粉末活性炭粒径对水中菲吸附动力学的影响效应研究

以菲为目标污染物,研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)在微尺度(1～ 100.Μm)下的粒径效应对多环芳烃吸附性能的影响.实验中按照中值粒径将研磨后得到的粉末活性炭划分为:PAC-1 (19 μm)、PAC-2(46μm)、PAC-3(76 μm).通过比表面积及孔隙度自动分析仪、原位拉曼光谱、扫描电镜等手段对PAC物化性质进行表征,发现粒径减小使PAC的BET比表面积和总孔容增加了10％ ～20％左右,而对PAC表面化学性质的影响较小.PAC的粒径分布对其吸附性能有显著影响,这种影响主要体现为吸附速率成倍的增加,其次是吸附容量有30％ ～36％的增幅.分别用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,伪二级动力学方程的拟合程度最高,PAC-1有最大的吸附速率常数k,并且随着粒径的减小,k值逐渐增大.     

腐殖酸对粉末活性炭吸附微囊藻毒素的影响研究

在测定粉末活性炭(PAC)比表面性质和对微囊藻毒素(MCLR)吸附动力学的基础上,通过改变腐殖酸(HA)浓度、天然有机物(NOM)浓度和溶液pH值,研究HA对PAC吸附MCLR的影响及在NOM影响吸附过程中的作用。结果表明,PAC吸附MCLR的有效孔径容积约占16.7%,对MCLR的吸附在24h后可达平衡。当溶液中含有10.0mg/LHA时,PAC对MCLR的理论单层饱和吸附量qm从64.06μg/g降低至48.16μg/g。溶液中HA和NOM浓度为5mg/L时,平衡吸附量qe从38.47μg/g降至28.14μg/g和33.78μg/g,天然水体中,与其它结构的有机物相比,HA很可能是削弱PAC吸附MCLR能力的主要因素,且随HA和NOM浓度增大,qe降低较缓慢。当pH≥9时,HA对PAC吸附MCLR的影响开始逐渐减小。     

活性炭物化性质对吸附天然水体中有机污染物的影响

研究了天然水体条件下2种合成有机污染物(SOC)甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)以及天然有机物(NOM)在5种粉末活性炭(PAC)上的吸附特性.在对活性炭的物化特性进行全面表征的基础上,利用相关分析方法揭示了PAC的物理和化学性质对天然水体中SOC类小分子有机污染物吸附的影响;并利用高效体积排阻色谱法(HPSEC...     

活性炭对天然水体中甲基对硫磷和三氯乙烯的吸附特性研究

采用序批式试验研究了3种粉末活性炭(PAC)对天然水体中甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附平衡特性,利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对不同投炭量下的吸附动力学进行拟合与预测,并探讨了天然有机物(NOM)对MP、TCE在PAC上的竞争吸附效应.研究结果表明,天然水体条件下,3种PAC对MP和TCE的吸附符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;MP比TCE更易于被PAC吸附;3种PAC对MP、TCE的吸附能力由大到小依次为YK炭、SL炭和JC炭;HSDM模型可以很好地对吸附动力学进行拟合,并能够有效地预测不同投炭量时的吸附动力学;天然水体中的NOM会与MP和TCE在PAC上发生竞争吸附,NOM对MP的竞争吸附作用相对TCE更为显著.     

非均质水溶有机物吸附特性及模型的研究

文章以餐饮废水和土壤溶出天然有机物(NOM)等非均质水溶有机物为研究对象,利用Freundlich模型和modified Freundlich模型,考察了活性炭种类和粒径等对其吸附特性的影响。结果表明:与Freundlich模型相比,modified Freundlich更适用于对非均质水溶有机物吸附特性的表征。4种活性炭吸附餐饮废水的吸附强度呈现ARCPHS-AK-703的趋势,而吸附土壤溶出NOM的趋势则为ARHS-CPAK-703。此外,非均质水溶有机物的吸附强度随活性炭粒径的减小而增加,且活性炭吸附非均质水溶有机物的选择性是双向的。     

PAC对再生水中典型有机物吸附动力学和热力学研究

通过粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附再生水中3类典型有机物(腐殖酸、多糖和蛋白质)进行等温线吸附、动力学吸附及吸附前后其粒径变化试验,研究PAC吸附不同有机物的热力学和动力学特性。结果表明,吸附等温线中Freundlich方程拟合结果最好,吸附过程为单分子层吸附,PAC对腐殖酸的吸附效果最好,对多糖的吸附效果最差;热力学研究发现,PAC对3类有机物的吸附过程为自发放热过程。吸附动力学研究发现,PAC吸附3种有机物的最佳接触时间均为12 h;准二级动力学方程更适合描述PAC的吸附过程,其对有机物的吸附由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散联合作用;PAC吸附腐殖酸的扩散速率最快,吸附量也最大。PAC吸附有机物后的粒径均不同程度地增大,吸附多糖时增加最多,吸附腐殖酸时增加最小。     

基于EEMs和PARAFAC分析典型碳材料吸附水中DOM特征研究

水中溶解性有机物(DOM)对全球污染物迁移和水处理工艺效能具有重要影响。采用3种典型碳材料,包括碳纳米管(CNTs)、颗粒活性炭(GAC)、粉末活性炭(PAC)分别吸附微污染源水中的DOM。基于荧光发射-激发光谱(EEMs)和平行因子(PARAFAC)分析,解析DOM中的有效荧光组分,评估3种材料对不同组分吸附去除的效果和吸附特征。研究表明:PARAFAC分析方法提取4种荧光组分C1和C2(腐殖酸类)、C3和C4(类蛋白类)。以TOC为基础的吸附等温线模型表明,PAC的KF值大于GAC和CNTs,PAC有丰富的中孔和较大的比表面积,吸附容量比GAC和CNTs更大。C3和C4 2个荧光组分在吸附过程中更容易被吸附,PAC对两者吸附容量最大。研究结果揭示了不同碳吸附材料对水中不同类型有机物的吸附特征,可为吸附工艺应用提供技术参考。     

活性炭吸附石化二级出水有机物去除特性研究

采用活性炭对某石化二级出水进行吸附研究,考察了静态和动态试验下,活性炭对石化废水二级出水COD的去除效果,并讨论了吸附前后水中有机物的组分和相对分子质量的变化.结果表明:静态试验中,活性炭对石化废水二级出水的COD的饱和吸附量为1.1 mg·g-1,吸附速率为0.7 mg·min-1;通过动态试验得到了吸附的最佳条件,即HRT=1 h,水力负荷为0.76 m3·m-2·h-1,此时COD的去除率可达49.9%,出水COD低于50 mg·L-1.相对分子质量分级和树脂分级分析结果表明,活性炭对石化废水二级出水中相对分子质量小于5000的小分子有机物有较好的吸附效果,该组分被活性炭吸附的COD所占比例为59.72%,活性炭吸附作用对水中不同相对分子质量有机物分布影响不大;活性炭对石化废水中有机物组分的去除效果排序依次为:疏水碱性物质(HOB)疏水酸性物质(HOA)亲水中性物质(HIS)疏水中性物质(HON),对HOB和HOA的去除率可达到79%和61%,对HIS和HON的去除效果不佳.     

粉末活性炭预吸附改善超滤膜通量试验研究

研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)预处理长江原水对改善超滤膜通量的效果.试验采用截留相对分子质量分别为30000 Da和10 000 Da的2种超滤膜,着重探讨了PAC对长江水中不同分子量有机物的吸附去除效果以及其所带来的膜通量改善.试验结果表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜通量下降严重;采用PAC预吸附后,2种膜的通量在一定程度上均得到提高.对PAC预吸附和膜后水样进行不同相对分子质量有机物的测定,结果表明:PAC吸附小于1000Da相对分子质量有机物高于其他相对分子质量区间有机物总和;膜表观截留孔径越小,PAC预吸附改善膜通量效果越显著.     

天然有机物在氧化铝表面的吸附机理研究

考察了天然有机物(NOM)的2种分离组份(憎水部分HyO,亲水部分HyI)和一种商用腐殖酸(CHA)在氧化铝表面的吸附-解吸行为规律,从芳香性、分子量、极性的角度探讨了NOM自身特性对吸附性能的影响,并通过改变溶液性质(pH值、离子强度、二价阳离子Ca2 ),进一步论证了NOM在金属氧化物表面的吸附机理.结果表明,芳香性高、弱极性的有机物吸附性能较强;降低溶液的pH值,有助于增加吸附剂的吸附容量;离子强度和Ca2 对吸附行为的影响,与NOM自身和内部组分的性质有关.NOM吸附于金属氧化物表面的机理,可以归结为配位体交换、静电作用、憎水作用、阳离子架桥等多个因素共同作用的结果.采用原子力显微成像技术,进一步从微观角度证实了憎水作用和阳离子架桥作用的存在.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.