Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China

Synthetic musks are used as additives in many household products. After absorption into the human body, they accumulate and their concentrations in human milk reflect both the mother and her infant’s exposure level. Concentrations of four synthetic musks, musk xylene (1-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, MX), musk ketone (4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone, MK), 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[ ]-2-benzopyran (HHCB) and 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4,6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), were determined in human milk samples collected from Shanghai, Wuxi, and Shaoxing in Eastern China. The four synthetic musks were found in most samples analyzed, with HHCB the dominant component followed by MX. The median (mean) values for HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK concentrations were 63 (82), 5 (12), 17 (24) and 4 (9) ng/g lipid weight, respectively. These data suggested the total synthetic musk contamination was low, and the distribution percentage was HHCB > MX > AHTN MK. The relative high ratio of nitro to polycylic musk indicated that nitro musks were still widely used. The musk concentrations in these cities were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Principal components score plots were obtained, which showed similar exposure sources. The amount of total synthetic musks in human milk were not associated with mother’s age, although HHCB was significantly correlated with AHTN (p < 0.05). Daily ingestion of HHCB, AHTN, MX and MK for infants from human milk were estimated as (2526 2926), (370 524), (7391 832), and (277 462) ng/day, respectively. Those doses were 1–2 orders of magnitude below the provisional tolerable daily intakes.     

Detection and Characterization of Avastrovirus Associated with Diarrhea Isolated from Minks in China

Astroviruses are becoming a growing concern in veterinary and public health. Many astrovirus species are associated with enteric diseases have been described in both mammalian and avian hosts. In the present study, 23 fecal samples from diarrheic minks were collected in Liaoning and Shandong Province, and an investigation of astrovirus was performed using biochemical methods and RT-PCR assay with specific primers. A total of four mink astroviral isolates were detected from sick minks with diarrhea problems. Further sequencing and characterization of the partial ORF1b gene and ORF2 gene segments revealed low sequence identities (20.0–85.3 and 31.8–87.2 %) with known astroviral strains, indicating the emergence of a novel clade of astroviruses. Some new features of the astroviral genome have also been discovered. The phylogenetic tree revealed that all samples were distantly related to mink astrovirus and were closely related to chicken astroviruses and turkey astroviruses. MK/DL-1, MK/DL-2, MK/SD-1, and MK/SD-2 formed a new clade and were found to be more closely related to astroviruses from birds than to other mink strains, indicating past cross-species transmission and considerable zoonotic potential.     

Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system

Under the indoor simulant conditions, toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil which was put into aquatic environment on the young fishes Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant system after a 20-d exposure were investigated. Results showed that the relationship between the mortality of C. auratus and the exposed doses could be divided into 3 phases: fishes exposed to the low dose groups (0.5-5.0 g/L) were dead due to the ingestion of crude-oil-contaminated soils in aquatic environment; at the m...     

三峡库区消落带表层沉积物生物标志物时空变化与来源分析

受三峡大坝季节性“蓄水-放水”影响,三峡库区消落带每年呈“淹没-落干”周期性变化,库区内有机质环境地球化学过程也随之改变.基于此,于2018年3月和9月带采集淹没期和落干期表层沉积物成对样品(n=16×2=32),GC-MS分析生物标志物(正构烷烃、未分离复杂混合物、藿烷和甾烷),探讨不同时期有机质时空变化与来源组成.结果表明,落干期和淹没期正构烷烃(C₁₀~C₄₀)浓度分别为(14.09±4.05)μg/g和(16.25±3.91)μg/g,UCM为4.28~28.62μg/g,表明存在石油烃类污染.正构烷烃短链与长链比(L/H)在落干期和淹没期平均值分别为(0.90±0.56)、(0.74±0.15),指示落干期为低等生物与陆源高等植物的混合有机质输入,淹没期则以陆源输入为主.碳优势指数CPI平均值分别为(1.66±0.32)、(1.70±0.33),指示化石燃料与高等植物的混合贡献.正构烷烃主峰碳数(Cmax)与浓度特征揭示落干期藻类、细菌和水生植物源输入比淹没期高.库区上游多以水生、高等植物源为主,而下游则以细菌、浮游藻类低等输入居多.藿烷类(C₂₇、C₂₉~C₃₂) Ts/Tm,C₃₁(S/S+R)以及甾烷类(C₂₇~C₂₉) C₂₉ααα S/(S+R)比值结果均可指示高成熟度石油烃输入.主成分分析结果表明落干期以石油源和水生、陆生植物源混合输入为主,淹没期以低等生物与水生植物混合源输入居多.本研究探讨了季节性水位调节对消落带沉积物生物标志物的影响机制,获得了示踪信息,为进一步研究库区生物标志物环境地球化学循环提供基础数据.     

海水中原油对双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)的急性毒性效应及其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

近年来海洋溢油事故频发,增加了溢油污染对海洋生物及海洋生态系统的暴露风险.为阐明海洋溢油事故对海洋生物的毒性效应,以双齿围沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis）为受试生物,研究了不同质量浓度的海水原油溶液对双齿围沙蚕的急性毒性效应及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:双齿围沙蚕的死亡率与海水中原油暴露浓度呈正相关,暴露24、48及72 h的LC₅₀（半致死浓度）分别为13.08、9.80和8.37 g/L;暴露72 h后,双齿围沙蚕组织液中MDA（丙二醛）的含量均高于对照组,其中1.0 g/L暴露组显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）,且随暴露浓度的增大而升高;GST（谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶）的活性被显著诱导,且随暴露浓度的增大而升高;0.1 g/L原油暴露下,CAT（过氧化氢酶）和SOD（超氧化物歧化酶）的活性被显著诱导,当暴露浓度达到0.5 g/L时,CAT的诱导程度减弱,而SOD则受到抑制.研究显示,海水中的原油对双齿围沙蚕具有显著急性毒性效应,且0.1 g/L的原油暴露即可导致双齿围沙蚕产生脂质过氧化,脂质过氧化程度随暴露浓度的升高而增强;0.1 g/L原油暴露能显著诱导双齿围沙蚕体内抗氧化酶的活性,且随着海水中原油暴露浓度的增加,GST的诱导程度增强,CAT的诱导程度减弱,SOD的活性则受到抑制.      

Using lysosomal membrane stability of haemocytes in Ruditapes philippinarum as a biomarker of cellular stress to assess contamination by caffeine, ibuprofen, carbamazepine and novobiocin

Although pharmaceuticals have been detected in the environment only in the range from ng/L to g/L, it has been demonstrated that they can adversely affect the health status of aquatic organisms. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) has previously been applied as an indicator of cellular well-being to determine health status in bivalve mussels. The objective of this study is to evaluate LMS in Ruditapes philippinarum haemolymph using the neutral red retention assay (NRRA). Clams were exposed in laboratory conditions to caffeine (0.1, 5, 15, 50 μg/L), ibuprofen (0.1, 5, 10, 50 μg/L), carbamazepine and novobiocin (both at 0.1, 1, 10, 50 μg/L) for 35 days. Results show a dose-dependent effect of the pharmaceuticals. The neutral red retention time measured at the end of the bioassay was significantly reduced by 50% after exposure to environmental concentrations (p < 0.05) (caffeine = 15 μg/L; ibuprofen = 10 μg/L; carbamazepine = 1 μg/L and novobiocin = 1 μg/L), compared to controls. Clams exposed to these pharmaceuticals were considered to present a diminished health status (retention time < 45 min), significantly worse than controls (96 min) (p < 0.05). The predicted no environmental effect concentration (PNEC) results showed that these pharmaceuticals are very toxic at the environmental concentrations tested. Measurement of the alteration of LMS has been found to be a sensitive technique that enables evaluation of the health status of clams after exposure to pharmaceuticals under laboratory conditions, thus representing a robust Tier-1 screening biomarker.     

Induction of chemotaxis to sodium chloride and diacetyl and thermotaxis defects by microcystin-LR exposure in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Apart from the liver disruption, embryotoxicity and genotoxicity, microcystin (MC)-LR also could cause neurotoxicity. Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was explored as a model to study the neurotoxicity. In the present study, we provided evidence to indicate the neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thermotaxis from MC-LR exposure to C. elegans. As a result, higher concentrations of MC-LR caused significantly severe defects of chemotaxis to NaC1 and diacetyl, and thermotaxis. The neurotoxicity on chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl, and thennotaxis from MC-LR exposure might be largely mediated by the damage on the corresponding sensory neurons (ASE, AWA, and AFD) and interneuron AIY. The expression levels of che-1 and odr-7 were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in animals exposed to MC-LR at concentrations lower than 10 μg/L, whereas the expression levels of ttx-1 and ttx-3 could be significantly (P<0.01) lowered in animals even exposed to 1 μg/L of MC-LR. Moreover, both the chemotaxis to NaCl and diacetyl and the thermotaxis were more significantly reduced m MC-LR exposed mutants of che-1(p674), odr-7(ky4), ttx-1(p767), and ttx-3(ks5) than those in exposed wild-type N2 animals at the same concentrations.     

水中铜离子对颤蚓的毒性效应研究

测定了铜对颤蚓的半数致死浓度(LC5)0、生物富集系数(BCF)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。实验结果表明随着铜浓度的增大,颤蚓的死亡率明显升高,铜对颤蚓毒性有明显的剂量—效应关系;铜对颤蚓的24h-LC50、48h-LC50、72h-LC50分别为237.8、212.2、174.3μg/L,表明染毒时间越长,铜对颤蚓的毒性越大;浓度为12.5μg/L、25μg/L的铜对颤蚓的BCF分别为25.3和36.8,表明暴露浓度越大,生物富集程度越高;暴露于浓度为0、5、10、15、20、25μg/L的铜溶液24h后,颤蚓体内SOD活性的变化呈现降低-升高-降低的趋势。实验表明颤蚓对铜的耐受能力较强且具有一定的生物富集作用。     

金雀异黄素对雄性斑马鱼卵黄原蛋白mRNA的诱导机理

采用质量浓度分别为1、10、100、1 000 μg/L的金雀异黄素对成年雄性斑马鱼进行水体暴露28 d,通过real-time PCR技术检测雄性斑马鱼肝脏内Vtg-1(卵黄原蛋白)、ERα和ERβ1 mRNA(雌激素受体)的表达水平,并利用同位素放射免疫法检测雄性斑马鱼性腺w(睾酮)和w(E₂)(E₂为17β-estradiol,17β-雌二醇). 结果表明:10~1 000 μg/L金雀异黄素显著诱导了雄性斑马鱼肝脏Vtg-1 mRNA的表达,二者呈剂量-效应关系,同时显著上调了雌激素受体ERβ1 mRNA的表达;但1~1 000 μg/L金雀异黄素却极显著地抑制了雄性斑马鱼肝脏内ERα mRNA的表达,同时造成雄性斑马鱼性腺w(E₂)的升高和w(睾酮)的降低. 研究结果显示,金雀异黄素可能通过提高雄性斑马鱼体内ERβ1mRNA的表达和内源w(E₂),增强ERβ1对内源雌激素的介导作用,从而促进Vtg-1的表达.      

多溴联苯醚和新型阻燃剂暴露与儿童肾损伤研究

为加强对多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和新型阻燃剂(NFRs)环境健康风险的认识,开展PBDEs和NFRs暴露与儿童肾损伤研究. 选择电子垃圾拆解区儿童(暴露组,57例)和对照区儿童(对照组,57例),开展问卷调查和血、尿样采集,检测血中PBDEs、NFRs、铅、脂肪、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、尿酸(UA)浓度,尿中镉、镍、β₂微球蛋白(β₂-MG)、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶浓度. 采用T检验比较两组儿童污染物暴露水平差异,协方差分析比较两组儿童肾功能指标差异,线性回归分析污染物暴露水平和肾功能指标的关联,广义相加模型分析不同污染物对肾功能指标影响的两两交互作用. 结果表明:①暴露组儿童PBDEs和NFRs内暴露浓度(中值分别为230和340 ng/g lipid)显著高于对照组儿童(中值分别为110和160 ng/g lipid),PBDEss浓度与NFRs浓度呈显著相关. ② PBDEs、NFRs浓度与肾功能指标β₂-MG浓度呈显著正相关、与BUN、SCr浓度呈显著负相关. PBDEs与金属的交互作用对β₂-MG和UA浓度存在显著影响. ③ PBDEs和NFRs暴露导致暴露组β₂-MG浓度显著高于对照组、BUN和SCr浓度显著低于对照组,增加暴露组儿童肾损伤的风险. 研究显示,较高的PBDEs和NFRs暴露浓度增加了电子垃圾拆解区儿童肾损伤风险.      

双酚AF对大型溞生殖、生长等生态行为的影响

为了明确双酚AF（BPAF）对水生生物行为的影响,考察了BPAF对大型溞的急性毒性和慢性毒性（生殖、生长、发育、生理等）影响.结果显示,BPAF对大型溞的24h和48h半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为9.70mg/L和5.02mg/L.根据化学品分类和标签规范,BPAF属于毒性Ⅱ级.BPAF对大型溞生殖、生长、发育和生理的毒性影响结果表明,高浓度BPAF（100 μg/L）导致大型溞性成熟时间明显延迟,并显著降低了大型溞产卵频次、产卵总数等生殖行为,且对大型溞的生长、发育产生显著抑制现象,同时造成种群繁衍能力显著受损.本文旨在为BPAF对水生生物的生态行为影响提供理论依据.     

沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

为探究沈阳市郊区环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征,于2017年8月24日—9月2日采用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法对沈阳市郊区醛酮类化合物进行观测分析,利用美国环境保护局推荐的人体健康风险评价方法对部分有毒有害醛酮类化合物的人体健康风险进行了评价,并利用比值法对醛酮类化合物的来源进行了初步分析.结果表明:醛酮类化合物质量浓度日均值范围为23.16～38.38μg/m³;质量浓度最高的4种醛酮类化合物依次是丙酮、甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,其质量浓度日均值的平均值分别为8.71、5.90、5.48和2.95μg/m³.对·OH消耗速率(L_OH)贡献较大的醛酮类化合物物种是正丁醛、甲醛和乙醛,臭氧生成潜势贡献(OFP)较大的醛酮类化合物物种是甲醛、正丁醛和乙醛,在研究区影响醛酮类化合物光化学反应活性的物种主要是甲醛、乙醛和正丁醛.研究区观测期间,环境空气中甲醛和乙醛的致癌性风险值分别为1.18×10^-5和5.91×10^-6,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险;乙醛的非致癌风险值为...     

低pH值及铝对深鳅吸收45Ca的影响

为了探讨低ｐＨ和铝对水生生物的毒性或联合毒性效应,进一步研究钙缓解作用机理,用放射性核素＾４５Ｃａ作为示踪剂,研究在低ｐＨ值及加铝条件下,泥鳅（Ｍｉｓｇｕｍｕｓａｎｇｕｉｌｌｉｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ）对钙离子的吸收分布情况,结果表明,生长在ｐＨ在７．１０时,＾４５Ｃａ在泥鳅体内各器官的９６ｈ放射性比度为,皮肤３９５３２ｃｐｍ／ｇ,骨骼３８１１６ｃｐｍ／ｇ,鳃２５４９５ｃｐｍ／ｇ,肌肉１６５１ｃｐｍ／ｇ低     

Impact of some chlorinated pesticides on the haematology of the fish Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto

The effects of pesticides on blood characteristics and histological changes in erythrocytes of the fish species Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto were studied. The fishes were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of different chlorinated pesticides namely aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, BHC and chlordane for 10, 20 and 30 d in continuous flow-through test. The LCso values were calculated based on acute toxicity tests and the sublethal doses were arrived at for chronic bioassay studies. Results showed an increase in haemoglobin content of both Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto in case of aldrin and dieldrin. Haemoglobin content reduced from an initial 13 g/100 ml to 8.07 and 10.15 g/100 ml in case of Cyprinus at the end of ten days exposure to aldrin and dieldrin respectively, and gradually increased to 8.7 g/100 ml and 10.15 g/100 ml after 20 d of exposure. The haemoglobin content after 30 d exposure to aldrin and dieldrin was 10.15 g/100 ml and 11.6 g/100 ml respectively. In case of Puntius ticto, the haemoglobin content in control fishes recorded was 12.8 g/100 ml while in case of fish exposed to aldrin, the haemoglobin content reduced initially on ten days exposure to 10.15 g/100 ml and increased to 11.6 g/100 ml and 13.0 g/100 ml during twenty days and thirty days exposure respectively. This trend was also observed with dieldrin in both the fishes studied. Red blood cells were also counted in case of all the pesticides and exposure periods with respect to Cyprinus carpio and Puntius ticto. Irrespective of the species and pesticide, the RBC counts uniformly showed decreasing trend with the increase in exposure period, while packed cell volume, PCV(%) showed increasing trend with respect to increase in exposure period in case of aldrin and dieldrin in both the fishes. But DDT, BHC and chlordane showed decreasing trend in PCV(%) values with increasing periods of exposure.     

重金属对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的影响

为了探究重金属单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)繁殖的影响及其作用机制,采用96孔板液相暴露试验,以环境相关浓度(0.1~50.0 μg/L)的Cd、Hg、Pb暴露同步化处理秀丽隐杆线虫,24 h后统计其怀卵数及阴门畸形率,以及连续记录72 h内子一代秀丽隐杆线虫的个体数,最后利用2×2析因设计方差分析阐明重金属的两两联合作用模式. 结果表明:与对照组相比,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖具有显著抑制作用,ρ(Cd)为50.0 μg/L、ρ(Hg)为10.0 μg/L、ρ(Pb)为50.0 μg/L暴露组秀丽隐杆线虫子一代数量分别降低了43.5%、33.8%、51.0%;Cd-Hg暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Hg)分别为50.0、10.0 μg/L时〕、Hg-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Hg)、ρ(Pb)分别为10.0、50.0 μg/L时〕、Cd-Pb暴露组〔当ρ(Cd)、ρ(Pb)分别为50.0、50.0 μg/L时〕秀丽隐杆线虫子一代个体数分别降低了44.7%、61.0%、53.3%. 进一步研究发现,Cd、Hg、Pb单独及联合暴露会引起秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内受精卵数量降低以及产卵器阴门结构畸形率升高. 2×2析因设计方差分析结果发现,Cd、Hg、Pb两两联合暴露对秀丽隐杆线虫的繁殖表现为没有交互作用或者交互方式为拮抗. 研究显示,秀丽隐杆线虫子宫内怀卵数的降低是其子一代数量显著减少的主要原因,而阴门结构的损伤可能使产卵行为受损,从而进一步加剧重金属对秀丽隐杆线虫繁殖的抑制作用.      

大学校园室内环境PM2.5中PAEs污染特征及暴露风险

为揭示大学校园室内环境中PM_2.5及其中PAEs（phthalate esters,邻苯二甲酸酯）的污染特征和师生暴露风险,以陕西师范大学长安校区为例,采集了校园秋冬季6个采样点52个室内PM_2.5样品,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪检测了其中22种PAEs的浓度,分析了其构成和时空分布,评估了师生暴露健康风险.结果表明:①不同采样点PM_2.5中22种PAEs的总浓度范围为237~413 μg/m3,其中6种优控PAEs的总浓度范围为4.81~7.47 μg/m3;室内PM_2.5中的PAEs主要为邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯和邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯,均为非优控PAEs,且这3种单体的浓度远高于6种优控PAEs单体的浓度.②各采样点检出的6种优控PAEs单体不同,图书馆和教室中6种优控PAEs均被检出,宿舍中检出4种,家属区中检出3种.③季节变化对室内PM_2.5浓度及其中的PAEs浓度均会产生影响,冬季室内PM_2.5平均浓度（58.3 μg/m3）高于秋季（55.4 μg/m3）,12月6种优控PAEs单体浓度范围为0.250~3.86 μg/m3,明显高于其他月份.④来源解析表明,校园室内空气PM_2.5中的PAEs主要来自室内装饰材料的释放,学生油墨及化妆品和个人护肤品的使用,以及增塑剂的使用及涂层的释放.⑤6种优控PAEs对人体产生的非致癌风险均较低,邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯的致癌风险均低于标准限值（1×10-6）,二者的致癌风险均可忽略.研究显示,校园内不同室内环境中PM_2.5污染程度及其中的PAEs浓度和构成均存在一定差异,师生暴露于室内空气PM_2.5中6种优控PAEs的非致癌风险均较低,致癌风险可忽略,但环境中非优控PAEs的污染与风险应给予足够的关注.      

Acute effects of chlorpyryphos-ethyl and secondary treated effluents on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in Carcinus maenas

The acute effects of commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (Dursban(r)) and the secondary treated industrial/urban effluent (STIUE) exposure on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in hepatopancreas and gills of Mediterranean crab Carcinus maenas were investigated. After 2 d of exposure to chlorpyriphos-ethyl, the AChE activity was inhibited in both organs at concentrations of 3.12 and 7.82 μg/L, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only at higher concentration 7.82 μg/L of commercial preparation Dursban(r). The exposure of crabs to Dursban(r) (3.12 μg/L) showed a significant decrement of AChE activity at 24 and 48 h, whereas the BuChE was inhibited only after 24 h and no inhibition for both enzymes was observed after 72 h. Moreover, a significant repression of AChE activity was observed in both organs of C. maenas exposed to 5% of STIUE. Our experiments indicated that the measurement of AChE activity in gills and hepatopancreas of C. meanas would be useful biomarker of organophosphorous (OP) and of neurotoxic effects of STIUE in Tunisia.     

藻毒素复合污染对鱼体的免疫毒性研究

针对水体富营养化问题,通过单一暴露和联合暴露方式研究两种MCs四种暴露剂量（0．1,1,10,100μg／L）下对鱼体的免疫毒效应。结果发现,不同剂量MCLR和MCRR单一暴露都能使鲫鱼淋巴细胞发生死亡,呈现明显的剂量效应和时间效应关系。且MCLR对鱼体的毒性相对McRR要更显著;MCLR和McRR复合暴露对鱼体淋巴细胞的毒性效应表现为协同作用,且随着毒素浓度的增加,其毒性效应差异显著性也随之升高,故而鱼体的免疫系统造成重大的影响,因此应当加强控制藻毒素在水体中的复合污染。     

壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类（微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞）浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚（NP）对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在“水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞”食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明：NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数（BCF）在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响

为评价纳米碳化钨的水生态毒理效应,以模式生物斑马鱼胚胎为研究对象,观察了纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,<2g/L的纳米碳化钨悬液对斑马鱼胚胎的正常发育和成活没有任何影响.在3g/L的极高浓度下,纳米碳化钨处理24~96h导致31%的幼鱼出现各种发育畸形,33%的幼鱼死亡,但仍有36%的幼鱼发育和活动均正常.通过与受精后5h及30h开始纳米碳化钨暴露的实验组相比,发现受精后24h是斑马鱼胚胎对纳米碳化钨处理最敏感的时期.胚胎卵膜的人工提前去除可以削弱纳米碳化钨对斑马鱼胚胎发育的不良影响.