比较FDS和FLUENT在池火灾模拟中的应用

热辐射是池火灾燃烧的主要危害之一,可能导致人员伤亡或设备设施损坏。油罐火灾是典型的池火灾。本文通过对无风情况下油罐火灾火焰形状进行理论模型分析,建立了各自的物理模型和几何模型。应用计算流体动力学软件Fluent和火灾动力学模拟软件FDS,对无风情况下池火灾对周围大气环境的热辐射强度进行模拟,得到了火焰周围入射热流密度分布图,运用软件Statistica拟合得出热辐射强度与距离火焰中心的水平距离的对应关系,分别计算出轻伤半径区域下的最小安全距离。数值模型模拟结果与池火灾经验模型进行比较,发现FDS辐射强度结果与经验模型结果吻合较好。分析了利用这两种模型模拟油罐火灾各自的优点和缺点,最后提出了运用FDS软件模型模拟油罐火灾时的优势。     

池火灾热辐射计算及模拟

在油罐火灾中,着火罐所释放的热辐射对附近的人员以及设备起到一定的危害。本文分别用经验公式以及FDS模拟来计算热辐射强度,并对计算结果进行比较及分析,结果表明两种方法可互相补充完善。     

大型原油商业储备油库火灾危险性数值模拟分析

石油储备油库多向大型化、复杂化方向发展,发生事故时扑救非常困难。为了深入探讨巨型油罐火灾发展趋势与规律、事故危害后果,结合宁夏惠安堡原油商业储备油库这一工程实例,采用基于大涡模拟的FDS模型作为模拟计算平台,对巨型油罐火灾的燃烧过程进行数值模拟计算。通过分析计算,得到烟气分布、温度分布、热辐射强度分布等火灾过程参数的变化趋势,以及在有风和无风状态下着火罐对相邻油罐的影响,探讨现行建设工程消防技术标准就储罐防火间距、火灾时对邻近罐体冷却设计要求运用于巨型储油罐时的消防安全状况,为巨型储油罐消防安全科学合理设计提供理论依据。     

油罐区泄漏及火灾危险危害评价

对某大型油罐区进行泄漏及火灾的危险危害评价.采用毒性物质泄漏扩散模型模拟油罐的泄漏事故,得出了泄漏介质在罐区附近的等质量浓度分布曲线;采用池火火焰与辐射强度模型,计算油罐、输油管道、汽车装油栈台等发生池火灾时的热辐射强度,并结合不同辐射强度值对人和设备的影响程度,给出了池火灾的影响范围.     

FDS+Evac软件在火灾逃生中的应用

对人员疏散模拟软件FDS+Evac在火灾逃生中的应用进行了探讨和分析.结合使用该软件的经验与体会,总结了FDS+Evac建模、记事本编程、计算结果分析的一些方法和调试技巧,展望了其在火灾和其他紧急疏散领域的应用.     

利用FDS评估公共聚集场所火灾风险

近年来,随着社会经济的发展,公众聚集场所迅速增加,在提高人们生活质量的同时也增加了安全隐患。由于这些场所具有面积大、人员多、流动性大等特点,一旦发生火灾,就会给紧急情况下的人员疏散带来很大困难,造成众多人员伤亡。因此有必要对公共聚集场所进行火灾风险评估,这就需要对火灾的全部过程进行模拟分析。FDS（Fire Dynamics Simulator）是一种火灾动力学模拟工具,由美国国家标准技术局开发,是计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics）的一种模型。其     

油罐扬沸火灾热辐射危害研究

针对油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度难以计算的问题,采用分阶段法计算油罐扬沸火灾热辐射强度.采用圆柱火焰模型计算油罐扬沸火灾中准稳态燃烧阶段的热辐射强度,结果与试验值一致.建立油罐扬沸阶段的油品沸溢半径计算模型,并结合点源模型计算扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.计算油罐扬沸火灾油品沸溢半径和热辐射强度,特别是扬沸阶段的热辐射强度,可为降低油罐扬沸火灾的热辐射危害提供理论依据.     

火灾及烟气计算机模拟模型综述

近年来,火灾及烟气运动的计算机模拟模型得到了广泛的发展,已经得到广泛应用.计算机模型的广泛应用得益于在过去十年中火灾理论研究和试验所得到的火灾基础数据库,以及计算机硬件的发展使得更为复杂的计算方法得到应用.计算机模拟的应用也推动了建筑规范从"处方式"向性能化规范发展.本文对火灾及烟气计算机模拟模型的基本原理进行了介绍,着重介绍了在我国应用广泛的场模拟模型FDS,并结合笔者使用过的模型进行了对比研究.     

FDS与Pathfinder在建筑火灾与人员疏散中的应用

对FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator) 在建筑火灾中的应用进行分析和探讨,结合在高校宿舍火灾模拟计算中的经验,给出FDS 应用中的建模、模拟计算、数据分析的一些方法和技巧.结合Pathfinder对人员疏散的模拟,给出了人员疏散对应的时间,并对FDS 与Pathfinder在现代建筑火灾模拟与人员疏散方面的应用作了相关阐述.     

装置应急响应保护层效果量化研究

利用FDS数值模拟软件,模拟了装置应急响应保护层中设置水喷淋装置对原油储罐火灾事故后果严重度的影响。研究结果表明,水喷淋对原油储罐火灾热流量和温度的降低率达到30%左右,结合实例发现,水喷淋对火灾热量辐射范围的抑制和减小具有明显效果。该模拟弥补了传统装置应急响应保护层分析在事故后果严重度量化方面的不足,为油罐火灾事故防治及装置应急响应保护层制定提供参考依据。     

计算机模拟技术在防火设计中的应用

介绍了建筑防火设计的现状及发展趋势,特别提到计算机模拟技术在建筑工程防火性能化设计中的重要性,并且应用CFD系列防火软件中的FDS软件对室内火灾的特征进行了模拟与描述,体现了计算机模拟技术在建筑防火设计中应用的优越性与实效性。     

Fire and explosion risk assessment for large-scale oil export terminal

Now in Russian Federation and other countries large-scale oil terminals (volume of one tank exceeds 100 000 m³, total volume of tanks exceeds 300 000 m³) are designed and constructed. Therefore fire safety of such objects becomes a very important task, solution of which is hardly possible without detail fire risk assessment. This study is aimed to a solution of this problem. Potential, individual and social risks were calculated. The potential risk was defined as a frequency of occurrence of hazardous factors of fires and explosions in a given point of space (the so-called risk contours). The individual risk was defined as a frequency of injuring a given person by hazardous factors of fires and explosions. Time of presence of this person in hazardous zones (near the hazardous installation) is taken into account during calculations of the individual risk. Social risk was defined as a dependence of frequency of injuring a given number of people by hazardous factors of fires and explosions on this number. In practice the social risk is usually determined on injuring not less than 10 people.

The oil terminal under consideration includes the following main parts: crude oil storage consisting of three tanks of volume 100 000 m³ each, input crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.6 m, crude oil pumps, output crude oil pipeline of diameter 0.8 m, auxiliary buildings and facilities. The following main scenarios of tank fires have been considered: rim seal fire, pool fire on a surface of a floating roof, pool fire on a total cross-section surface of the tank, pool fire in a dyke, explosions in closed or semiclosed volumes. Fires and explosions in other parts of the terminal are also taken into account. Effects of escalation of accidents are considered.

Risk contours have been calculated both for the territory of the terminal and for the neighbouring space. The potential risk for the storage zone is near 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁵ year⁻¹, and at a distance 500 m from the terminal the potential risk values do not exceed 10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. The values of the individual risk for various categories of workers are in the range of 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁶ year⁻¹. Because of low number of the workers on the terminal and large distances to towns and villages the social risk value is negligible. These risk values are consistent with practice of the best oil companies, and fire hazard level of the terminal can be accepted as tolerable.     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.     

大型原油储罐泄漏隔堤池火灾后果研究

为了研究储罐大孔泄漏后可能产生的隔堤局部面状液池火灾,以10万立方大型原油储罐为例,采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和火灾模拟软件FDS计算储罐在真实泄漏场景下的液池区域,模拟发生隔堤池火的分布特征及对临罐热辐射影响。研究结果表明:储罐原油泄漏后将在隔堤内形成相对稳定面积的液池,在储罐不同方位处泄漏形成的液池面积与储罐壁距雨水收集槽长度相关;储罐正下方的隔堤池火对储罐造成的热辐射极大;风对临罐受到的池火热辐射强度影响明显,指向罐组中心方向的来风对临罐热辐射强度影响较大。     

典型娱乐场所火灾期间人员行为分析

建筑火灾的频发,引起人们对火灾过程中人员行为的极大关注。利用视频信息提取典型公共娱乐场所火灾过程中不同人员在火灾迹象觉察和确认时间的差异,又结合FDS模拟得到的火灾温度场变化规律,分析了人员在火灾期间的不同行为表现以及相应的非理性心理状态,指出了相关的主客观原因,有利于加强人们的火灾灾害意识和安全逃生意识;同时文中的相关结论也可以为建筑物消防性能化设计、人员安全疏散提供参考。     

油品火灾形势分析研究

根据<中国消防年鉴对近年油品火灾起数、造成人员伤亡、直接财产损失、起火原因等情况进行分析,揭示油品火灾的特点和规律,分析油品消防安全工作的薄弱环节和重点方向,并对今后如何做好油品消防安全工作提出对策和建议.     

石油库储罐区池火灾事故后果模拟探讨

石油库储罐区火灾、爆炸事故危害巨大.通过对某石油库储罐区池火灾事故后果进行预测评价,对石油库储罐区池火灾事故后果模拟方法进行了讨论和对比,为石油库安全管理、安全评价和应急救援预案编制提供有益的探索.     

池火灾评价法在环氧乙烷罐区的应用研究

以某石油化工厂区为工程应用背景,通过对环氧乙烷储罐区计算模型的建立,应用池火灾评价法对环氧乙烷储罐发生池火灾的热辐射伤害区域进行了定量计算,得出环氧乙烷罐区发生池火灾的各级影响半径和造成的伤害程度。结果表明,只有当人员撤离罐区67.35 m范围外方可避免受到热辐射伤害。从环氧乙烷罐区的整体安全性出发,提出了具体的防护措施和建议,为企业的安全管理工作提供参考依据。