oil spills is greatest in those regions with a high concentration of oil extraction and refining activities, as in the case of the Coatzacoalcos and Tonalá Rivers Low Basin. This study ranked the geosystems of the basin in terms of vulnerability to pipeline crude oil spills. Very high vulnerability (level I) was assigned to the water bodies (lakes and rivers) and their margins of influence, including surfaces that flood during normal hydraulic load. High vulnerability areas (level II) comprised surfaces that can flood during extraordinary hydraulic load related with extreme hydrometeorological events. The remaining three vulnerability levels were defined for areas with low or negligible flooding potential, these were ranked according to physical (slope, relief and permeability), biological (richness, singularity and integrity) and socio-economic (social marginalization index and economic activities index) conditions. These results are presented on a map for better visualization and interpretation. This study will be useful to establish preventive and effective emergency management actions in order to reduce remediation costs and adverse effects on wild species. It also can help local and national authorities, oil industry and civil protection corps to better protect ecosystems, natural resources and human activities and goods.     

The oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon: Assessing impacts and possible solutions

While the oil industry along the Atlantic coast of Cameroon has made important contributions to the national economy, this has been accompanied with adverse environmental impacts. There has been significant pollution from oil drilling, refinery waste, oil spillage, gas and flaring. After discussing these impacts, this paper argues that prevailing regulations are inadequate and need overhauling. It proposes that cleaner production requires:

(i)

specific laws to protect dwellers in the neighbourhood of oil refineries, filling stations, service stations and pipelines;