农牧交错区农户作物选择机制研究 ——以内蒙古太仆寺旗为例

市场经济条件下,农户经营不再受食物需求的限制,在种植结构选择方面自由度更大。论文通过农户调查获得数据,运用统计方法从三个方面分析农户作物选择机制:作物本身的投入产出效益、农地地块的差别、农户资源禀赋与家庭特征。研究发现,在劳动力普遍非农务工的背景下,劳动力约束成为农户作物选择的重要影响因素,劳动生产率较高的作物具有明显的比较优势,并且农户倾向于在质量较好的土地上种植这些作物。在农牧交错区,农户种植决策受到养殖业的强烈影响,兼有饲料用途的莜麦得到普遍种植。     

北京市农作物虚拟水含量分布

采用灌溉定额法对北京市各区县粮食虚拟水含量和蔬菜虚拟水含量历年的分布进行了计算和分析,并将其与北京市地下水资源分布和开采状况进行了现状对比.结果表明:①各区县粮食虚拟水含量总体上均呈下降趋势,但延庆县的粮食生产会给当地地下水资源带来较大的压力;②顺义区、大兴区,平谷区蔬菜历年的虚拟水含量总体呈增长趋势,在全市蔬菜虚拟水总量中所占的比例依次逐渐增大,而海淀区、丰台区、朝阳区蔬菜历年的虚拟水含量在全市所占的比例呈逐渐减小趋势;③北京地区历年的粮食虚拟水含量总和整体呈现下降趋势,蔬菜虚拟水含量总和略呈增长趋势,但是二者虚拟水含量的总和呈现下降趋势,这与北京市近年来的农业种植结构调整政策是相符合的.     

基于PSR与DCE综合模型的水资源短缺程度及变化趋势分析——以北京市为例

开展水资源的短缺程度及变化趋势研究是实施最严格水资源管理的基础支撑。以PSR和DCE综合模型为研究工具,构建了水资源短缺程度及变化趋势动态评价模型,并对北京市各行政区2003—2010年水资源短缺程度及变化趋势开展应用分析。研究结果表明,北京市的水资源短缺程度呈先加重再减缓又加重的波动变化,除市辖区、昌平区、密云县、延庆县的变化幅度较为明显,大多数行政区水资源短缺程度变化并不剧烈;房山区、顺义区、昌平区、怀柔区、平谷区、延庆县在2003—2010年水资源短缺程度变化速度综合情况为正值,即短缺程度呈现加重趋势;市辖区、通州区、大兴区、密云县在2003—2010年水资源短缺程度变化速度综合情况为负值,即水资源短缺程度呈现减轻趋势。     

基于高时空辨识度实时数据的重庆二环内外区域车流特征差异分析

高时空辨识度的车流时空分布特征是研究区域机动车排放的重要基础,通过射频识别技术和车辆注册登记数据获得重庆市二环区域每10 min的车流量以及车辆技术特征信息,对比分析内环以内及以外区域的分车型、分道路类型、分排放标准和燃料类型的车流量时空变化特征.结果表明:①重庆市内环以内区域日均流量为1.8×104辆,约为内环以外区域的1.8倍.②内环以内区域小型客车、公交车、出租车的日均流量分别为内环以外区域的1.7、2.1和2.5倍,而重型货车的日均流量为内环以外区域的54.8%.③ 2个区域车辆的主要燃料类型为汽油、天然气、柴油、新能源,占比分别为71.7%~73.7%、15.1%~21.4%、5.5%~9.6%、1.3%~1.5%.④ 2个区域车辆的排放标准分布基本一致,主要排放标准为国Ⅳ（约占76.5%）,国Ⅴ约占11.4%,国Ⅲ约占9.0%,国Ⅱ、国Ⅰ和国Ⅰ前的占比之和约为3.1%.⑤ 2个区域的小时总流量变化特征呈“M”型分布,早高峰时段为08:00—10:00,晚高峰时段为16:00—18:00.⑥ 2个区域小型客车、公交车的小时流量变化特征均与总流量变化特征基本一致,但出租车、轻型货车和重型货车在08:00仍保持明显的上升趋势,直到14:00才缓慢下降.⑦内环以内区域高速路、快速路、县道的高峰时段流量明显较高,分别为内环以外区域的5.5、2.5、6.2倍;而内环以外区域国道的高峰时段流量相对较高,约为内环以内区域的1.8倍.研究显示,重庆市二环内外区域的车流量和车辆技术特征信息的时空分布存在较大差异,建议完善城市实际道路车流的时空监测网络,为机动车排放清单的编制提供更好的数据支撑.      

Seasonal food insecurity in Bangladesh: evidences from northern areas

Seasonal food insecurity in Bangladesh is a multidimensional socioeconomic issue emanated from more than just access and availability of food. In general, it has been considered that the northern areas of Bangladesh, treated as monga-prone, is more vulnerable to seasonal food insecurity as compared to any other region of the country. The manifestation of monga is essentially food insecurity and consequent vulnerabilities. The paper investigates the seasonal food insecurity status, coping strategies along with its possible determinants linked to socioeconomic conditions of the affected households in Kurigram, one of the monga-prone districts of northern Bangladesh. A primary survey was conducted to explore the food insecurity status and diverse factors leading to food insecurity in terms of food consumption, livelihood and consequent family experiences in mitigating the severity of food insecurity during the monga (lean) period. The nature of household food insecurity seems to be an outcome of a variety of risk factors, as well as inability to manage those risks due to income and resource constraints. Moreover, a reduction in food intake during the monga period is one of the common scenarios in the study area. Marginal effects and elasticities after probit regression reveal that household’s income, share of per capita medical expenditure, safety net(s) involvement and the area of residence appear to be the leading factors affecting seasonal food insecurity during the monga period to a significant extent. Households with more medical expenditure (68 %), cultivable landholding (9 %) and households residing by the riverside (4 %) have a higher probability of food insecurity than their counterparts. On the contrary, relatively large size family (-16 %), higher income (-4 %) and safety net coverage (-19 %) have reduced the probability of food insecurity during the monga period. Finally, the paper concludes with some policy issues based on on-site observation and econometric analysis to overcome this transitory food insecurity in the monga-prone areas.     

Estimation of Southeast Asian rice paddy areas with different ecosystems from moderate-resolution satellite imagery

Multi-temporal satellite imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) was used to map the different ecosystems of Southeast Asian (SEA) rice paddies. The algorithm was based on temporal profiles of vegetation strength and/or water content, using MODIS surface reflectance in visible to near-IR range. The results obtained from the analysis were compared to national statistics. Estimated SEA regional rice area was 42 × 10⁶ ha, which agrees with published values. The model performance was dependent on rice ecosystems. Good linear relationships between the model results and the national statistics were observed for rainfed rice. High linear coefficients of determination, R², were also found for irrigated rice and upland rice, but the model tended to underestimate irrigated rice and overestimate upland rice. However, these high R² values indicated that the model effectively simulated spatial distribution of these rice areas. These R² values were either of similar magnitude or larger than those reported in literature, regardless of the rice ecosystem. Poor correlation was observed for deepwater rice.     

国际粮食贸易影响下东北黑土地生产压力变化与保护策略

黑土地是重要的农产品生产基地之一,承担着保障国家粮食安全和维护农业生态安全的重要责任,保护好黑土地对促进我国农业可持续发展至关重要。测算与分析2000—2020年东北黑土地粮食生产耕地压力的变化情况,研究国际贸易对东北黑土地粮食生产的耕地压力的影响,利用国际市场占有率指数和贸易竞争优势指数分析东北黑土地农产品在国内及国际两个市场的竞争优势。结果表明：近20年来东北黑土地粮食生产的耕地压力基本处于安全压力区并呈逐步下降的趋势,玉米、大豆、稻谷三种主要作物生产的耕地压力分别从2000年的1.94、1.09和0.63下降至2020年的0.69、0.26和0.54。国际粮食贸易对黑土地粮食生产耕地压力减缓的作用显著且呈现出逐年上升的趋势,2020年对黑土地粮食生产耕地压力减缓的贡献率达26.22%,其中对大豆生产的耕地压力减缓的贡献率达511.48%。农产品贸易优势度分析结果显示,东北黑土地农产品在国内市场具有明显的贸易竞争优势,但在国际贸易中的竞争优势不明显。为此,提出了国际贸易粮食贸易变化背景下黑土地保护的若干建议,为东北黑土地保护及其粮食产能保障相关决策提供参考。     

丛枝菌根真菌对百菌清引起的旱稻(Oryza sativa L.)毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了百菌清对旱稻 (Oryza sativa L.)生长和氧化胁迫的影响,以及接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)对百菌清污染下旱稻生长的影响和对旱稻氧化胁迫的影响.结果表明,百菌清处理对旱稻的生长有明显的抑制作用,施加百菌清后可以使旱稻地上部的生物量由2.5 g·pot^-1下降到1.0 g·pot^-1以下;地下部分的生物量在施加百菌清处理后由0.9 g·pot^-1下降到0.3 g·pot^-1以下.百菌清处理下接种AMF能显著提高旱稻生物量,接种菌根真菌能使50 mg·kg^-1百菌清处理下旱稻的生物量增加1倍以上.百菌清处理能显著降低旱稻对磷(P)营养元素的吸收,在50 mg·kg^-1百菌清处理下旱稻地上部分P的吸收量由3 200 μg·pot^-1下降到860 μg·pot^-1,接种AMF能使旱稻地上部P的吸收量增加到1 900 μg·pot^-1.百菌清处理还可以引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫,改变旱稻体内抗氧化酶系统的活性,而接种菌根真菌能降低百菌清对旱稻产生的氧化胁迫,从而减轻百菌清污染对旱稻的毒性作用.总之,百菌清土壤污染能够引起旱稻体内的氧化胁迫、降低旱稻P的吸收量而影响植物生长,接种菌根真菌能显著改善旱稻的生长和降低百菌清对旱稻的影响.     

鲁尔关税同盟矿区转型研究：多主体治理的经验借鉴

工业区转型一直备受关注,德国鲁尔区是其中最为典型的案例之一。选取鲁尔区关税同盟矿区为研究对象,基于实地考察和半结构式访谈,剖析其转型过程中的多主体参与机制,总结其治理框架发现：在多渠道的资金投入、矿区工业文化的保护与开发、建筑与环境的更新改造、日常运营与管理及社区生活与空间活化等方面,政府自上而下管理与适度放权相结合扮演支柱角色,社会公众在分担公共事务与参与公共生活过程中活化社会空间,市场主体的自身发展与矿区转型形成良性循环。三类主体活跃互动,其多主体协作治理的经验值得借鉴。我国在工业区转型过程中,政府可尝试脱离“全能包办”的思想,将部分职能释放予社会和市场,吸引其主动进入和发展,共同推动区域转型。     

基于生态账户的农田生态补偿空间转移研究——以武汉城市圈48个县(市、区)为例

论文以区域农田生态服务价值为基础,以经济发展程度、区域农田生态赤字/盈余与区域提供的生态承载力比值为调节系数,建立农田生态补偿空间转移模型,基于农田生态账户的概念从县(市、区)级层面对武汉城市圈48个县(市、区)的农田生态补偿空间转移额度进行测算。结果显示:1武汉城市圈农田生态系统服务总价值为75.00×108元,涉及农田生态补偿空间转移额2.31×108元。2 48个县(市、区)中,24个为农田生态支付区,支付区中武昌区的支付量最大,达到5 967.92×104元,最小为14.94×104元(铁山区);24个受偿区中最大受偿额为238.91×104元(黄陂区),最小为5.14×104元(英山县)。3农田生态补偿空间转移量占地方当年财政收入的比例在0.07%~5.24%之间波动。论文提出的农田生态补偿空间转移模型简单、可行,也适用于其他更高或更低的尺度上有农田分布的地区进行农田生态补偿空间转移额度的核算。     

基于复杂网络的全球稻米贸易格局演化及其启示

运用复杂网络分析方法,采用2000—2016年国际贸易关系数据构建了全球稻米贸易网络,分析了全球稻米网络格局演化特征及中国在全球稻米贸易格局中的角色变化。研究发现：（1）2000—2016年全球稻米贸易网络规模不断扩大、相互依赖性加深,网络结构的异质性特征明显,核心节点对网络稳定性有控制作用;（2）印度、泰国、中国、越南、巴基斯坦、美国是网络核心节点,东南亚、南亚、东亚地区保持着全球稻米贸易核心区地位;（3）全球稻米贸易网络划分为六个主要组团,地理临近是组团格局形成的重要因素,组团内部呈现出口国主导、进口国跟随的特征;（4）中国作为全球最大的稻米进口国家,进口来源相对稳定。建议今后我国继续挖掘全球稻米贸易潜力,充分发挥贸易网络的优势,在风险可控前提下,增加进口、优化出口,提高贸易网络的复杂性,从而提升安全保障能力。     

云南省公路路域绿化护坡植物的生态区划与选择

在参考前人研究工作的基础上,以水热因素的地域分异规律为依据,以整体植被景观为参照,以局部环境背景为基础,以有利于公路建设、参考行政区划确定区域界线的原则,将云南全省公路路域分为滇西北北温带寒温针叶林、亚高山草甸区等7个区,西部高山峡谷杉木林、稀疏灌木草丛亚区等17个亚区,德钦维西长苞冷杉、川滇杜鹃、白刺花、扭黄茅、狐茅小区等30个小区.一级分区的7大生态地理单元从宏观上反映了云南全省从东到西、从南到北气候和植被类型的经向、纬向地带性及各生态区域的海拔梯度、地貌特点及土壤类型;二级分区的17个亚区综合反映了一级分区内局部生境的地形地貌特征及微地形环境影响下的植物组合类型;三级分区的30个小区概括反映了全省地县市级行政区域界限与主要护坡绿化植物分布区域的叠合关系.根据植物物种的生态适应性和物种特性,甄别选择了适于不同生态小区环境背景下生长的乔、灌、草等绿化护坡植物.     

城市家庭食物消费差异的实证研究——以郑州市为例

食物消费是人类最基本的消费行为。以中原地区典型城市郑州市为例,通过问卷调查和跟踪称重方法,获取了309户城市家庭的一手食物消费数据,定量分析了现阶段我国典型城市家庭食物消费的差异。研究表明：（1）郑州城市家庭人均食物消费总量为372.32 g/餐。其中,植物性食物的消费量约为动物性食物的3倍。（2）三个样本城区中,惠济区水产品和水果的人均消费量远低于金水区和二七区;收入水平较高的家庭,蔬菜、主食的人均消费量占人均食物消费总量的比例趋于减小,而水产品、奶类和水果的比例趋于增加;人口规模较小的家庭比规模较大的家庭人均食物消费量大。（3）通过与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐的食物摄入量对比发现,郑州城市家庭主食类和蔬菜类消费量合理,畜禽肉和蛋类的消费量过高,粗杂粮、水果、奶类和大豆摄入不足。实证研究为进一步准确获取居民食物消费基础数据提供了参考,并为相关政策的制定提供了科学依据。     

国际粮食贸易背景下的市场整合与虚拟资源流动——以中国巴基斯坦大米市场为例

贸易自由化和区域经济一体化不仅会通过比较优势整合市场、提升效率,还会带来农产品贸易中虚拟资源的流动。以中国—巴基斯坦大米贸易为研究对象,使用两国大米贸易数据,首先检验中巴粮食市场整合程度,其次分析中巴大米贸易带来的虚拟水和虚拟土地的流动。结果表明：（1）中巴之间大米市场已经高度整合,且价格存在长期均衡,但巴基斯坦大米价格比中国波动大,其对中国大米的价格弹性为1.097;“一带一路”倡议带来了巴方大米价格7.8%的下降,增加了穷人的福利。（2）贸易带来了虚拟水土资源的流动。中国累计从巴基斯坦净进口大米354万t,相当于净进口国内52万hm²、巴基斯坦96.4万hm²耕地,以及国内34.4亿t、巴基斯坦101.7亿t水资源。中国应加大技术支持和扩散的力度,具有促进粮食安全,节约全球资源的意义。     

南北差异视角下个体食物浪费行为——基于大学生高校食堂就餐情境的分析

饮食习惯一直被认为是造成食物浪费的重要因素。基于对29省29所高校9192份大学生食堂就餐的实地调查问卷,从南北差异视角探讨了个体食物浪费行为的差异特征。研究表明：相对北方籍大学生,南方籍大学生浪费食物的概率更高,南方籍大学生在高校食堂就餐时食物浪费量和浪费率也高于北方籍大学生。通过中介效应模型,证实南北方主流饮食模式是引发浪费差异的关键所在。进一步匹配大学生南北方籍贯和所就读高校的南北区位,并以“南方大学生在南方高校求学”模式为基准,发现“南方大学生到北方高校求学”模式下,个体有更低的食物浪费概率、浪费量和浪费率。但“北方大学生到南方高校求学”模式下,个体没有显示出较低的食物浪费概率、食物浪费量和食物浪费率,从而稳健地证实南北方主流饮食模式是引发浪费差异的关键所在这一结论。     

玉米生产环境成本及全要素生产率的时空研究

论文在把玉米生产省（区）按生产能力划分为三类产区的基础上,纳入环境成本,系统分析了2004—2014年各地区玉米生产的环境成本全要素生产率及其分解的变化,并明确了三类产区在未来玉米产量保障中的地位和作用。研究结果表明：1）玉米生产环境成本全要素生产率呈现下降趋势,生产方式整体仍属于粗放型,同时玉米生产正转向劳动节约型和环境可持续型;2）第一主产区具有产量和环境可持续性优势,未来仍将是我国玉米供给主要产区,第二主产区和其他产区在要素管理和技术水平以及环境可持续性方面仍有待提高,能够为未来玉米需求提供更高保障。     

Does Tephrosia candida as fallow species, hedgerow or mulch improve nutrient cycling and prevent nutrient losses by erosion on slopes in northern Viet Nam?

Agroforestry is considered to be a promising alternative to short-fallow shifting cultivation or other monocropping systems. An on-farm experiment was established in 1996 in northern Viet Nam to examine the contribution of the leguminous bush Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) D.C. as a fallow or hedgerow species and as a mulch producer to improve nutrient cycling and prevent nutrient losses by erosion. The systems tested were upland rice monocropping (Mono), natural fallow (NaFa), fallow of Tephrosia (TepFa), hedgerow intercropping with upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and internal mulching using pruned Tephrosia biomass (TepAl), and upland rice with external mulching using Tephrosia biomass (TepMu). Over two cropping seasons, from April 1996 to April 1998, nutrients recycled and inputs and exports were recorded, as well as changes in C-, N- and P-pools, and in pH in the 0–5 cm topsoil layer.The Tephrosia systems (TepFa, TepAl, TepMu) prevented nutrient losses by erosion effectively. Compared to the NaFa system, the TepFa system accumulated 34% more N in the above-ground plant parts and increased topsoil N by 20%, probably due to N-fixation. There was a trend that the less labile P-pools (NaOH-P) were reallocated into the more labile P-pools (Bicarb-P) in the soil of the TepFa system. Burning released significant amounts of the inorganic P-pools in both the NaFa and TepFa systems and this effect seemed to be more pronounced in the TepFa than in the NaFa. Organic input to crop export ratios for N and P were >1 in the TepAl and TepMu treatments. This was due to a sufficient quantity and quality of the Tephrosia mulching material. However, moderately labile NaOH-extractable organic P seemed to be depleted in the topsoil due to high P uptake in the TepMu treatment. Thus, nutrient cycling and nutrient balances were improved under the Tephrosia systems. But for long-term P sustainability, there is a belief that a combined use of mulching and mineral P fertiliser is needed.     

Climate change favors rice production at higher elevations in Colombia

Rice (Oriza sativa) feeds nearly half of the world’s population. Regional and national studies in Asia suggest that rice production will suffer under climate change, but researchers conducted few studies for other parts of the world. This research identifies suitable areas for cultivating irrigated rice in Colombia under current climates and for the 2050s, according to the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The methodology uses known locations of the crop, environmental variables, and maximum entropy and probabilistic methods to develop niche-based models for estimating the potential geographic distribution of irrigated rice. Results indicate that future climate change in Colombia could reduce the area that is suitable for rice production by 60%, from 4.4 to 1.8 million hectares. Low-lying rice production regions could be the most susceptible to changing environmental conditions, while mid-altitude valleys could see improvements in rice-growing conditions. In contrast to a country like China where rice production can move to higher latitudes, rice adaptation in tropical Colombia will favor higher elevations. These results suggest adaptation strategies for the Colombian rice sector. Farmers can adopt climate-resilient varieties or change water and agronomic management practices, or both. Other farmers may consider abandoning rice production for some other crop or activity.

     

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on real-time traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatio-temporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NOx were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars (LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NOx emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NOx emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks (HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NOx contributor in both inner and outer districts, and its three NOx emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NOx emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.