金属离子对微生物燃料电池产电性能影响的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(MFC)在去除废水中有机污染物同时产生电力,因其具有效率高,能耗低,清洁环保的优点被各国学者广泛关注和研究。目前已有学者针对微生物燃料电池处理有机污染物的能力及其产电性能的大小进行了研究及综述,但废水中不仅含有有机物还含有多种金属离子,且金属离子对微生物的影响较大,进而影响微生物燃料电池的产电性能。目前针对金属离子存在阳极室时对产电性能影响及影响机制的综述较少。针对双室微生物燃料电池的阳极室,重点综述了金属离子对产电性能的影响,并分析了产生影响的机制,最后就前文的综述总结了提高产电性能的办法。展望今后得到更高效的提高微生物燃料电池能源产出的方法并实现金属废水和有机污染物同时处理的实际应用。     

硫酸盐生物还原的限制性生态因子的影响研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥对烟气中SO2吸收生成的硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐废水进行处理,考察起始SO4^2-质量浓度、初始COD／SO4^2-、初始pH、接种污泥质量、亚铁离子等限制性生态因子对硫酸盐还原的影响。结果表明：在起始SO4^2-质量浓度800mg／L,初始COD／SO4^2-为3．0,pH值为7．0,接种污泥质量为31．10gVSS／L,添加亚铁离子的条件下,进行半连续试验,硫酸根去除率可迭70％。表明在COD／SO4^2-较低的条件下,各生态因子综合作用下,硫酸盐还原可得较好效果。     

太阳电池组件高能电子辐射效应研究

研究空间高能电子辐照对单结Ga As太阳电池组件短路电流、开路电压以及输出功率的影响,分析了组件电性能退化机理。高能电子辐照造成单结Ga As太阳电池组件导线及环氧树脂基板颜色加深;随辐照注量的增加,单结Ga As太阳电池组件短路电流、开路电压以及输出功率逐渐下降。当电子注量达到1.0×1015e/cm2时,电池组件输出功率下降到初始值的79.0%。组件电性能的退化主要是电池辐照损伤所致。     

微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池（Microbial Fuelcell,MFC）是一种以微生物为催化剂,将有机物中的化学能转化为电能的装置。本文介绍了微生物燃料电池的原理和特点,阐述了反应器结构、底物种类、电极等方面的研究进展,分析了微生物燃料电池未来的发展方向,并对今后的研究提出建议。     

含Cr（Ⅵ）废水生物处理技术及其影响因素

本文综述了微生物还原处理含价铬的废水的研究进展。讨论了影响微生物还原Cr(Ⅵ）因素包括生物体密度、初始Cr（Ⅵ）的浓度、碳源、pH、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位、含氧阴离子和金属离子。微生物还原Cr（Ⅵ）技术作为一种富有创新的研究应用于Cr（Ⅵ）污染的环境恢复。     

含有机氟工业废水处理工艺的研究

采用预处理-水解酸化-生物接触氧化相结合的处理工艺处理含氟代有机化合物废水。研究结果表明，水解酸化可将含氟废水的B／C比由0．258提高到0．396％；在一定浓度范围内通过物化预处理及生化处理可以脱除氟代有机化合物中的氟原子，使该有机物成为可供微生物利用的基质。含氟废水经该工艺处理后，出水中BOD5为7．5mg/L,CODcr为75mg/L，氨氮未检出，总磷小于1mg/L，氟离子浓度为8．6mg/L。     

Cu／Fe内电解预处理焦化废水的研究

采用混凝沉淀一厌氧水解酸化一催化铁内电解（即Cu／Fe体系）一好氧组合工艺处理焦化废水,研究了催化铁内电解法用于焦化废水的预处理时,对焦化废水的COD、色度、总磷的去除率。结果表明,催化铁用于焦化废水的预处理,可以提高废水的可生化性,使好氧处理的COD去除率提高,达到80％-90％;催化铁对焦化废水有较好的脱色效果,色度去除率为77．7％-89．3％;催化铁能够去除部分总磷,但是由于微生物生长需要,需在厌氧段补充磷。试验证明,催化铁内电解法是一种有效的焦化废水预处理工艺。     

反硝化细菌抑制石油集输系统硫化氢治理技术

文章研究了采用DNB(反硝化细菌)抑制硫酸盐还原工艺,降低石油集输系统中H2S浓度的本源微生物治理H2S模式。该工艺在实验中采用两级UASB(上流式厌氧污泥床)反应器串联来实现。实验表明:在一级反应器成功启动后,其水中的S2-浓度达到120mg/L,SO42-的浓度为200mg/L,硫酸盐转化率可达75%以上;二级UASB启动以后,出水S2-降低至20mg/L以下,去除率约83%。进一步实验表明SO42-/NO2-质量浓度比、ORP(氧化还原电位)均会对SRB产生抑制作用。研究结果对石油集输系统中H2S气体的控制具有参考价值,该技术在长庆油田现场实验,能使油井H2S浓度平均降幅达到87%,有效降低了长庆油田安全风险。     

铅酸蓄电池行业废水处理及回用技术

铅酸蓄电池行业废水（铅酸废水）主要来源于交通运输、通信电源、电力变配电系统、铁路、船舶通讯、照明等领域的电源制造行业。据统计,目前中国电动自行车全国保有量已达到1．4亿辆,95％采用铅酸蓄电池。1998—2011年我国仅电动自行车年产量就从5．8万辆猛增至3096万辆,年均增幅超过40％,年需新增和更换起动型铅蓄电池超过5300万kVAh。其它汽车储能电池、通信后备电池等工业电池也增长迅速,产生的含铅废水含铅量约为150万t／a。铅酸废水水量大,成分复杂,处理难度大。     

兼氧膜生物反应器处理养殖废水技术

由江西金达莱环保股份有限公司开发的兼氧膜生物反应器处理养殖废水技术,适用于畜禽养殖废水、生活污水和各类工业有机废水处理。主要技术内容 一、基本原理 通过污泥培养,兼氧膜生物反应器（MBR）内部污泥质量浓度可达1．5万～2万mg／L,形成以高效兼性厌氧菌（约占80％）为优势菌种的特性微生物体系。     

Effects of chaotic acclimation applied on performance of microbial fuel cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are one of the bioreactors that produce electrons by metabolizing substrate from microorganisms, and have the ability to both degrade waste solution and produce electrons. Recently, the activity of microorganisms has limited the power performance of MFCs. Chaos has been used to stimulate activity of microorganisms, but it has not been used previously in MFCs. In this study, three types of acclimations – native acclimation (NA), MFC acclimation (MFCA), and MFC embedded with chaotic electric field acclimation (CMFCA) – are applied to realize their performance and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in MFCs, respectively. Results show that the current density and the power density of CMFCA were improved by 1.33 and 1.25 times than MFCA, and the COD removal of CMFCA reached 85% after five days. In addition, the acclimation stage at the condition of CMFCA appeared after 10 days, but was not found for the MFCA system. These observations would provide positive information for improving the performance of MCFs in the future.     

Performance assessment of a wastewater treatment plant producing effluent for irrigation in Egypt

A conventional activated sludge treatment facility was the subject of this study. The assessment was directed at determining the characteristics of the raw wastewater, the quality of the treated effluent and the efficiency of the various treatment units. Furthermore, the water quality along the effluent irrigation canal was monitored. The assessment of the quality of the treated effluent for irrigation is based on the guidelines established by the World Health Organization and the Egyptian decree 9/89 for the use of wastewater in agriculture. The results of the study indicated that the concentration of the raw wastewater was considered moderate. The mean values of the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and total suspended solids (TSS) were around 250, 102 and 142 mg l–1, respectively. This was attributed to the high quantities of wastewater from industrial sources. The overall efficiency of the treatment facility was good. The mean residual COD, BOD and TSS were 25, 8 and 21 mg l–1 and the corresponding percentage removal values were 90, 92 and 85%, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of oil and grease was 84% with a mean residual concentration of 24 mg l–1. The total viable count (22°C and 37°C), faecal coliform and aecal streptococci were reduced by 99.9% compared to only 99.5% for Salmonella. Bacteriological examination of the dried sludge indicated a reduction of nine logs of faecal coliform and faecal streptococci, as compared to thickened sludge. Analysis of the Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr in the dried sludge indicated that their concentrations are within the permissible limits. Zinc exceeded the consent standards by 50%. The results of the analyses of samples collected at the beginning of the irrigation canal indicated insignificant changes from the characteristics of the final effluent. Samples collected at a distance of 2km along the irrigation canal showed mean reductions in the COD and BOD of 28.6 and 47%, respectively, which could be attributed to sedimentation and/or a self-purification effect. An increase in the total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total viable count was also recorded, which could be due to seepage from the agricultural land. From the data available it is evident that the treated wastewater could be used for restricted irrigation. The design and implementation of a monitoring programme is recommended.     

基于EBM模型的长江经济带工业用水效率时空差异及影响因素分析

工业化进程的加快使得工业水资源需求不断增加,工业废水排放量也越来越大,如何提高工业用水效率从而缓解水资源压力成为日益严峻的问题。本文选取工业用水量、工业就业人数、工业固定资本和工业废水治理费用作为投入指标,以工业增加值与工业废水排放量作为期望与非期望产出指标。首先利用EBM模型计算长江经济带2008—2017年工业用水效率,其次利用泰尔指数来分析工业用水效率的区域差距,最后利用面板Tobit模型来分析影响不同地区工业用水效率的驱动因素。结果显示,近年来长江经济带的工业用水效率呈波动下降趋势,不同地区效率差异明显;经济发展水平、工业化程度、技术水平、水资源禀赋和政府环境管制力度对长江经济带的工业用水效率都有一定影响,但存在地区差异。     

PERFORMANCE VARIATIONS OF COD AND NITROGEN REMOVAL BY VEGETATED SUBMERGED BED WETLANDS1

ABSTRACT: Vegetated submerged bed wetlands can supplement treatment of onsite wastewater systems. This study evaluated vegetation, media, and seasonal impacts on system performance in six meso scale rock plant filters with and without narrow leaf cattails (Typha augustifolia). Daily chemical oxygen demand (COD) reductions in planted cells averaged 85 percent and weekly total nitrogen (TN) reductions averaged 50 percent. Planted cells had 17 percent greater COD reduction and 76 percent greater TN reduction than unplanted cells, both significant differences. Media type affected COD reduction, particularly in unplanted cells. COD treatment in planted cells was highest for fine crushed limestone (87±13 percent) and least variable for coarse river gravel (85±11 percent). No significant difference in TN reduction was observed for different media types (48 to 51 percent range). Seasonal influences on treatment included a significant decrease during late fall and early spring and a significant increase with temperature. After a step increase in organic loading, treatment efficiency decreased sharply but returned to prior levels after an adaptation period of about one month. Planted cells not only exhibited higher treatment efficiency but also had a retarded organic matter breakthrough, appearing after three to seven times the period for a bromide tracer. This supports a hypothesis that retardation of contaminant movement through the treatment cells results in enhanced removal. These results support the use of rock plant filters, but demonstrate the need to account for performance variations in system design. (KEY TERMS: constructed wetlands; seasonal effects; subsurface flow; Typha augustifolia; onsite wastewater treatment; water quality.)     

Shift to continuous operation of an air-cathode microbial fuel cell long-running in fed-batch mode boosts power generation

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) which are operated in continuous mode are more suitable for practical applications than fed batch ones. The aim of the present study was to characterize an air-cathode MFC operating in continuous mode and to determine the intrinsic properties for suitable performance and scalability. Air-cathode MFCs were constructed from plexiglass with a total working volume of 220 mL. Zirfon® separator used in this MFC had cross section area of 100 cm². The air cathode MFCs were operated in fed-batch mode and then shifted to the continuous mode. To determine the behavior of anode and cathode in long term operation (274 days), their contribution in MFC performance was evaluated over time. Once the active biofilm was formed, power production and substrate consumption rate were significantly higher. The internal resistance increased with the passage of time. After stabilization of biofilm when the MFC was placed in close circuit by connecting an external resistance, the anode-reference and cathode-reference electrode behavior showed that anode potential is near to the bacterial cell inside potential. The maximum open circuit voltage achieved was 623 mV and the highest power and volumetric power density were 38.03 mW/m² and 1296 mW/m³, respectively.     

篦齿眼子菜对废水中氮和磷的去除行为研究

一些常见的沉水草本植物对水质具有较强的净化作用,能够有效控制氮和磷的浓度.本试验通过模拟氮、磷污染的水质条件,采用篦齿眼子菜对氮、磷营养盐的吸附和去除效果进行研究.结果 表明:设定模拟废水中的初始总氮(TN)浓度在1～50 mg/L范围内,培养30天后的植株对总氮的去除率最高可达85.4％,随着初始培养环境中总氮浓度的...     

Economic and environmental analysis of standard, high efficiency, rainwater flushed, and composting toilets

The current sanitation technology in developed countries is based on diluting human excreta with large volumes of centrally provided potable water. This approach is a poor use of water resources and is also inefficient, expensive, and energy intensive. The goal of this study was to compare the standard sanitation technology (Scenario 1) with alternative technologies that require less or no potable water use in toilets. The alternative technologies considered were high efficiency toilets flushed with potable water (Scenario 2), standard toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 3), high efficiency toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario 4), and composting toilets (Scenario 5). Cost, energy, and carbon implications of these five design scenarios were studied using two existing University of Toledo buildings. The results showed that alternative systems modeled in Scenarios 2, 4, and 5 were viable options both from an investment and an environmental performance perspective. High efficiency fixtures that use potable water (Scenario 2) is often the most preferred method in high efficiency buildings due to reduced water use and associated reductions in annual water and wastewater costs. However, the cost, energy, and CO(2)EE analyses all showed that Scenarios 4 and 5 were preferable over Scenario 2. Cost payback periods of scenarios 2, 4 and 5 were less than 10 years; in the future, increase in water and wastewater services would further decrease the payback periods. The centralized water and wastewater services have high carbon footprints; therefore if carbon footprint reduction is a primary goal of a building complex, alternative technologies that require less potable water and generate less wastewater can largely reduce the carbon footprint. High efficiency fixtures flushed with rainwater (Scenario 4) and composting toilets (Scenario 5) required considerably less energy than direct energy demands of buildings. However, the annual carbon footprint of these technologies was comparable to the annual carbon footprint from space heating. Similarly, the carbon savings that could be achieved from Scenario 4 or 5 were comparable to a recycling program that can be implemented in buildings.     

Experimental Study on the Influence of Rotational Speed on the Performance of a Single-screw Expander with a 175 mm Screw Diameter

A single-screw expander has been designed and manufactured independently. Based on this prototype, testing system has been built and performance experiment has been made. In this article, compressed air was used as working fluid and performance test for the prototype was finished at conditions including different rotational speed and different inlet pressure.

From the experimental data, it is shown that when inlet pressure less than 0.8MPa the output power increases with the increase of rotational speed because of not enough expansion; when inlet pressure more than 0.8MPa, the every biggest output power is appeared in the condition of rotational speed 2600 rpm. The test results also show that the total efficiency is influenced by rotational speed obviously, and the highest total efficiency of this machine is 69.64% in the condition of 3000 rpm and 15 bar.     

高压电化学絮凝技术去除酿酒废水中总磷的研究

为了使酿酒废水中总磷有效去除并达标排放,通过对酿酒废水总磷的排放情况调查,有针对性的选用高压电化学絮凝技术,对酿酒废水中总磷的去除效果进行实验研究。从实验结果看,调节进水pH值为2.3、停留时间45分钟时总磷去除率可达到99%以上,在该条件下COD的去除率也能达到50%左右,废水总磷排放浓度能够达到1.0mg/L的排放要求。     

不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯处理含镉废水的研究

本文以环氧氯丙烷与淀粉进行交联反应，然后再进行黄原酸化反应制得不溶性淀粉黄原酸酯（ISX），用ISX对含镉废水进行了处理试验，对其去除效果及影响因素进行了实验研究，并对其去除机理进行了初步探讨。试验结果表明，当其用量为651mg／L时，Cd^2＋离子去除率达99．30％。与其它方法相比，该法具有成本低、操作简单、无毒无害、易于分离、去除率高，回收废渣处理不会引起二次污染等优点。