污泥热解残渣催化市政破膜污泥的热解作用

本文通过原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)对污泥热解残渣中金属化合物含量测定和扫描电镜(SEM)对污泥热解残渣的表面形态进行表征,采用热重分析(TGA)对印染污泥和市政污泥的热解残渣催化污泥热解作用进行了初步探讨.结果表明,两种污泥热解残渣对污泥热解均有催化作用,且印染污泥热解残渣催化效果优于市政污泥热解残渣;热解残渣中金属化合物种类和含量对其催化效果有一定影响,尤其是污泥热解残渣中铝、铁、锌化合物在污泥催化热解过程中起了重要作用.     

回流液对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

随着污泥产量的不断增加,未能妥善处置的污泥会给环境带来许多隐患.污泥厌氧消化技术可使污泥“无害化”“减量化”“资源化”,是污泥处置的主流技术路线之一.但污泥的厌氧消化效率低,限制了该技术的推广应用.利用污泥厌氧发酵罐的回流沼液,对污水处理厂脱水的市政污泥进行酸化预处理,从而提高污泥的产沼气效率.结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵最...     

低浓度Ce3+对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性和胞外多聚物的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了低浓度Ce3 对启动驯化、稳定培养和酸化等不同状态对厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度Ce3 可促进厌氧颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性;0.05mg·l-1Ce3 对稳定培养中的厌氧颗粒污泥比产甲烷活性促进作用最大,提高了14.29%,对酸化污泥促进作用较弱,低于5%,对启动驯化和再启动污泥有所抑制,抑制程度分别为7.67%和1.64%;驯化培养过程有利于污泥对稀土的适应.Ce3 的加入降低了启动驯化、稳定培养、严重酸化和再启动污泥的胞外多糖含量,有利于颗粒污泥的稳定性.Ce3 使驯化、稳定培养和再启动状态污泥的胞外核酸含量降低,而酸化污泥的胞外核酸含量升高,可用细胞膜通透性的改变解释.     

固体浓度及上清液有机物对柠檬酸污泥pH缓冲容量的影响

本文选取柠檬酸污泥作为研究对象并与市政污泥比较,探讨了固体浓度和上清液有机物对污泥pH缓冲容量的影响.结果表明,柠檬酸污泥的pH缓冲容量(9.50 mmol·L~(-1))比市政污泥(6.61 mmol·L~(-1))高出40%以上.污泥体系的固体浓度越大或上清液中有机物物浓度越高,则污泥的pH缓冲容量越大.污泥的pH缓冲容量与污泥固体和上清液pH缓冲容量的加和并不一致,但上清液有机物均比固体浓度对污泥体系的pH缓冲容量影响更大.     

活性炭辅助微波热解污泥反应条件的试验研究

针对微波不能直接实现原污水污泥高温热解的问题,采用活性炭作为微波能吸收物质辅助污泥热解。对影响污泥热解效能的3个主要因素：污泥样品量、活性炭掺杂量和微波辐射功率,各做了3个水平的考察,得到了试验条件下的最优方案：污泥样品量30g、活性炭掺杂量6g、微波辐射功率1200W。结果表明：在最优试验方案下,污泥能在7min内升至920℃的高温,实现污泥快速、高效热解。通过分析3个因素对污泥热解效能的影响,进一步对最优试验方案下的固体产物吸收微波的性能及用其作为掺杂物辅助微波热解污水污泥的可行性进行了研究,结果表明：固体残渣吸收微波性能良好,可以代替活性炭作为更经济、高效的污泥微波热解辅助材料。     

调理脱水污泥的热解特性及动力学分析

利用TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis)热分析技术对污水处理厂原始污泥及调理脱水污泥进行了实验研究,获得了不同升温速率下污泥的TG(Thermogravimetric)和DTG失重曲线.实验发现,不同调理脱水污泥热解特性复杂,且热解动力学在不同转化率下对应的动力学反应也不同.并利用M-KAS(Kissinger-AkahiraSunose)模型和Discrete DAEM(Discrete distribute activation energy model)模型对不同调理污泥进行了动力学参数研究.结果表明,污泥的非等温热解过程包含3个失重阶段;升温速率影响污泥热解特征温度,随着升温速率的提高,失重曲线向高温区滑移.利用上述模型计算的动力学参数变化趋势表明所采用的Fenton及赤泥复合调理对污泥热解特性有很大影响,Fenton调理有助于污泥EPS(Extracellular polymeric substances)破坏,影响热解反应中的形核过程,进而影响热解动力学变化趋势;赤泥调理后,赤泥更容易与破坏的污泥细小颗粒结合,增加了污泥热解反应数量,影响整个污泥热解过程.从计算结果可以看出污泥热解由多步反应组成,整个热解过程动力学参数不断变化.     

微生物絮凝剂的污泥脱水性能研究

采用酱油曲霉发酵制备的微生物絮凝剂对广州市猎德污水处理厂浓缩污泥的脱水性能进行研究,实验结果表明,酱油曲霉分泌的微生物絮凝剂对浓缩污泥有较好的脱水效果,调理后的污泥比阻可降至8.9×1011m·kg-1,显著地改善了污泥的脱水性能,与对照样相比,脱水率提高了7%,含水率降低了6%,当絮凝剂的投加量为污泥体积的5%、干重质量浓度为5.8mg·l-1时,污泥的脱水效果最佳,污泥脱水率从75.6%提高到82.6%,污泥含水率从82.4%降到76.4%.微生物絮凝剂和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)复合使用有助于改善污泥的脱水性能,当10mL116mg·l-1微生物絮凝剂和6mL 1g·l-1PAM复合使用时,污泥的脱水率为82.9%,脱水后污泥的含水率为76.1%.     

施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统影响的研究进展

城市污泥的合理处置已成为目前环境科学研究领域中的重要课题。因污泥富含有机质和有效营养成分,对土壤改良有积极的促进作用,所以污泥的土地利用普遍被认为是一种积极、有效的处置方式。鉴于此,本文就国内外施用城市污泥对土壤生态系统的．影响及相关的过程和机理进行了综述。结果显示,施用污泥可改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤有机质和氮、磷等养分元素的含量,其改良作用因污泥类型而异。污泥对土壤重金属的积累有所影响,特别是在酸雨频发地区或者长期施用污泥,可能会带来重金属Gu污染的环境风险。污泥普遍有利于提高土壤酶活性,譬如土壤淀粉酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,但污泥施用过量或时间延长,则会抑制多酚氧化酶和磷酸酶的活性,而污泥对过氧化氢酶的影响则不大。污泥对土壤微生物特性短期内有积极的影响,但长期则有负面作用。施用污泥可导致土壤动物活性的增加,但也会对一些土壤动物产生毒性,譬如异壳介虫属和弹尾目昆虫,而且污泥毒性不仅取决于污泥用量,土壤类型也起着重要作用。基于上述分析和评述,提出了未来研究展望如下：（1）针对污泥施用后土壤生态系统生物、物理和化学过程和机理进行系统、综合的基础研究;（2）对污泥土地利用进行长期的系统定位试验和环境监测,并对之进行环境风险评价;（3）对污泥稳定化处理技术的创新及其应用研究。     

城市污泥干燥研究进展

随着城市污水处理厂不断增加,城市污泥的产量也大幅度增长。减量化是城市污泥资源化的首要步骤,而干燥是城市污泥减量化最有效的方法之一。本文简述了城市污泥的干燥特性及各种干燥方法,并对各种方法的优缺点进行比较,得出利用太阳能和通过种植植物对污泥进行干燥是较为经济可行的污泥干燥方法。在提倡可持续发展理念及能源危机不断恶化的情况下,这两种方法在污泥干燥方面的应用将具有广泛前景。     

污泥处理,处置与利用的研究现状分析

通过对污泥危害性分析和对污处理现的文献及工程调查,论述了目前各种泥处理,处置与利用技术的现状并讨论论它们各自的发展方向,评价了污泥再利用过程中的二次污染问题,拽出了以污泥作为第二资源加以合理利用是污泥处理的最佳途径。     

Effect of sludge treatment on the bioaccumulation of nonylphenol in grass grown on sludge-amended soil

We studied the accumulation of p353-nonylphenol residues in the biomass of grass grown in soil amended with sewage sludge submitted to various conditioning/dewatering treatments. Incubation experiments were conducted growing Poa pratensis in sludge-amended soils and applying one ¹⁴C-labelled isomer of nonylphenol in the different systems. More metabolites than parent compounds were recovered in both roots and leaves of the grass. The type of sludge conditioning and dewatering treatment had a slight effect on the bioaccumulation of nonylphenol and its metabolites. When the grass was cultivated in soils amended with dewatered sludge without conditioning pretreatment, an increased accumulation was observed in the roots, while the final biomass of the grass was lower.     

Co-application of energy uncoupling and ultrafiltration in sludge treatment: Evaluations of sludge reduction,supernatant recovery and membrane fouling control

• Effects of metabolic uncouplers addition on sludge reduction were carried out. • TCS addition effectively inhibited ATP synthesis and reduced sludge yield. • The effluent quality such as TOC and ammonia deteriorated but not significantly. • Suitable dosage retarded biofouling during sludge water recovery by UF membrane. Energy uncoupling is often used for sludge reduction because it is easy to operate and does not require a significant amount of extra equipments (i.e. no additional tank required). However, over time the supernatant extracted using this method can deteriorate, ultimately requiring further treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a low-pressure ultrafiltration membrane process for sludge water recovery after the sludge had undergone an energy uncoupling treatment (using 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS)). Energy uncoupling was found to break apart sludge floc by reducing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Analysis of supernatant indicated that when energy uncoupling and membrane filtration were co-applied and the TCS dosage was below 30 mg/L, there was no significant deterioration in organic component removal. However, ammonia and phosphate concentrations were found to increase as the concentration of TCS added increased. Additionally, due to low sludge concentrations and EPS contents, addition of 30–60 mg/L TCS during sludge reduction increased the permeate flux (two times higher than the control) and decreased the hydraulic reversible and cake layer resistances. In contrast, high dosage of TCS aggravated membrane fouling by forming compact fouling layers. In general, this study found that the co-application of energy uncoupling and membrane filtration processes represents an effective alternative method for simultaneous sludge reduction and sludge supernatant recovery.     

Fate of proteins of waste activated sludge during thermal alkali pretreatment in terms of sludge protein recovery

Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amides happened during pretreatment. Over 90 min of TAH at the optimal condition, 67.59% sludge proteins was solubilized. 15.84% soluble proteins broke down to materials with small molecular weight. Proteins are the major organic component s of waste activated sludge (WAS); the recovery of sludge proteins is economically valuable. To efficiently recover sludge proteins, WAS should undergo hydrolysis pretreatment to fully release proteins from sludge flocs and microbial cells into aqueous phase. One of the most widely used chemical methods for that is thermal alkali hydrolysis (TAH). Here, the soluble protein concentration achieved the highest level over 90 min of TAH pretreatment at 80°C; the sludge floc disintegration and microbial cell destruction were maximized according to the content profiles of bound extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) of sludge. Both less proteins broken down to materials with small molecular weight and less melanoidin generated were responsible. TAH pretreatment at 80°C for 90 min resulted in the solubilization of 67.59% of sludge proteins. 34.64% of solubilized proteins was present in soluble high molecular; 1.55% and 4.85% broke down to polypeptides and amino acids. The lost proteins via being converted to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen accounted for 9.44% of solubilized proteins. It was important to understand the fate of sludge proteins during TAH pretreatment in terms of protein recovery, which would be helpful for designing the downstream protein separation method and its potential application.     

Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review

• Diversity and detection methods of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. • Control performance of sludge treatment processes on pathogenic microorganisms. • Risk of pathogen exposure in sludge treatment and land application. The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.     

Effect of cropping systems on the mobility and uptake of Cd and Zn

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different land use systems such as continuous grass and agricultural crops rotation on the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils contaminated by former excessive sewage sludge application. The results show that Cd and Zn concentrations increased to 2 and 3.5 folds within 3 cuts of grass, respectively. Even 10 years after the end of excessive sewage sludge application the concentration of Cd in winter and summer wheat is 3.4 and 2.5 folds higher than the control, respectively. Zn concentration increased by two folds for both crops. In conclusion, the uptake depends on plant species and the degree of soil contamination. The availability of heavy metals was not changed with time.     

Anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments: Changes of amino acids and microbial community

•Tryptophan protein, and aromatic protein I/II were the key identified proteins. •Cysteine was more correlated with methane production than other amino acids. •The presence of cysteine can promote methane production and degradation of VFAs. •The presence of cysteine can lower ORP and increase biomass activity. •Predominant Tissierella and Proteiniphilum were noted in pretreated sludge samples. Many studies have investigated the effects of different pretreatments on the performance of anaerobic digestion of sludge. However, the detailed changes of dissolved organic nitrogen, particularly the release behavior of proteins and the byproducts of protein hydrolysis-amino acids, are rarely known during anaerobic digestion of sludge by different pretreatments. Here we quantified the changes of three types of proteins and 17 types of amino acids in sludge samples solubilized by ultrasonic, thermal, and acid/alkaline pretreatments and their transformation during anaerobic digestion of sludge. Tryptophan protein, aromatic protein I, aromatic protein II, and cysteine were identified as the key dissolved organic nitrogen responsible for methane production during anaerobic digestion of sludge, regardless of the different pretreatment methods. Different from the depletion of other amino acids, cysteine was resistant to degradation after an incubation period of 30 days in all sludge samples. Meanwhile, the “cysteine and methionine metabolism (K00270)” was absent in all sludge samples by identifying 6755 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes assignments of genes hits. Cysteine contributed to the generation of methane and the degradation of acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids through decreasing oxidation-reduction potential and enhancing biomass activity. This study provided an alternative strategy to enhance anaerobic digestion of sludge through in situ production of cysteine.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

• High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of sewage sludge (SS) is overviewed. • Factors affecting process stability and performance in HS-AD of SS are revealed. • HS effect and knowledge gaps of current research on the HS-AD of SS are identified. • Future efforts on addressing knowledge gaps and improving HS-AD of SS are proposed. High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) has been applied extensively during the last few decades for treating various organic wastes, such as agricultural wastes, organic fractions of municipal solid wastes, and kitchen wastes. However, the application of HS-AD to the processing of sewage sludge (SS) remains limited, which is largely attributable to its poor process stability and performance. Extensive research has been conducted to attempt to surmount these limitations. In this review, the main factors affecting process stability and performance in the HS-AD of SS are comprehensively reviewed, and the improved methods in current use, such as HS sludge pre-treatment and anaerobic co-digestion with other organic wastes, are summarised. Besides, this paper also discusses the characteristics of substance transformation in the HS-AD of SS with and without thermal pre-treatment. Research has shown that the HS effect is due to the presence of high concentrations of substances that may inhibit the function of anaerobic microorganisms, and that it also results in poor mass transfer, a low diffusion coefficient, and high viscosity. Finally, knowledge gaps in the current research on HS-AD of SS are identified. Based on these, it proposes that future efforts should be devoted to standardising the definition of HS sludge, revealing the law of migration and transformation of pollutants, describing the metabolic pathways by which specific substances are degraded, and establishing accurate mathematical models. Moreover, developing green sludge dewatering agents, obtaining high value-added products, and revealing effects of the above two on HS-AD of SS can also be considered in future.     

Distribution and removal of antibiotic resistance genes during anaerobic sludge digestion with alkaline,thermal hydrolysis and ultrasonic pretreatments

Sludge digestion is critical to control the spread of ARGs from wastewater to soil. Fate of ARGs in three pretreatment-AD processes was investigated. UP was more efficient for ARGs removal than AP and THP in pretreatment-AD process. The total ARGs concentration showed significant correlation with 16S rRNA gene. The bacteria carrying ARGs could be mainly affiliated with Proteobacteria. Sewage sludge in the wastewater treatment plants contains considerable amount of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). A few studies have reported that anaerobic digestion (AD) could successfully remove some ARGs from sewage sludge, but information on the fate of ARGs in sludge pretreatment-AD process is still very limited. In this study, three sludge pretreatment methods, including alkaline, thermal hydrolysis and ultrasonic pretreatments, were compared to investigate the distribution and removal of ARGs in the sludge pretreatment-AD process. Results showed that the ARGs removal efficiency of AD itself was approximately 50.77%, and if these three sludge pretreatments were applied, the total ARGs removal efficiency of the whole pretreatment-AD process could be improved up to 52.50%–75.07%. The ultrasonic pretreatment was more efficient than alkaline and thermal hydrolysis pretreatments. Although thermal hydrolysis reduced ARGs obviously, the total ARGs rebounded considerably after inoculation and were only removed slightly in the subsequent AD process. Furthermore, it was found that the total ARGs concentration significantly correlated with the amount of 16S rRNA gene during the pretreatment and AD processes, and the bacteria carrying ARGs could be mainly affiliated with Proteobacteria.     

Bioaerosolization behavior along sewage sludge biostabilization

• Aerosolization behavior during a lab-scale sludge biostabilization was determined. • Many pathogenic species were identified to be preferentially aerosolized. • Bioaerosol concentration along the biostabilization ranged from 160 to 1440 cell/m³. • Sludge aerosolization behavior was different with that of other biowaste. Biostabilization is a cost-effective method for the beneficial utilization of sewage sludge. However, during the operation of sludge biostabilization, some microbial species could be released into the atmospheric environment from the solid-phase of sludge easily and present a high risk to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of bioaerosol during sludge biostabilization. We found a total of nine bacterial phyla, one archaeal phylum, and two fungal phyla in the bioaerosol samples. Among them, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Ascomycota were the dominant phyla. In addition, the bioaerosolization indexes (BI) of prokaryotic phyla and fungal phyla ranged 0–45 and 0–487, respectively. Massilia, Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Tremellales spp., and Fusarium were the preferentially aerosolized microbial genera with maximum bioaerosolization indexes of 19962, 10360, 1802, 3055, and 7398. The bioaerosol concentration during the biostabilization ranged from 160 to 1440 cell/m³, and we identified species such as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila and Fusarium graminerum with high bioaerosolization indexes that could be threats to human health. Euryachaeota, which belongs to archaeal phyla, had the highest biostabilization index in our study. We also found that Pseudarthrobacter was the easiest to aerosolize during the sludge biostabilization process.