家具制造过程中VOCs的来源分析及环境健康风险评价

目前国内外仅对家具生产中涂装环节VOCs的来源进行分析,且主要关注的是家具制造完成之后释放的VOCs及其对室内空气的影响,因此本文对完整家具制造过程中VOCs的来源进行探究,并引入蒙特卡罗模拟方法,运用改进的概率风险评估模型,对家具制造过程中贴皮、喷底漆、喷面漆、清洗、喷胶、粘棉、巡检等工序9个工位的工人进行致癌和非致癌健康风险评价,并筛选出对健康风险影响较大的暴露参数.结果表明,喷底漆、喷面漆工序使用的各类油漆、稀释剂和固化剂会产生苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、丁酮、环己酮、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯等VOCs,贴皮工序、喷胶工序、粘棉工序使用的胶水类化学原料会产生二氯甲烷和乙酸乙酯,清洗工序用到的脱漆剂会产生二氯甲烷;暴露于苯和二氯甲烷的各工位致癌风险值均超过10~(-6),除暴露于苯的擦色、喷底漆和巡检工位外,其它各工位超过10~(-6)的概率皆大于95%,喷面漆工人的苯致癌风险最大,为3.07×10~(-6)±1.73×10~(-6),贴皮工人的二氯甲烷致癌风险最大,为5.14×10~(-6)±2.70×10~(-6),另外,各工位中只有喷面漆工人的非致癌风险大于1;暴露持续时间(ED)、致癌物的浓度(C)、呼吸速率(InhR)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF)是对致癌风险影响较大的参数,体重(BW)对致癌风险具有负敏感度.除浓度外,对非致癌风险结果影响较大的暴露参数依次为:暴露持续时间(ED)、暴露时间(ET)、暴露频率(EF).     

化学合成类制药行业工艺废气VOCs排放特征与危害评估分析

以浙江台州6家典型化学合成类制药企业为代表,对其排放工艺废气中的18项挥发性有机物(VOCs)特征污染物(如甲苯、甲醛、二氯甲烷等)进行监测和分析,并采用臭氧产生潜力(OFP)和健康风险评价指标对VOCs所产生的环境与健康危害进行初步的评价.结果表明,化学合成类制药企业排放的总VOCs浓度为14.9~308.6 mg·m-3,其产生环境危害的OFP值为3.1~315.1 mg·m-3,主要贡献物质为甲苯、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯等6种物质,存在较大的潜在环境危害.另外,健康危害中的非致癌风险指数和总致癌风险指数介于9.48×10-7~4.98×10-4a-1和3.17×10-5~6.33×10-3之间,主要是苯、甲醛和二氯甲烷这3种致癌物.     

郑州市碳素行业无组织VOCs排放特征分析及健康风险评价

选择郑州市3家典型碳素企业,研究了不同功能区的挥发性有机污染物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的排放特征及其臭氧生成潜势(ozone formation potential,OFP),并利用美国环保署(EPA)的健康风险评价模型对碳素行业排放的VOCs的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,3家企业生产区VOCs质量浓度在89. 77～964. 60μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在51. 46～121. 59μg·m~(-3)之间,萘和二硫化碳是碳素企业厂区内浓度最高的污染物;生产区VOCs的臭氧生成潜势在75. 42～1 416. 73μg·m~(-3)之间,管理区在65. 32～202. 42μg·m~(-3)之间,主要来自于芳香烃和烯烃的贡献.生产区VOCs致癌健康风险(Risk)为3. 5×10~(-5)～2. 8×10~(-3),管理区为2. 0×10~(-5)～9. 4×10~(-5),高于EPA推荐的最大可接受水平(10~(-6));生产区VOCs非致癌健康风险危害指数(hazard index,HI)为3. 2～1. 4×10~2,管理区为4. 3×10~(-1)～3. 8,除企业甲的管理区外均大于1,可能会对暴露人群的健康造成致癌和非致癌危害.     

农药企业场地空气中挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险

采用苏玛罐收集样品,气相色谱-质谱联用方法对河北省张家口市3个代表性农药企业场地内挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测分析,研究了VOCs的污染特征及健康风险.结果表明,在3个农药场地内均存在着比较严重的总挥发性有机物(TVOC)污染,各场地正己烷(6 161.90~6 910.00μg·m-3)、苯(126.00~179.30μg·m-3)、1,3-丁二烯(115.00~177.30μg·m-3)的含量远超过USEPA风险系统中对应的慢性吸入参考值(700、30、2μg·m-3),场地B二氯甲烷的含量(724.00μg·m-3)也超过对应的参考浓度(600μg·m-3).各场地VOCs经吸入途径的非致癌风险数量级为1.00E-04~1.00E+00,经皮肤暴露的非致癌风险数量级为1.00E-09~1.00E-05,其中正己烷(2.52E+00~2.83E+00)、二氯甲烷(2.08E+00~2.97E+00)的非致癌风险指数均超过了1,场地B中苯的非致癌风险指数(1.10E+00)也超过了1.各场地VOCs经吸入暴露的致癌风险数量级均在1.00E-08~1.00E-03之间,各化合物经皮肤暴露的致癌风险数量级在1.00E-13~1.00E-08之间,各场地中1,3-丁二烯的吸入致癌风险指数均超过了1.0E-04,属于高致癌风险污染物,而苯的吸入致癌风险也已经超过了国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的有毒有害物质个人年风险最大可接受水平(5.0E-05).皮肤暴露途径引起的健康风险与吸入暴露有相同的趋势,但风险值远小于吸入暴露的风险值,占总风险值的比例不足0.01%,说明该农药场地挥发性有机物引起人体健康风险的主要途径为吸入暴露.     

太原公共场所空气中挥发性有机物的暴露特征

采用苏玛罐采样,预浓缩Entech 7100-Agilent 7890A GC/5975C MSD联用系统分析,分析太原市5个居民休闲公共场所非周末与周末时段空气中VOCs(挥发性有机物)的暴露特征. 结果表明:全部样品中51种VOCs均有检出,总平均暴露水平为94.83 μg/m3,ρ(烷烃)、ρ(芳香烃)和ρ(烯烃)最高,三者分别占ρ(总VOCs)的47.27%、43.40%和9.33%. 苯暴露水平为5.22 μg/m3,是欧盟规定的环境空气中ρ(苯)年均值的1.04倍. VOCs暴露水平在儿童公园(为151.39 μg/m3)最高,在龙潭公园 (64.55 μg/m3)最低. 这可能与儿童公园位于太原市最大商业区且周围建筑密集污染物不易扩散,而龙潭公园周围地势开阔污染物易扩散有关. 儿童公园周末时段VOCs的暴露水平明显大于非周末时段,反映了人为活动对环境空气中VOCs的影响. 太原市公共场所非周末与周末时段的VOCs非致癌风险系数较低;周末时段空气中苯对人体的致癌风险(8.44×10-7)是非周末时段(3.39×10-7)的2.49倍,但均未超过苯的人体致癌风险值(1.0×10-6). 来源分析显示,燃煤和机动车尾气排放是太原市公共场所空气中VOCs的主要来源.      

白洋淀水体挥发性有机物污染特征与风险评价

为研究白洋淀水体中挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)污染现状,于2016年3月在白洋淀采集15个水体样品,采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法分析了54种VOCs的浓度,对其分布特征和健康风险进行讨论,并尝试利用综合污染指数法对白洋淀水体VOCs污染情况进行评估.结果表明:(1)白洋淀水体中共有14种VOCs被检测出来,其中二氯甲烷、苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯检出率为100%,二甲苯浓度最高,平均值为564.9 ng·L~(-1);三氯乙烯浓度最低,平均值仅为3.3 ng·L~(-1),检出率为13.3%.(2)白洋淀水体中VOCs总浓度在423.0~4 207.8 ng·L~(-1)之间,苯系物是主要污染物,主要来源可能是上游污水处理厂的出水、工业废水以及城市内机动车尾气的排放.(3)健康风险评价显示白洋淀水体中VOCs不会对人体产生致癌和非致癌风险;VOCs综合污染指数显示白洋淀水体中VOCs处于清洁水平.     

厦门不同功能区VOCs的污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解厦门市不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染特征和健康风险,于2014年3—8月在厦门市开展大气样品的采集,利用预浓缩系统和气相色谱质谱联用技术进行VOCs含量的定量分析,并采用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对VOCs进行人群健康风险的初步评价.结果表明,各功能区VOCs的平均质量浓度差异较明显,表现为工业区(120.88μg·m-3)交通区(104.41μg·m-3)开发区(84.06μg·m-3)港口区(80.78μg·m-3)居民区(58.75μg·m-3)背景区(41.46μg·m-3).背景区、居民区、交通区、开发区和港口区各类VOCs浓度均表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃,工业区则表现为芳香烃烷烃烯烃.除背景区外各功能区VOCs浓度在6月最低,而除工业区外各功能区浓度在8月最高.温度和风等气象因素是导致VOCs浓度变化的重要原因.苯、甲苯、乙苯、间,对二甲苯和邻二甲苯(BTEX)在各功能区总芳香烃中所占的比例为65.20%~78.73%.各功能区BTEX的非致癌风险均表现为甲苯乙苯邻二甲苯间,对二甲苯苯,在9.73×10-4~1.33×10-1之间,均在安全范围内,而苯的致癌风险在1.23×10-5~3.08×10-5之间,超出安全范围,存在较大的致癌风险.     

电子废弃物拆解场多氯联苯含量及健康风险评价

选择我国典型的电子废弃物拆解场为研究对象,以拆解场各环境介质中PCBs浓度全面调查为基础,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)人体健康评价模型,结合问卷调查和实际测量修正暴露参数,对浙江台州拆解区人群(成人)进行健康风险评价.结果表明:拆解场大气和土壤中PCBs各同系物的浓度显著高于其他介质,经调查表明可能与拆解场直接焚烧、湿法酸洗工艺有关.多种暴露途径所导致拆解场成人PCBs污染总致癌风险为2.80×10-3,总非致癌风险为1.64×10-3,均超过了US EPA、ICRP等推荐的可接受的风险水平,其中经口暴露的致癌、非致癌风险最大,其次是呼吸暴露.进行敏感性分析表明:无论何种暴露途径,体重(BW)、呼吸速率(IR)、实测参数食物摄食(IR)、皮肤接触表面积(SA)和污染物实测浓度的致癌风险、非致癌风险绝对敏感性都较大.在健康风险评价时,需要对研究区人群暴露参数进行实地调查实测,以降低评价结果的不确定性.     

基于DED模型的挥发性有机物健康风险评价

为评估DED（Dual Equilibrium Desorption,双元平衡解吸）模型用于预测实际场地VOCs呼吸暴露健康风险的适用性,以邯郸某化工搬迁场地中危化品存储车间场地为案例,采用DED模型分别计算了二氯甲烷和苯在埋深1.5m（浅层）和3.5m（深层）处的呼吸暴露健康风险,并与基于相应深度实测土壤气中污染物浓度及采用传统J & E（Johnson and Ettinger）模型预测的呼吸暴露健康风险进行了比较验证.结果表明:①采用DED模型预测的二氯甲烷健康风险均未超过10-6,在某些点位及深度（2号点浅层、6号点浅层及深层、5号点深层）苯的健康风险超过了10-6. ②基于实测土壤气中污染物浓度计算的健康风险显示,二氯甲烷健康风险均未超过10-6,在某些点位及深度（4号和6号点浅层和深层及2号点深层）苯的健康风险超过了10-6. ③采用J & E模型预测的二氯甲烷和苯的健康风险均超过10-6. ④对比发现,对于二氯甲烷DED模型预测的风险结果与基于土壤气实测污染物浓度预测的结果总体无明显差异,但苯在部分点位前者预测结果低于后者.研究显示,DED模型基本上能适用于预测实际场地VOCs呼吸暴露健康风险,但在某些点位可能会低估实际风险,建议具体使用过程中进一步采集场地数据进行验证,而J & E模型的预测结果均过于保守;同时,对DED模型各参数进行敏感性分析发现,土壤中土壤气体积含量、污染物浓度和有机碳含量对风险结果影响相对明显,土壤容重则几乎没有影响.      

广州市中心城区环境空气中挥发性有机物的污染特征与健康风险评价

于2009年11月5~9日,采用在线监测方法对广州市中心城区环境空气中31种VOCs物种进行了观测,对其浓度水平与变化特征、组成与来源、化学反应活性进行了分析,并利用国际公认的健康风险评价方法对VOCs的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,31种VOCs物种的平均质量浓度为114.51μg·m-3(范围为29.42~546.06μg·m-3),烷烃和芳香烃是含量最为丰富的组分;31种VOCs浓度之和及烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃3类化合物的各组分浓度之和都呈现出早晚高,中午低的日变化特征.机动车尾气排放是研究区环境空气中VOCs的主要来源,同时汽油、液化石油气的挥发以及涂料和溶剂的挥发也是其重要来源.研究区VOCs气团对臭氧生成潜势贡献率最大的是芳香烃(42.5%)和烯烃(38.6%);甲苯、反-2-丁烯、间/对二甲苯、正丁烷、1,3,5-三甲苯等是VOCs中的关键活性组分.机动车尾气排放、汽油蒸发是导致研究区环境空气中臭氧形成的重要VOCs排放源.健康风险评价结果表明,己烷、1,3-丁二烯和BTEX对人体的非致癌风险(HQ)在3.95E-03~2.45E-01之间,对暴露人群不存在非致癌风险;1,3-丁二烯、苯的致癌风险值(RISK)分别为1.47E-05、5.34E-05,对暴露人群存在潜在的致癌风险.本研究结果与国内其它部分城市环境空气中苯系物健康风险评价结果的比较研究发现,我国城市环境空气中苯对暴露人群存在着较大的致癌风险,因此,我国有必要采取措施严格控制环境空气中苯的污染水平,尽早研究并制定环境空气中苯的环境基准和标准.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.