基于样本熵的东江月径流序列复杂性分析

基于非线性动力学参数样本熵方法,分析东江干流龙川、河源和博罗3个主要控制水文站的长序列月径流资料,研究东江干流径流序列复杂度的空间分布及动态变化特征.结果表明,东江干流月径流序列复杂度具有空间差异性,整体呈从上游到下游逐渐增加的趋势;径流序列复杂度动态变化较大并具有一定的周期性,反映出自然环境变化特别是人类活动影响导致了水文动力学系统结构变化;各站的径流滑动平均值与相应的样本熵值之间存在着反相关关系,并且径流量与相应样本熵的峰谷值之间存在较好的对应关系.     

东江流域1959-2009年气候变化及其对径流的影响

依据东江流域21个气象站1959-2009年逐年平均降雨、蒸发、日照、湿度及气温等气象要素序列,选择常用的线性倾向估计及非参数M．K等趋势分析方法,分析了东江流域近50年来气温、降水、蒸发、日照及湿度等气象要素的变化趋势。选择降雨和蒸发两个气候要素两两组合,构成未来气候变动的36种假想情景,运用改进的SCS月模型模拟计算了顺天流域年径流量的变化幅度。结果表明：在过去的50年间,流域降雨量呈不显著增长,而气温则为显著上升,其他气候要素如蒸发、日照及湿度等均呈不同程度减少趋势;关联度分析表明降雨在所有气象要素中与径流的关联度为最大,说明了在东江流域降雨是径流量变化的主要驱动因子;未来流域降雨增加,蒸发减少的气候情景模式下,径流量会有所增加,反之亦然;由降雨变化引起的流域月径流量的增幅较由蒸发变化引起的相应流量的增幅变化大。     

基于SWAT模型的淠河流域土地利用变化的水文响应模拟

以淮河南岸最大支流——淠河流域为研究区域,采用嵌套入ArcGIS软件的SWAT分布式机理性水文模型定量评估土地利用变化对降水-径流关系的影响.结果表明,1996-2010年淠河流域的土地利用变化主要表现为水田、旱地向建设用地转化以及林地向园地转化.相较于1996年的土地利用情景,2010年土地利用情景下的多年平均径流增加5.87％,年径流的增加主要表现为汛期径流增加,非汛期径流则呈减少趋势,径流量年内变幅加大.对于不同水文年份而言,平水年对土地利用变化的水文响应最明显,变幅最大,枯水年则略大于丰水年,淠河流域的水源涵养能力呈现减退趋势.     

合流制排水系统降雨径流污染物特征及初期冲刷效应

合流制排水系统降雨期间高污染溢流污水直接排入水体对水体质量有明显影响,其径流污染物输出特征和初期冲刷效应受排水区类型、面积、降雨特性等多种因素影响。为此,选取昆明市典型合流制排水系统明通河流域不同类型集水区进行降雨径流监测,研究合流制排水系统降雨径流污染物输出特征及初期冲刷效应。结果表明:合流制排水系统初期合流污水污染物质量浓度明显高于后期,不同污染物输出特征、形态差别较大,溶解态氮是N污染物的主要赋存形态,而P污染物主要以颗粒态形态存在。管道沉积物是合流污水重要的污染来源。年内次降雨污染物平均质量浓度以雨季初期降雨最高,中期降雨质量浓度最低,雨季后期质量浓度较中期略有上升。不同类型集水区N、P质量浓度排序为:居民区>城市综合型>综合型>城郊结合型。降雨量是影响初期冲刷效应的关键因素,雨量大的降雨初期冲刷效应明显。     

中亚热带红壤丘陵区农业流域景观格局对水文过程的影响

景观格局是影响流域水文过程和水分循环要素分配的重要因素,研究景观格局对流域水文过程的影响可以为流域水资源管理和合理利用提供科学依据。以湖南省长沙县金井流域为例,利用2010—2014年实测水文、气象资料和土地利用遥感图,基于Pearson相关分析和多元线性逐步回归模型,分析流域景观格局对水文过程(河川径流与基流)的影响。结果表明:(1)流域河川径流流量季节性波动剧烈,而基流流量的季节性变化相对较小;(2)流域景观格局显著影响水文过程,平枯水期河川基流量与香农多样性指数(SHDI)、斑块密度(PD)和边界密度(ED)呈显著正相关,与蔓延度指数(CONTAG)、最大拼块面积所占景观面积比例(LPI)、聚集指数(AI)和斑块凝聚度(COHESION)呈显著负相关(P0.05);(3)全年和平枯水期流域河川径流系数和基流量可以用流域内土地利用方式面积比例和景观格局指数预测,对流域景观的合理规划有利于中亚带红壤丘陵区农业流域水资源的科学管理和合理利用。     

一种基于三维指标因子的流域多年径流丰枯k-means聚类法

径流丰枯聚类研究的传统方法多建立在年径流量的单一指标之上,容易导致分析的片面化。针对这个问题,提出了衡量流域多年径流丰枯状态的三维指标因子及权重,将其耦合到k-means聚类法的相似度计算与收敛分析中,在此基础上对对多年径流进行丰枯聚类,构建了一种基于三维指标因子的流域多年径流丰枯k-means聚类法。以该方法对广东省鉴江流域下游化州站1956—2006年的径流系列进行聚类分析,并与基于年径流量单一指标的k-means聚类方法进行对比,结果表明该方法是较全面且符合实际的。     

华北平原欧美107杨单株夜间液流分配特征及其环境响应

夜间液流是林木水通量中不可忽视的组分,分析华北平原欧美107杨(Populuseuramericana)夜间液流特征及变化规律,量化夜间液流在茎干补水和夜间蒸腾之间分配特征,探讨夜间液流环境同步控制机制,旨在提高林木蒸腾和水量平衡估算的精确度,为人工林水分利用提供理论和方法依据。2019年4月1日—10月31日,利用Granier热扩散探针监测欧美107杨树干液流密度动态变化,并同步观测环境因子。结果表明,(1)树干液流存在明显昼夜节律,夜间液流速率不为0,前半夜液流活动比后半夜活跃。(2)生长季内单株日间液流量均值为(21.09±10.93) kg·d^-1,夜间液流量均值为(2.52±1.60)kg·d^-1,夜间液流占全天液流的比例多在0—20%之间,全生长季均值为9.1%;夜间液流/全天液流呈“U”型变化,生长季初期和末期较高,中期较低。(3)夜间饱和水汽压差,夜间风速和土壤含水量是影响夜间液流的主要环境因子,夜间饱和水汽压差与夜间液流极显著正相关,风速通过直接及间接效应,对夜间液流具有不可忽视的影响;更干燥的土壤对夜间液流的促进作用大于...     

基于日平均养殖量的畜禽养殖排污系数法的改进

传统的畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算方法受养殖规模浮动影响,计算结果精度不高,只能计算整年污染负荷且无法计算某时段污染负荷。在分析传统畜禽产污系数法缺陷的基础上,探讨了日平均养殖量取代年养殖量的计算模式。依据不同类型畜禽养殖的周期特点,提出了各种类型畜禽养殖排污系数污染负荷计算公式和方法。最后,利用2008—2009年天津市宁河县生猪养殖污染负荷计算实例,对比分析了两种计算方法。结果表明,基于日平均养殖量的产污系数计算方法可以有效地减少由于养殖规模波动造成的计算误差,同时还适用于年内某时段污染负荷的计算,克服了传统方法只能以年为计算基本单元的弊端。     

基于水文学方法的珠江流域生态流量研究

珠江流域水资源丰富,但由于水体污染等原因,水质性缺水问题较为突出,区域水环境、水生态以及水安全等成为急需解决的重要科学问题。开展生态流量研究对于评价地表水文过程演变对区域水环境与水生态的影响具有重要理论意义,并为区域水资源优化配置和可持续开发利用提供科学依据。基于此,运用各种＂水文学＂方法（包括最小月平均流量法、改进的7Q10法、NGPRP法、逐月最小生态径流计算法和逐月频率计算法）对珠江流域11个主要水文控制站点的实测月径流量做了全面而系统的研究,分析珠江流域生态径流过程,并通过与Tennant法对比分析,选择逐月最小生态径流计算法和逐月频率计算法分别计算了各水文控制站的最小生态径流量和适宜生态径流量,除个别站点外,其评价结果分别处于Tennant法＂中＂和＂最佳＂的等级。对于逐月频率计算法中保证率的选取方法,研究表明各月径流系列均取50%最适合珠江流域。研究同时为仅利用水文资料中的多年逐月径流数据来确定生态需水提供了一种新的研究思路。     

基于知识图谱的北运河流域水环境研究进展分析

北运河流域属海河水系,先后流经北京市、河北省廊坊市和天津市,是维持北京、廊坊、天津的重要生态廊道。为了落实国家和地方《水污染防治行动计划》,改善北运河流域水环境质量,北运河流域愈发受到科研工作者的关注。文章使用CNKI中国期刊全文数据库统计了20年内(2000-2019年)关于北运河流域水环境研究文献。通过共被引、共现关键词等分析探讨北运河流域水环境研究的基础以及研究热点与前沿。结果表明:研究分为初期萌芽阶段、中期井喷阶段和后期稳定阶段,在此期间重要贡献者较多,研究呈现多样性与深入性。北运河流域水环境各研究主题间界限清晰,领域分化鲜明,研究角度较少,研究方式相对单一。未来北运河流域水环境研究将会基于多种水质评价方法得出的水质变化规律和污染物的来源与特征,进行有针对性的治理研究,以改善目前恶劣的水质情况。     

On a technique to investigate the covariation between streamflow and rainfall in afforested catchments

Principal components analysis is used to split the variance of streamflow and rainfall in three catchments into uncorrelated factors in an attempt to describe the effect of afforestation on streamflow. The total period covered is from 1956 to 1977, and that up to 1969 was treated as a control period. Most of the variation in streamflow is associated directly with rainfall for Pinus patula and the control area; this is not, however, true of the Eucalyptus grandis catchment which has an anomalous time series which has undergone a steady decline over the whole period of record. It is suggested that there is a principal component that isolates the effects of having planted the P. patula in 1971.     

3种氯酚化合物对大型溞的联合毒性

氯酚类化合物是我国水体中广泛存在的一类优先控制污染物,以大型溞(Daphnia magna)为试验生物,测定了2,4-二氯酚、2,4,6-三氯酚和五氯酚对大型溞的48 h致死的单一毒性和联合毒性.基于单一氯酚化合物的浓度-效应曲线,运用浓度加和(CA)与独立作用(IA)2个模型对2种等毒性浓度比的混合物(Mix-LC5...     

Impacts of climate change/variability on the streamflow in the Yellow River Basin, China

Changes of streamflow reflect combined effects of climate, soil and vegetation in the basin scale. This study was conducted to investigate the response of streamflow to the climate changes/variability in different scales of the Yellow River Basin (YRB). The spatial distribution and temporal trends were explored for precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PE) during 1961-2000 to illustrate climate change/variability and impacts of climate change/variability on streamflow were explained by investigating the relationship of precipitation, PE and streamflow in the YRB. The results presented that: (i) precipitation and PE exhibited different spatial distribution patterns and temporal trends in different regions, and most stations showed negative trends for precipitation in the basin; (ii) the relationship of streamflow with precipitation and PE showed high nonlinearity, and the magnitudes and patterns of streamflow response to precipitation and PE displayed different patterns varied with the dry conditions in different region or years; and (iii) the precipitation elasticity of streamflow (?_P) was 1.80, 1.08, 1.78 and 1.95 in Lanzhou, Toudaoguai, Huayuankou and Lijin respectively, while the PE elasticity of streamflow (?_ET) was −3.41, −4.40, −4.52 and −4.20 in above four scales, respectively, from which can be seen that streamflow was more sensitive to precipitation in wet region than in arid region and inversely it was more sensitive to PE in arid regions than in wet regions. Furthermore, precipitation elasticity of streamflow calculated from the partial correlation presented a reasonable result to show the combined effect of precipitation and PE on streamflow.     

Nonparametric Ranked-set Sampling Confidence Intervals for Quantiles of a Finite Population

Ranked-set sampling from a finite population is considered in this paper. Three sampling protocols are described, and procedures for constructing nonparametric confidence intervals for a population quantile are developed. Algorithms for computing coverage probabilities for these confidence intervals are presented, and the use of interpolated confidence intervals is recommended as a means to approximately achieve coverage probabilities that cannot be achieved exactly. A simulation study based on finite populations of sizes 20, 30, 40, and 50 shows that the three sampling protocols follow a strict ordering in terms of the average lengths of the confidence intervals they produce. This study also shows that all three ranked-set sampling protocols tend to produce confidence intervals shorter than those produced by simple random sampling, with the difference being substantial for two of the protocols. The interpolated confidence intervals are shown to achieve coverage probabilities quite close to their nominal levels. Rankings done according to a highly correlated concomitant variable are shown to reduce the level of the confidence intervals only minimally. An example to illustrate the construction of confidence intervals according to this methodology is provided.     

恶臭污染评价分级方法

恶臭污染的定量评价分级是评价恶臭污染状况的重要依据,但目前我国还没有成熟的恶臭污染分级标准.在分析了国外臭气强度标准的基础上,结合韦伯-费希纳公式,计算臭气浓度与臭气强度的对应值,以臭气强度的嗅觉感觉和丰富的实验经验为依据,将恶臭污染程度初步划分为5级,并对分级结果的科学性和合理性进行实验验证.     

Nocturnal changes in the mean length of a euphausiid population: vertical migration,net avoidance,or experimental error?

The lengths of 9 421 Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, from 144 net samples from 4 depth ranges at the same location (north east of South Georgia) were measured over a period of 6 d. While the mean lengths showed differences between each depth range in each time period of each day, the only consistent difference occurred in the period 00.00 to 04.00 hrs local time, when the mean lengths of krill were up to 2 mm greater than those found at other times. While vertical migration may have contributed to this nocturnal change in mean length, differences in measurement techniques between observers were also implicated. Controlled laboratory experiments confirmed that there were significant differences between measurements of the same krill analysed by six different observers while there were no significant differences in replicate measurements made by a single observer. These results have important implications for future studies involving length and length-frequency analysis, and suitable precautions and experimental protocols are suggested.     

辽宁本溪大气颗粒物浓度特征

利用本溪大气成分监测站2008年3月至2009年2月大气颗粒物监测仪GRIMM180的连续监测资料,对该地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度变化、谱分布特征以及大气颗粒物与气象因素的关系进行分析研究.结果表明,本溪PM10和PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为0.086 mg.m-3和0.058 mg.m-3,其日平均质量浓度变化幅度较大;冬季和夏季质量浓度日变化均呈现明显的双峰双谷特征;数浓度谱分布较好地符合Junge分布;PM10日平均值超标率为8.7%,且大气颗粒物主要是以细粒子的形式存在;随风速的增大大气颗粒物质量浓度基本呈现逐渐减小的趋势,当风速〉0.6 m.s-1时,大气颗粒物质量浓度随风速增大下降明显,风速〉3.0 m.s-1时,下降的趋势减缓;降水过程对大气颗粒物有清除作用,其中对粗粒子的清除效果非常明显.     

Can forest management be used to sustain water-based ecosystem services in the face of climate change?

Forested watersheds, an important provider of ecosystems services related to water supply, can have their structure, function, and resulting streamflow substantially altered by land use and land cover. Using a retrospective analysis and synthesis of long-term climate and streamfiow data (75 years) from six watersheds differing in management histories we explored whether streamflow responded differently to variation in annual temperature and extreme precipitation than unmanaged watersheds. We show significant increases in temperature and the frequency of extreme wet and dry years since the 1980s. Response models explained almost all streamflow variability (adjusted R2 > 0.99). In all cases, changing land use altered streamflow. Observed watershed responses differed significantly in wet and dry extreme years in all but a stand managed as a coppice forest. Converting deciduous stands to pine altered the streamflow response to extreme annual precipitation the most; the apparent frequency of observed extreme wet years decreased on average by sevenfold. This increased soil water storage may reduce flood risk in wet years, but create conditions that could exacerbate drought. Forest management can potentially mitigate extreme annual precipitation associated with climate change; however, offsetting effects suggest the need for spatially explicit analyses of risk and vulnerability.     

Maltooligosaccharides in the northwestern Adriatic Sea

The aim of this study was to monitor for the first time the oligosaccharide pattern in the northwestern Adriatic Sea. Oligosaccharides are components of the low-molecular-weight fraction of dissolved organic matter (DOM). They perform an important ecological function in the microbial loop prompting substrates for bacterial degradation. In particular, our investigation focused on maltooligosaccharides (glucose α 1–4 linked). The analyses were carried out using a dialysis-charcoal column sorption pre-concentration method, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode. During the study period, the concentration of maltooligosaccharides with a low degree of polymerisation (ranging from maltose to maltotetraose) was higher than other maltooligosaccharides (maltopentaose and maltoeptaose) and all together they reached their highest concentration in June. This concentration was temporally shifted from a long period of diatom bloom (from January to April). Furthermore, the annual maltooligosaccharide trend was monitored together with several chemical, physical and biological parameters to investigate their potential role on the maltooligosaccharide accumulation. Our results suggested that the maltooligosaccharide accumulation could be related to the water column stratification.     

高层建筑与室内氡浓度

通过对20层以上的高层建筑连续一年的室内氡浓度监测分析,揭示了高层建筑因建筑取材、室内装修材料和建筑结构不同,其室内氡浓度亦有不同;高层建筑因使用时间和季节不同而室内氡浓度亦有不同。