天津市近地层PM2．5的垂直分布特征

大气细颗粒物PM2.5是导致城市能见度降低的重要原因之一,研究低层大气细颗粒物的垂直分布特征,利于了解边界层内污染物的大气物理化学反应机制,能为大气污染综合治理决策提供新的科学数据.2006年8月16日-2007年8月31日期间以天津市255 m气象塔为观测平台,分别在40 m、120 m和220 m 3个不同高度进行大气污染物PM2.5质量浓度和气象要素的同步观测.对观测资料的分析表明:PM2.5质量浓度季节变化规律非常明显,冬季最高,春季最低.PM2.5日变化特征非常明显,呈明显的双峰变化规律:冬季峰值最大、春季最小.边界层内PM2.5质量浓度在各个高度存在明显差异,受逆温层影响,四个季节的早晨第一个峰值出现时间随高度增加均存在滞后现象,PM2.5从地面扩散到220 m大约需要2 h.各个观测高度PM2.5质量浓度随风向变化不大,得到天津市细粒子主要是由本地源生成的结论.     

城市近地层气态污染物的垂直分布特征

为研究大气污染物在近地层内的垂直分布规律,2009年2月10—25日利用被动采样器在北京325 m气象铁塔10个高度(8、15、47、80、120、160、200、240、280、320 m)对SO_2、NO_2、O_3、NH_3和苯系物(苯benzene、甲苯toluene、乙苯ethylbenzene和二甲苯xylene)共8种大气污染物浓度进行了同步观测.结果表明,北京城区冬季污染物浓度具有明显的垂直变化特征,污染物浓度从近地面开始逐渐上升,在80—160 m以内的某一高度到达峰值后逐渐下降;200—300 m范围内,大气污染物浓度的垂直变化幅度相对较小,浓度值与地面接近;200 m以下各种污染物浓度的变化比较剧烈,浓度极大值出现的高度有所不同,O_3、SO_2和NH_3极大值位于160 m,苯和NO_2极大值出现在120 m,甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯极大值在80 m处.污染物在不同高度富集可能与污染源排放高度、城市冠层的热动力作用和气象因素有关,区分这些因素的各自贡献尚需进一步研究.     

基于计算力流体力学的城市近郊湖泊“冷岛效应”及其情景模拟研究——以长沙市同升湖为例

城市湖泊生态效益优越,对周围环境具有明显的"冷岛效应"。中尺度层面上,从环境物理学角度出发,以位于长沙市近郊区的同升湖作为研究对象,采用平行定点实测法获取夏季湖泊周边热环境指标,结合CFD情景模拟,二者交互验证。同时设置湖区周边近地面层典型气候边界条件,通过改变单一影响因子的变化,系统分析了夏季城市近郊湖泊"冷岛效应"的变化规律以及湖区周边建筑对湖泊"冷岛效应"发挥的影响,揭示了湖泊与周围环境之间的温度交互特征。结果表明:(1)夏季城市近郊湖泊对周围环境存在"冷岛效应",研究区域与对照区域的日均温度差值在0.55℃,湖泊"冷岛效应"的发挥与太阳辐射强度相关,在13:00—14:00时间段内较突出;(2)湖泊"冷岛效应"与临湖距离呈显著负相关,湖泊水体的降温作用在0 m处最显著,在距湖岸300 m范围明显,在距湖岸600 m范围存在降温作用,湖泊水体对主导风下风向区域的降温效果最佳,降温强度可达0.96℃;(3)通过改变单一影响因子的CFD情景模拟发现,湖泊"冷岛效应"发挥与建筑高度、建筑后退湖岸距离、建筑间距密切相关,建筑后退湖岸100 m和200 m,下风向区域温度降低0.34—0.56℃,降温范围在650—800m;建筑高度增加10m和20m,下风向区域温度上升0.09—0.39℃,降温范围在350—500m;建筑间距增大2倍,下风向区域温度下降0.27℃左右,降温范围在500—600 m。该研究成果对研究城市湖泊小气候、改善城市局域热环境及指导未来城市近郊湖区建设布局具有重要指导意义。     

复杂地形城市SO2扩散特征的模拟研究

利用中尺度气象模式RAMS和大气扩散模式HYPACT,结合甘肃省-中科院科技合作项目"兰州市大气污染及对策研究"于2000年12月在兰州市城区进行的大气污染物监测资料,通过资料分析与模拟计算,研究了兰州市冬季SO2的扩散特点。研究结果表明:大气扩散模式较好地模拟出了SO2时空分布特征,与同期监测资料的分析结果比较一致,模式模拟的SO2浓度分布的日变化与环流场的日变化紧密相关;模拟的SO2浓度的空间分布与污染源的排放方式有关,污染源的排放高度不同,造成污染的高度也不同,高架源对地面的影响比较小,而中、低架源对地面的影响比较大。     

城市扩展与热岛空间分布变化关系研究——以上海为例

随着城市建设区域和格局的迅速改变,城市热岛分布也发生了巨大变化.为了了解城市热岛分布与城市建设的关系,为城市建设同时缓解改善热岛效应奠定基础,文章采用遥感动态监测和GIS多要素空间分析技术,对上海城市90年代以来的城市扩展以及热岛分布变化状况和演变规律进行监测分析,得出城市建设区域的扩大将会导致城市热岛范围和面积的增大,城市扩展与热岛扩展趋势具有空间一致性.同时,通过对上海城市不同温度情况下地面不同介质的比例、面积进行因子权重分析,得出温度越高,其建筑、交通、工业区的比例越大;反之温度越低,农田、耕地等介质的比例越高;表明不同地物对温度分布、强度的影响明显.研究还表明:城市扩展虽会导致热岛范围加大,但如注重环境和绿化建设,则在一定程度上可缓解热岛效应和缩小热岛范围.     

深圳市蛇口半岛人工填海及其城市热岛效应分析

为满足日益增长的土地需求,人工填海已成为目前世界范围内沿海地区城市空间扩张的主要方式。深圳作为中国首批经济特区和改革开放先锋,在经历30多年经济高速发展和城市快速变迁后,已由过去的小渔村发展为现代化国际大都市,与此同时,也开展了大量人工填海工程。城市热岛效应,作为城市热环境评价的重要指标,随着人工填海的快速推进会愈发明显,从而会导致城市热环境和微气候改变,加剧大气污染,严重影响着城市人居生态环境。然而,针对人工填海对城市热岛效应影响的具体研究并不多见。基于TM及ETM+遥感数据,对深圳市蛇口半岛人工填海区域的城市扩张及其热岛效应进行了分析,并对该区域地表温度的变化与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的关系进行了探讨,以期为沿海地区城市热环境的研究和空间地理的合理规划提供参考。结果表明,①该区域1999年至2009年间人工填海面积增加近16 km2,相当于1999年整个蛇口半岛面积的1/3。②利用城市热岛效应表达模型对1999年、2009年蛇口半岛的热岛分布等级进行了分析。研究表明,2009年热岛区域较1999年显著扩张,绿岛面积显著减少,弱热岛、中等热岛、强热岛面积均有不同程度地增长。强热岛正向变化最显著,2009年的强热岛面积相较于1999年增加了5.5倍,中等热岛的扩张面积也超过了1999年的4倍。③热岛扩张区域与人工填海增加区域高度吻合,可见人工填海工程显著增强了城市的热岛效应。④蛇口半岛区域地表温度与植被指数NDVI呈现显著负相关(P<0.01)。地表温度在蛇口半岛两侧的人工填海区形成高值区,在南山和赤湾山植被覆盖指数较高的区域形成低值区,而城市建筑群居中。     

北京城市热岛的定量监测及规划模拟研究

为定量地评估北京城市热岛现状并预测未来北京城市热岛发展趋势,分别采用气温资料、遥感资料和城市规划资料进行了研究分析。对北京20个气象台站按照台站距离城市中心的距离划分为远郊、近郊和城市三类,分别计算三种类型站点经过海拔订正后的年平均气温,利用1971-2012年城市站和远郊站的年平均气温差值估算北京气温热岛的时间变化;利用1987-2012年的NOAA/AVHRR和Landsat-TM两种不同分辨率的卫星资料,采用定量化的指标--地表热岛强度和热岛比例指数分别估算了不同时期北京地区和城六区热岛强度和范围,并对北京平原地区的城市热岛状况进行了评估;利用2020年的北京城市规划土地利用资料,结合2008年的城市热岛现状监测结果对2020年的北京热岛状况进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,北京城市的气温热岛与遥感监测地表热岛在时间变化趋势上具有一致性,不同分辨率卫星资料监测地表热岛在时空分布上也具有一致性。其中1971-2012年,以年平均气温计算的北京城市热岛强度增温率为0.33℃·（10 a）-1,近5年（2008-2012）平均热岛为1.12℃。遥感监测结果显示1987-2001年北京地区的热岛持续增强,2001年之后由于北京申奥的成功进行了大面积的旧城改造和绿化,使得城市热岛强度和范围在2004年和2008年有所降低,2008年之后城市热岛继续向东、南和北方向扩展,并出现了中心城区热岛与通州、顺义、大兴、昌平热岛连成片的趋势,到2012年城六区热岛面积百分比已从1990年的31%增加到77%。由热岛比例指数确定的北京各区县热岛强度排名前三分别是城区、海淀和丰台,延庆县最低。对2020年城市规划图热岛模拟结果显示北京热岛已由“摊大饼”演变为“中心＋周边分散”模式,中心城区热岛强度和范围明显减弱,周边广大远郊区将出现分散?     

珠三角城市群热岛时空分布及定量评估研究

在利用卫星资料估算地表城市热岛(SUHI)时,选择具有代表性的乡村背景区域对于热岛评估结果的准确性与科学性具有重要意义。通过改进乡村背景选择算法建立一种在区域或全球尺度上相对简单合理的SUHI估算方法,并引入热岛面积、热岛比例指数等指标开展珠三角城市群热岛时空分布特征分析及定量评估。研究结果表明:(1)文章建立的SUHI估算方法能有效监测城市群热岛年/季和昼/夜变化,气候背景可能是城市群季节SUHI变化的一个决定性因子;(2)近5年(2010—2014)珠三角城市群已形成一个广州、佛山、中山、东莞和深圳等城市相连的巨大"区域热岛群",且白天和夜晚存在多个不同的热岛中心,年均SUHI3.0℃的热岛总面积为700 km~2,排名前3的城市分别为佛山(277 km~2)、东莞(228 km~2)和广州(110 km~2),其中心城区SUHI分别为3.1℃、1.9℃和1.5℃;(3)夜晚热岛强于白天,最强热岛出现在秋季夜晚,SUHI3.0℃的热岛总面积可达6 169 km2(占行政区域面积的11%),排名前3的城市分别是东莞(1 514 km2)、佛山(1 420km~2)和广州(1 280 km~2),且9个城市有8个中心城区热岛评估等级在4(严重)以上,显示珠三角大部分中心城区热岛都很严重,且经济结构在很大程度上影响着城市热岛强弱;(4)从1994—2014年,城市群SUHI I3.0℃的热岛总面积从6 km~2增加到4 812 km~2,中心城区平均SUHI从0.1℃增加到1.8℃,热岛评估等级从1级(轻微)上升到4级(严重),这种变化反映了珠三角城市群迅速扩展所导致的热岛强度增加和范围扩大的事实。     

杭州城市热岛空间分布及时域-频域多尺度变化特征

利用杭州20个自动气象站逐时数据计算2006年四季各站平均热岛强度,用薄盘样条函数法研究杭州城市热岛的空间变化,发现:夏秋季时较强,而春冬季强度较弱;总体趋势是杭州市丰体城区最大,向外辐散,逐渐减弱.利用2006年2月～2007年2月逐时气象数据,结合Morlet小波变换方法分析了杭州热岛周期变化特征,发现:其在频域上具有多尺度的周期振荡,尺度主要是24 h(日)、168 h(周)和1 490 h(2月).以日为周期的热岛强度与局地气候系统、地面长波辐射、近地层热量交换、人为热的日周期变化有关;而以周为周期的热岛强度变化成因主要与人类活动及城市大气污染物排放的"周末效应"有显著的关系;以2个月为周期的变化特征与一些较大尺度的自然变化相关.结果表明,杭州城市热岛时空变化是天气系统、地面长波辐射、下垫面、大气污染、人为热、人类活动、近地层热量交换等共同作用的结果.     

小气候对临汾市空气污染的影响机制探讨

通过研究临汾市的地形结构、气候特点,本文得出该地区小气候主要为山谷风、地形逆温和城市热岛。系统分析这些小气候的成因及特点,初步探讨小气候对临汾市空气污染的影响机制。研究显示:三种小气候均在不同程度上加剧了临汾市空气污染的广度和深度。其中山谷风加剧了临汾市区、矿区和郊区的空气污染重叠,使污染物不停地聚集到上层大气,造成多次污染;地形逆温则阻碍了空气的垂直对流运动,妨碍了烟尘、污染物、水汽凝结物的扩散;热岛环流产生堆积效应,使得郊区产生的污染通过环流进一步影响城市。此外,本文给出了改善城市小气候的若干建议。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Considerations of temperature in the context of the persistence classification in the EU

Simulation degradation studies for industrial chemicals, biocidal products and plant protection products are required in the EU to estimate half-lives in soil, water and sediment for the comparison to persistence criteria for hazard (P/vP) assessment, and for use in exposure assessments. There is a discrepancy between European regulatory approaches regarding the temperature at which degradation half-lives should be (1) measured in simulation degradation testing of environmental compartments, and (2) compared to the P/vP criteria. In this paper, an opinion is provided on the options for the experimental temperature and extrapolation to other conditions. A review of the historical development of persistence criteria did not give conclusive evidence of the temperature at which the half-lives that underpin the P-criteria were measured, but room temperature is likely. Half-lives measured at 20 °C are in line with the intentions of some international agreements, but in the EU there is a continued political debate regarding the relevant temperature for comparison with persistence criteria. Measuring degradation at 20 °C has the advantage that metabolites/transformation products can be identified with greater accuracy, and that kinetic fits to determine half-lives for parent compounds and metabolites carry less uncertainty. Extrapolation of half-lives to lower temperatures is possible for assessing environmental exposure, but the uncertainty of the persistence classification is smaller when measured half-lives are used for direct comparison with P/vP criteria, without extrapolation. Model simulations demonstrate the pattern of concentrations that can be expected for realistic worst case climate scenarios in the EU based on the half-life of 120 days in soil at 20 °C and of 40 days in water at 20 °C, and their temporal and spatial variability.