敞开空间水幕抑制阻挡非水溶性有害重气扩散的试验研究

通过室外水幕抑制阻挡CO2扩散试验分析了CO2泄漏时的体积分数分布,探讨了水幕压力、水幕到泄漏源距离、泄漏源高度对水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散能力的影响,得到了不同初始条件下的水幕稀释效率.结果表明:水幕压力越大,抑制效果越好;泄漏源到水幕的距离较近时,CO2容易穿透水幕;泄漏高度低于水幕高度时,泄漏高度越高,水幕抑制效果越差.在此基础上得出了扇形水幕抑制阻挡重气云扩散机理,即向上喷射的扇形水幕是通过垂直向上的机械趋散作用、空气卷吸等将重气向上驱散,从而达到抑制阻挡非水溶性重气的目的.     

基于数值模拟的扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散的影响因素研究

在重气储罐区内设置喷射水幕是安全隔离、控制重气泄漏后扩散和减缓事故后果严重程度的重要措施之一。为此,利用计算流体力学(CFD)模型建立了氯气泄漏扩散模型,对扇形水幕阻挡稀释氯气扩散过程进行了动态模拟及影响因素分析,分别模拟了外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量和水幕液滴直径等参数对氯气泄漏后扩散的影响情况。结果表明,合理地设置水幕能够有效阻挡氯气的扩散、缩短危险距离和减少危害面积。在大气稳定的情况下,外界风速、水幕的喷射角度、水幕距泄漏源距离、水幕流量等参数、水幕液滴直径是影响扇形水幕阻挡氯气扩散的重要因素。其中水幕距泄漏源距离和水幕流量2个因素对阻挡稀释效果的影响比较明显,水幕距泄漏源的距离越小,水幕的动量越大,阻挡稀释效果越好,水幕流量适中时效果最好,流量过大或过小阻挡稀释效果都要差一些。因此,合理设置相关参数有利于提高水幕性能,更加有效地降低氯气泄漏事故的后果。     

扇形水幕抑制丙烷气体扩散的数值模拟

由于丙烷气体具有易燃易爆的危险性,不宜采用试验研究.二氧化碳与丙烷在标准状况下密度相当,同属于重气,因此,在研究中拟用二氧化碳代替丙烷.首先利用Fluent对扇形水幕抑制二氧化碳的扩散进行了数值模拟,模拟所设定的参数均与试验相同,在与试验数据进行对比后验证了Fluent模拟重气扩散的有效性及可行性.然后利用Fluent对水幕抑制丙烷扩散进行了数值模拟,从模拟过程中得出,水幕产生的阻挡作用、机械湍流作用及造成的空气卷吸作用对丙烷的扩散起到很好的抑制效果.通过设置不同水幕压力和泄漏源与水幕之间的距离,对其影响扇形水幕抑制丙烷扩散的效果进行了数值模拟,结果表明扇形水幕压力越大抑制效果越好、水幕距泄漏源距离越近抑制效果越好.     

水幕抑制重气云扩散的研究进展

在分析重气云危险性的基础上,指出了水幕抑制重气扩散的方法.对水幕的结构、影响因素和作用机理进行了阐述,对目前国外进行的实验进行了简单的描述,并对各类模型的优缺点以及基本原理进行了概括,最后指出了未来水幕抑制重气扩散的实验和理论研究方向.     

高原山区城市重气泄漏扩散的风洞试验研究

进行重气泄漏扩散环境风洞试验,研究高原山区城市中重气泄漏扩散规律.结果表明,高原山区城市重气泄漏扩散存在1个危险风速,该风速下环境中重气浓度达到最大值,同时黏滞系数也达到最大值.通过多项式拟合可求出危险风速.当地年平均风速条件下,重气浓度随下风距离增加而减小,而在排放源下风向500 m外,随着距离的增加,重气浓度的变化趋缓;重气浓度在横风向上呈偏态分布;在垂直方向上随着高度的增加而减小,而高度超过20 m后重气浓度随高度的变化较小.     

障碍物地形条件下重气泄漏扩散实验的CFD模拟验证

重气泄漏扩散是一种危害性较大的多发事故,而一旦在人口密集区域发生泄漏事故,周围居民将处境危险。重气泄漏后一般沿地面扩散,而地形条件是影响其扩散行为的重要因素。本文利用计算流体力学方法(CFD)对Thorney Island Trial026实验条件进行了数值模拟,考察障碍物对气体扩散的影响并与实验结果进行对比。结果表明,模拟结果与实验数据的吻合性较好,证明CFD软件能够较准确地模拟障碍物地形条件下的重气扩散过程。     

化工罐区重质气体多源泄漏扩散实验研究

在模拟实验平台开展了罐区重质气体多源泄漏扩散的实验研究,考察多泄漏源同时泄漏时,泄漏源在罐区的位置、泄漏源间距对罐区重质气体漏扩散过程的影响。结果表明:泄漏源越靠近罐区边缘,重质气体扩散范围越大;泄漏源越靠近罐区中心区域,周围罐的阻碍作用较大,中心区域的重质气体浓度越高;泄漏源间的间距越小,泄漏源中间区域的重气浓度越大,泄漏源间的间距增大,气体扩散范围也增大,事故影响范围越大;泄漏压力、体积速率总和相同时,在一定的距离范围内,多源同时泄漏时空间各点的重质气体浓度与各泄漏源单独泄漏时空间各点重质气体浓度总和基本一致。     

水幕稀释非水溶性重气影响因素的无量纲试验

以CO_2为对象,通过敞开空间水幕稀释阻挡CO_2扩散试验,分析了CO_2泄漏时的体积分数分布,对水幕稀释阻挡非水溶性重气扩散的影响因素进行了无量纲分析,主要针对泄漏源高度、泄漏源距水幕距离、水幕流量及泄漏流量进行研究,通过研究各影响因素推出了无量纲准数及水幕的稀释效率。定义了两个无量纲量:无量纲流量K=Q/q和无量纲距离Ω=H/L。结果表明:K不变时,随泄漏流量增大,水幕后CO_2的体积分数变大。泄漏流量相同时,测试点处CO_2体积分数随K增大而减小。泄漏流量每增加1 m3/h,为保持水幕后CO_2的体积分数不变,K需要增加0.25。当越接近0.6时,水幕后CO_2的体积分数越小,稀释效果越好。最后,基于无量纲分析结果,针对非水溶性重气泄漏扩散现场,提出了水幕设置建议。     

水幕稀释阻挡泄漏LNG效果的数值模拟

水幕为LNG泄漏事故提供了高效、廉价的减灾方案,如何设计布置水幕喷头却缺乏科学的指导。利用计算流体力学对水幕和LNG之间的作用过程进行数学建模,再借助CFD软件模拟泄漏事故并求解。通过监测NG体积分数和展示流场图对水幕的作用机制进行分析,且探究了水幕距离等变量对水幕作用效果的影响。结果表明:扇形水幕与锥形水幕都可以有效阻隔和驱散LNG重气云,扇形水幕隔离危险区域的效果更好;在此事故情形中扇形水幕距离泄漏源9m时驱散效果最好,当距离过近时LNG重气云团易穿透扇形水幕,距离过远使得危险区域过大,不易控制;水幕压力对扇形水幕的驱散和阻挡云团的影响不明显;扇形水幕串联叠加可有效提高驱散及阻挡效率,扇形水幕并联会导致两个水幕作用重叠的区域的水幕阻挡作用被严重减弱。     

重气连续泄漏扩散的风洞模拟实验与数值模拟结果对比分析

将重气连续泄漏的风洞模拟实验结果与SLAB重气扩散模型的预测结果进行了对比 ,分析了实验结果与模型预测结果的一致性 ,剖析了重气连续扩散的特点 ,特别是风速对重气连续泄漏扩散的影响 ,提出了在风洞模拟实验及扩散模型方面下一步应做的工作     

受限空间近壁烟羽流准稳态温度场的实验研究

本文研究了受限空间近壁烟羽流的准稳态温度场。实验结果表明水平横截面上的温度分布近似于高斯分布,最高温度与到火源的距离之间的关系近似于非受限烟羽流中二者之间的关系,但两个系数不同。本实验得到c=7.3,n=-1.62。实验中还发现,当烟羽流的葛拉晓夫数Gr<2×10~(-7)时,烟羽流处于不稳定状态,同时给出了处于不稳定状态时的温度分布。     

侧墙结构纵向多窗口羽流火焰融合的数值模拟

为了给高层建筑外部火蔓延防控提供参考,利用火灾动态仿真模拟软件PyroSim对无侧墙建筑的纵向多窗口羽流火焰与侧墙建筑的纵向多窗口羽流火焰进行了数值模拟,并改变侧墙长度,引入危险温度T=540℃、T1=350℃及T2=250℃,综合分析窗口温度曲线及等温线数据。结果表明:纵向多窗口羽流火焰产生相互融合现象,无侧墙建筑纵向相邻两窗口与三窗口的危险温度高度相似,比单窗口的危险温度高度提升了2.5~3.0 m;侧墙结构引起烟囱效应的作用效果与侧墙的长度呈正比,侧墙长度为3.6 m时,纵向多窗口的危险温度高度与无侧墙建筑相比,对T1和T2,高度提升了2.0~2.5 m,而对T,高度的影响较弱,羽流火焰的形状在纵向被拉长。     

Study on convection and dispersion characteristics of dense gases in urban environment considering trees

Although several studies on the dispersion of heavy toxic gas released from ruptured tanks on vehicles during transportation have considered complex terrain such as urban buildings, the influence of trees on the flow field in urban areas during gas dispersion tends to be ignored. In this study, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was proposed to investigate the characteristics of gas release and dispersion from loaded vehicle in the urban environment. In this model, the tree crown was treated as a porous medium, and the influence of drag due to the crown was incorporated into the model by a momentum source term through a user-defined function. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of chlorine (Cl₂) dispersion under the conditions of building distribution, tree species and porosities were comprehensively analysed, to cover the influence of urban complexity, leaf density, and tree planting configuration. The results show that compared with flat terrain, the presence of urban buildings will prolong the dense gas retention time and increase the dangerous distance. It is found that the horizontal dispersion distance can increase by 63% and the isosurface of 25 ppm hazardous gas can increase by 130% with the introduction of buildings. Compared with the terrain with only buildings, the introduction of arbors or shrubs can result in a 147% or 359% increase in the maximum concentration. Also, trees will prolong the dispersion duration. It is also found that the higher the porosity, the less the wind blocking effect, and the weaker the ability of capturing gas. The wind field affected by arbores and shrubs are different in height, and arbores capture more Cl₂. Planting short shrubs around buildings can effectively reduce the spread of harmful gases.     

Modelling and control of the dispersion of hazardous heavy gases

Dispersion of several common `heavy' gases (ethylene, propylene, ammonia, and chlorine) has been modelled on the basis of modifications in plume path theory. The model takes into account, among other things, the variations in temperature, density, and specific heat during the movement of the heavy gas plume. The effects of wind speed, density of the gas, and venting speed on the plume dispersion have been simulated. Based on the simulations a set of empirical equations has been developed. The equations have been validated by theoretical as well as experimental studies.Studies have also been carried out to simulate the effect of venting speed (manipulated by injecting hot air with the released gas) on the plume dispersion. The study reveals that the effect of venting speed on dispersion is very pronounced and can be used to reduce the risk posed by the accidental luxurious release of toxic/flammable gases. For example an increase of 20% in venting speed of chlorine (54.1 m/s) can reduce the distance up to which toxic concentration would occur by about 1100 meters.     

Are dispersion models suitable for simulating small gaseous chlorine releases?

Dispersion models are mostly validated on the basis of historical dispersion experiments. The latter imply large quantities of hazardous products (flammable or toxic gases), and are dedicated to study the dispersion of the resulting clouds on great distances from the source to reach a better knowledge of the different phases of gas dispersion (slumping, creeping, passive dispersion…).However, dispersion models have hardly been validated on small releases and therefore require more validation on small plumes of dangerous gases. Indeed, what is their reliability in case of accidents involving small amounts (e.g., chlorine leakages at swimming pools’ installations), and for small distances downwind the gas source? This information is of prime interest in so far as small releases are more likely to occur than larger ones.This paper reports on chlorine small-scale dispersion experiments and deals with the comparison between experimental data of ground level concentrations in the plume and predicted concentrations obtained from several dispersion models.     

Experimental and numerical study of CO2 plume diffusion in a confined space

In this paper, heavy gas diffusion in a confined space has been investigated. The effects of barrier and source intensity on CO₂ diffusion are explored by the small-scale experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Six different turbulence models are selected to predict the gas concentrations. By comparing these experimental values with the simulated ones, it is found that all models can effectively predict the concentration variation with time, and SST k-ω model is most close to the ideal model compared with others. Three source-barrier distances and three CO₂ flow rates have been set up for the study. In this confined space, the main flow is concentrated in the region near the ground. The existence of barriers in the space will have a dilution effect on the high-concentration plume near the ground of the near-source area and a barrier effect on the low-concentration plume in the far-source area. The changes in source intensity have notable impact on the gas concentrations. This study can provide an experimental basis for the risk assessment in the confined spaces, as well as an experimental and data reference for large-scale CFD simulations.     

近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散安全评估研究

为评估近海埋地管道泄漏气体扩散风险,基于流体体积与多孔介质方法,建立水下埋地管道泄漏气体扩散预测模型,模拟气体在海底土壤及海水中的运移扩散过程。研究结果表明:泄漏气体在海底土壤中扩散时间较短,扩散直径变化经历快速增长期、缓慢增长期和平稳期3个阶段,海水中羽流直径与羽流高度均随时间增加,且相比羽流高度,羽流直径的增长速度呈现先大后小的态势;增加泄漏孔径与泄漏压力,气体在海底土壤中扩散直径增大,海水中气泡体积明显增加,上浮时间减少,水平偏移量和海面处羽流直径减小。该模型可实现对近海埋地管道气体泄漏的准确预测,得出扩散轨迹等关键羽流数据,为后续的安全评估提供数据支撑和理论支持。     

基于实验与仿真的三维水下气体泄漏预测与安全评估研究

水下气体羽流特性是海底气体泄漏风险评估的重要基础。为准确预测水下气体羽流行为,基于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,建立1种考虑气体卷吸湍流特性的三维水下气体羽流数值预测模型;采用欧拉-欧拉流体体积模型捕捉气液作用界面,以大涡模拟(LES)方式预测羽流上浮及卷吸过程中的湍流特性,从而实现对水下气体羽流行为的预测;搭建小尺度实验平台,对比仿真与实验条件下的气体羽流形态,验证数值模型的可行性及预测精度;应用建立的数值模型对工程条件下的水下气体泄漏事故进行预测和评估,以某浅层气井喷事故为例,评估水下气体羽流上浮时间、海面影响范围和涌流高度。结果表明:基于欧拉多相流与大涡模拟的数值模型对水下气体羽流预测结果与实验具有较好的吻合度,该模型能够较好捕捉羽流的湍流特性,可为水下气体泄漏羽流行为评估提供参考。     

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of liquefied natural gas dispersion for risk assessment strategies

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have been conducted for dense gas dispersion of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The simulations have taken into account the effects of gravity, time-dependent downwind and crosswind dispersion, and terrain. Experimental data from the Burro series field tests, and results from integral model (DEGADIS) have been used to assess the validity of simulation results, which were found to compare better with experimental data than the commonly used integral model DEGADIS. The average relative error in maximum downwind gas concentration between CFD predictions and experimental data was 19.62%.The validated CFD model was then used to perform risk assessment for most-likely-spill scenario at LNG stations as described in the standard of NFPA 59A (2009) “Standard for the Production, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas”. Simulations were conducted to calculate the gas dispersion behaviour in the presence of obstacles (dikes walls). Interestingly for spill at a higher elevation, e.g., tank top, the effect of impounding dikes on the affected area was minimal. However, the impoundment zone did affect the wind velocity field in general, and generated a swirl inside it, which then played an important function in confining the dispersion cloud inside the dike. For most cases, almost 75% of the dispersed vapour was retained inside the impoundment zone. The finding and analysis presented here will provide an important tool for designing LNG plant layout and site selection.     

Impact of leakage location and downwind storage tank on the gas dispersion in a typical chemical tank storage area

Toxic gas leakage in a tank area can have catastrophic consequences. Storage tank leakage location (particularly for high leakage) and downwind storage tanks potentially influence gas diffusion in tank areas. In this study, we developed a numerical and experimental method to investigate the impact of a high leakage location and downwind storage tank on gas diffusion based on three (1.05H, 0.90H, and 0.77H, H was the tank height, 22m) leakage field experiments on the leeward side of storage tank, which have been not conducted before. The experiments revealed an unexpected phenomenon: the maximum ground concentration first decreased and then increased with increasing leakage height. The simulations illustrated that the differences in micrometeorological conditions caused the maximum ground concentration of gas emitted from the roof to be higher than that emitted from the tank wall near the storage tank height. The downwind storage tank 1) had little influence on the entire diffusion direction but altered the local diffusion pattern; 2) reduced the maximum ground concentration (∼18.7%) and the distance from the emission source (approximately a storage tank diameter); and 3) had strong influences on the concentration, velocity, turbulence, and pressure on the leeward side. The concentration negatively correlated with the velocity, pressure, and turbulence in the middle of the two storage tanks on wind centerline. Our results can improve understanding of gas dispersion in tank areas and provide references for mitigating loss and protecting lives during emergency response processes.