电导率法在海水入侵监测中的应用

海水入侵是人类不合理开采地下淡水而导致的一种环境恶化的地质灾害,其发生过程是一个可监测和可预报的过程。目前海水入侵的监测方法主要为物探和水化学方法,本文讨论了电导率法在海水入侵实际监测中的原理及应用。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵现状及机理浅析

上世纪80年代初,秦皇岛市沿海局部区域发生海水入侵,其中以汤河、洋一戴河下游平原区较为严重,现状调查海侵面积71.75Km2。海水入侵使多眼饮用、农用水井水质变成,也使沿海生态环境受到影响。本文对海水入侵现状,成因机理进行分析,为防治海水入侵灾害发生提供依据。     

基于Visual Modflow的秦皇岛市海水入侵剖面

海水入侵是现代社会所特有的环境问题,已经引起国际社会的广泛关注。秦皇岛的地质环境条件和不合理的人为活动,导致了严重的海水入侵。数值模拟方法目前越来越多应用于各个领域,而由加拿大Waterloo水文地质公司开发的Visual Modflow软件具有系统化和可视化特点以及强大的模拟功能。通过浓度观测井的实测值与模型计算值进行对比,表明模型与实际数据比较切合,因此运用Visual Modflow通过概念模型及边界建立海水入侵剖面,预测评价秦皇岛海水入侵的趋势,能为秦皇岛市的海水入侵治理提供可靠的依据。     

崇明岛地下水资源的利用现状及保护措施

未来地下水资源短缺,特别是由于地面沉降、地表退化、海平面上升等引起的地下水位下降,将对沿海地区的地质环境及人类的生存发展产生极大的影响。通过对崇明地区地下水资源利用现状以及影响地下水位下降的影响因素分析,提出了改善传统的灌溉系统来减少地下水资源的使用、海岸沿线修建人工湖泊防止海水入侵、鼓励农民大面积种植水稻、制定管理措施严格控制地下水的开采总量、进一步加强崇明岛地面沉降动态监测与研究等相应的防范措施。强调控制地下水位的下降,以减轻淡水资源短缺所造成的危害,具有特殊而重要的意义。     

秦皇岛市海水入侵特征

本文在海水入侵勘查、监测成果的基础上，阐述了该区海水入侵现状、分布特征、演化过程和入侵方式，探讨了海水入侵的机理，指出人类活动是海水入侵的诱发因素，超采地下水是海水入侵的根本原因。应用基于GIS的层次分析法进行了危险性评价，从地学角度，提出了海水入侵灾害生态综合防治对策。     

东营市地下淡水资源及其可持续开发利用

根据新兴城市东营市严重缺乏淡水资源的现实状况和本区内地下淡水资源是由浅层地下淡水、深层地下淡水和淡水透镜体组成的现状,在深入研究本区地下淡水的补给和动态变化的基础上,提出了从补给、开采和利用等各个层次上采取开源节流、循环利用、科学规划等方式,实现本区地下淡水资源的可持续利用.     

秦皇岛市气候变化对河流径流的影响及对策

50年来秦皇岛市气候明显变暖，多年平均气温上升约2℃；同时变干，降水减少18．3％，进而使河流径流也明显减少，其幅度超过30％。河流径流减少给生态系统带来广泛复杂的影响，也给农业、工业、城乡建设带来威胁，因此必须尽快采取发展节水技术、污水治理循环利用、海水淡化等措施。     

秦皇岛市水资源现状与可持续利用对策研究

随着社会经济的发展,水资源消耗日益增加,供需矛盾日益突出。秦皇岛市已面临水资源日益紧张的严峻形势,节流和开源,建立节水型社会体系,积极开发利用再生水、海水和雨水等非常规水源以及合理地配置和利用水资源,是实现秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用的有效措施。     

秦皇岛市地质灾害风险区划的思考与探索

秦皇岛市已发现崩塌、泥石流、滑坡、采空塌陷等各类地质灾害点204处,已发生地质灾害111处,占54%。其中,人类工程经济活动与地质灾害形成发展关系密切。保护地质环境与生态环境,可采取加强地灾防治宣传,制止无序群采,禁止山区放牧,科学合理开采地下水,防止海水入侵,在群测群防的基础上,采取必要的工程治理措施。     

我国北方沿海城市海水利用概述

北方沿海地区水资源短缺现象日益严峻,海水利用成为解决这些地区淡水不足的有效途径之一.本文在介绍北方沿海地区海水利用现状的基础上,对各种海水利用技术的发展现状进行了详细介绍,说明技术的发展有利于提高北方沿海地区的海水利用水平.同时指出,沿海地区不但要注重海水资源的开发,也要兼顾对环境的保护.     

Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers1

Liu, Clark C.K. and John J. Dai, 2012. Seawater Intrusion and Sustainable Yield of Basal Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 861‐870. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00659.x Abstract: Basal aquifers, in which freshwater floats on top of saltwater, are the major freshwater supply for the Hawaiian Islands, as well as many other coastal regions around the world. Under unexploited or natural conditions, freshwater and the underlying seawater are separated by a relatively sharp interface located below mean sea level at a depth of about 40 times the hydraulic head. With forced draft, the hydraulic head of a basal aquifer would decline and the sharp interface would move up. It is a serious problem of seawater intrusion as huge amounts of freshwater storage is replaced by saltwater. Also, with forced draft, the sharp interface is replaced by a transition zone in which the salinity increases downward from freshwater to saltwater. As pumping continues, the transition zone expands. The desirable source‐water salinity in Hawaii is about 2% of the seawater salinity. Therefore, the transition zone expansion is another serious problem of seawater intrusion. In this study, a robust analytical groundwater flow and salinity transport model (RAM2) was developed. RAM2 has a simple mathematical structure and its model parameters can be determined satisfactorily with the available field monitoring data. The usefulness of RAM2 as a viable management tool for coastal ground water management is demonstrated by applying it to determine the sustainable yield of the Pearl Harbor aquifer, a principal water supply source in Hawaii.     

河北省应对水危机加快发展海水淡化的探讨

21世纪水危机严重威胁河北省经济社会发展。海水淡化是解决水危机问题的重要措施,具有良好的综合效益和发展前景。河北省海水淡化条件较好,基础比较雄厚,为此建议尽快编制河北省海水淡化规划,加快建设海水淡化工程,积极发展海水淡化装备制造业,并开展沿海热电厂非采暖季节利用气热淡化海水的实验研究。     

Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers1

Jang, Cheng‐Shin, Chen‐Wuing Liu, Shih‐Kai Chen, and Wen‐Sheng Lin, 2011. Using a Mass Balance Model to Evaluate Groundwater Budget of Seawater‐Intruded Island Aquifers. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 61‐73. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00593.x Abstract: The study developed a mass balance model to evaluate the groundwater budget of seawater‐intruded island aquifers using limited available data. The Penghu islands were selected as a study area. As sparse observed data were available in the islands, methods of combining water and chloride balances were used to determine the amounts of groundwater pumping, seawater intrusion, aquifer storages, and safe yields in the shallow and deep aquifers. The groundwater budget shows that seawater intrusion to freshwater aquifers was 1.38 × 10⁶ and 0.29 × 10⁶ m³/year in the shallow and deep aquifers, respectively, indicating that the seawater intrusion is severe in the both aquifers. The safe yield of the shallow aquifer was 14.56 × 10⁶ m³/year in 2005 which was four times higher than that of the deep aquifer (3.70 × 10⁶ m³/year). However, the annual pumping amounts in the shallow and deep aquifers were 4.77 × 10⁶ and 3.63 × 10⁶ m³/year, respectively. Although the safe yield of the shallow aquifer is enough for all water resources demands, only 55% of exploitation amount was extracted from the shallow aquifer due to its poor water quality. Groundwater exploitation in the deep aquifer should be significantly reduced and regulated by a dynamic management of pumping scheme because the annual pumping amounts are close to the safe yield and seawater intrusion occurs continually. Additionally, to alleviate further aquifer salination, at least half of the current annual groundwater abstraction should be reduced.     

Legal measures to reduce marine environmental risks of seawater desalination in China

Seawater desalination has become the focus of many countries to solve the problem of lacking freshwater resources. Seawater desalination in China launched in the 1960s and has developed rapidly since entering into the 21st Century. However, the technology of seawater desalination causes marine environmental pollution. After exploring the regulatory framework and legal system of reducing environmental risks of seawater desalination in China, it can be found that the existing regulatory framework and legal system have played a positive role in the treatment of seawater desalination, but it is undeniable that there are still many problems. How to effectively prevent or reduce the marine environment risks caused by seawater desalination and improve the existing regulatory framework and legal system in China are discussed. Specifically, in addition to further improve the Marine Environmental Protection Law, China shall integrate seawater desalination into unified regulation of marine resources, clarify statutory functions of various regulatory departments, improve the coordination mechanism, and promote marine environment and ecology protection by institutional construction.     

烟气海水脱硫排水水质对周边海域的影响分析

从理论计算和国内外已投运工程的实际运行监测两方面,对海水脱硫排水水质进行了分析,结果表明在采用成熟工艺的前提下,海水脱硫的排水水质包括重金属等指标,全部可以达到我国海水三类标准,绝大部分指标满足海水一类标准,而且通过对国内外已经投运项目的长期监测,也未发现对周围海域的生态环境造成不利影响。     

反渗透膜法海水淡化技术在大连石化公司的应用

大连石化公司采用反渗透膜法海水淡化工艺为生产装置提供淡水资源,其用水取自炼化装置冷却换热后的海水,不额外增加海水的取用量,降低了成本。装置采用常规预处理加三级反渗透膜分离技术,同时配备了能量回收装置,将反渗透高压"浓水"的能量转换到低压的原海水中,使得能耗大大降低。文章介绍了该工艺的流程及其技术特点,该装置节能、节水,其产品水质量达到甚至超过了中压锅炉补给水的要求。工程运行稳定,对沿海同类企业有借鉴意义。     

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR MANAGING GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN THE CHOUSHUI RIVER ALLUVIAL IN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: Ground water is a vital water resource in the Choushui River alluvial fan in Taiwan. A significantly increased demand for water, resulting from rapid economic development, has led to large scale ground water extraction. Overdraft of ground water has considerably lowered the ground water level, and caused seawater intrusion, land subsidence, and other environmental damage. Sound ground water management thus is essential. This study presents a decision support system (DSS) for managing ground water resources in the Choushui River alluvial fan. This DSS integrates geographic information, ground water simulation, and expert systems. The geographic information system effectively analyzes and displays the spatially varied data and interfaces with the ground water simulation system to compute the dynamic behavior of ground water flow and solute transport in the aquifer. Meanwhile, a ground water model, MODFLOW‐96, is used to determine the permissible yield in the Choushui River alluvial fan. Additionally, an expert system of DSS employs the determined aquifer permissible yield to assist local government agencies in issuing water rights permits and managing ground water resources in the Choushui River alluvial fan.