BED含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机PM和NOx排放的影响

为研究生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(简称为BED)含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机微粒(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的影响,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料,在两种大气压力(81和100 k Pa)下进行了排放试验研究.结果表明,燃用纯柴油和B15E5(15%生物柴油+5%乙醇+80%柴油,体积比)燃料后,在中、低负荷时的PM排放在高气压下基本高于低气压下,最高增幅分别达到26.2%和19.0%;在全负荷时的PM排放在高气压下降低,最高降幅分别达到6.1%和17.0%.燃用B25E5(25%生物柴油+5%乙醇+70%柴油,体积比)燃料后,PM排放在高气压下降低.燃用纯柴油后,柴油机在高气压下的NO_x排放低于低气压下;燃用B15E5和B25E5含氧燃料后,在中、低负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下降低,在全负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下升高.在中、低负荷下NO_x排放最高降幅分别达到12.1%和15.3%;在全负荷下,NO_x排放最高增幅分别达到6.5%和5.8%.在不同大气压力下,柴油机燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料后,PM与NO_x排放均呈现明显的trade-off关系.相比于在低气压下,随负荷增加引起的PM排放降幅和NO_x排放增幅在高气压下增加.     

聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)絮体的不同拓扑空间下分形维数的研究

通过对PFC混凝去除水中HA过程中所形成的PFC-HA絮体的研究结果表明,原水pH分另4为9.0、7.0和5.0时,最佳投药量下形成的絮体的平均沉降速度之间的比值为1.17:1.00:0.49,而且所有絮体的水平投影方向的平均直径与垂直投影方向的平均直径的比值均接近0.85.结合Logan公式和有效密度-长轴的双对数关系计算出的絮体三维空间的分形维数Df较为可靠,在本试验中3种pH的原水下形成的PFC-HA絮体的Df均小于2.0.絮体沉降速度的变化是质量分形维数Df、有效密度和粒径等因素的变化综合影响结果,因此,絮体的Df、有效密度各自的变化趋势有可能与沉降速度的不一致.原水pH=7.0时絮体的Df稍大于原水pH=9.0时絮体的Df,但比原水pH=5.0时絮体的Df大11.73%.可见,与原水pH=9.0时形成的絮体相比,原水pH=7.0时形成了稍微密实的小絮体,但原水pH=5.0时却形成了较为疏松的、很小的絮体.在本试验的图像分辨率下,PFC-HA絮体在一维拓扑空间下的分形维数D1比较低,一般都低于1.10.基于投影面积-长轴关系计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2变化趋势为样品3稍大于样品2,样品1最小;然而基于投影面积一周长计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2却呈现不同的变化趋势.另外,尽管PFC-HA絮体的Df小于2,但其与基于投影面积-长轴关系计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2不相等,不符合Meakin的结论,这与本试验中CCD相机的分辨率和絮体样本数量有关.     

CO2倍增和施氮对水稻不同生长期土壤反硝化细菌丰度的影响

随着全球气候变化的不断加剧,大气CO₂浓度呈明显增加趋势,这将间接影响土壤-植物-微生物系统的氮循环过程.为研究典型水稻土壤反硝化细菌对CO₂浓度升高的响应规律和机制,借助水稻密闭培养箱,运用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（Real-Time qPCR）分子技术,设置不施氮（0 mg/kg）和常规施氮（100 mg/kg）2个处理,研究CO₂倍增对水稻不同生长期土壤关键反硝化功能细菌（narG、nirK和nirS型）丰度的影响.结果表明:①在2种施氮水平,CO₂倍增显著促进了水稻分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期和成熟期水稻根系生长（增幅为2.96%~28.4%）、地上部生物量增加（增幅为7.1%~107.3%）以及成熟期籽粒干质量的增加（增幅为19.5%和38.0%）,具有显著的增产效应.②反硝化细菌丰度对CO₂倍增的响应与生育期及施氮水平有关,CO₂倍增在2个施氮水平均抑制分蘖期反硝化细菌的繁殖,显著增加孕穗期反硝化细菌数量;在水稻扬花期,CO₂倍增促进了施氮处理narG和nirS型反硝化细菌数量的增加,在成熟期抑制未施氮处理下narG、nirK和nirS型反硝化细菌的生长.另外,narG、nirK、nirS型反硝化细菌丰度整体表现为narG > nirS > nirK,且随水稻的生长,其在成熟期的丰度均呈降低趋势.nirK和nirS基因同属亚硝酸还原酶,但nirS基因丰度高于nirK,且对CO₂倍增和施氮的响应有所差异.研究显示,CO₂倍增可显著增加水稻生长和产量,不同施氮水平对稻田土壤反硝化细菌丰度的影响存在差异.      

Thermal Inactivation of Human Norovirus Surrogates

We investigated the thermal inactivation profiles of murine norovirus (MNV), Hepatitis A virus (HAV), and feline calicivirus (FCV), which are surrogates for the study of human noroviruses. Thermal inactivation of MNV and FCV were evaluated at 37, 50, and 60°C and HAV at 37, 50, 60, and 70°C. All viral surrogates were relatively stable at 37°C. MNV and FCV decimal reduction times (D-values) at 50°C were statistically significantly different (P < 0.05) with MNV being more stable. Both surrogates had comparable, low D-values at 60°C. HAV had significantly higher (P < 0.05) D-values than both MNV and FCV at 50 and 60°C. Overall, the infectivity assay results indicate that HAV is resistant to thermal inactivation while MNV is moderately resistant and FCV is least resistant.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同生境白刺(Nitraria)灌丛沙堆的空间分布格局

运用地统计学和数量生态学方法,从维持天然白刺灌丛稳定性和持久生态效益角度出发,对腾格里沙漠东南缘不同生境白刺灌丛沙堆的空间异质性进行了研究,分析了不同生境白刺固沙生态效益.结果表明,生境地下水埋深和白刺植株发育状况的差异直接影响了白刺耐沙埋的能力,间接地影响了白刺沙堆的固沙效应.湖盆低地白刺种群的植株盖度、密度和生物量显著高于山前冲积扇区（p<0.01）,植株高度则相反,且无显著差异（p>0.05）.湖盆低地的半固定生境沙堆高度平均为1.20 m,单个沙堆积沙体积平均为88.19 m³,固定生境的山前冲积扇沙堆高度平均为1.14 m,单个沙堆积沙体积平均为33.16 m³.不同生境条件下,白刺沙堆的斑块大小和分布存在明显差异（p<0.01）.湖盆低地的白刺灌丛沙堆趋向于大斑块、小密度,空间自相关距离较长,而山前冲积扇区相反.湖盆低地由自相关因素引起的沙堆大小和积沙体积空间异质性占主要部分,分别体现在1.2～84 m和1.2～505 m尺度;而山前冲积扇的随机因素引起的沙堆大小和积沙体积空间异质性占到100％,在100 m以下尺度该区白刺灌丛沙堆大小和积沙体积具有恒定的变异,其空间分布格局在这个尺度无规律体现呈随机分布.     

Temperature and parasitism by <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Asobara tabida</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) influence larval pupation behaviour in two <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Drosophila</Emphasis> species

In holometabolous insects, pupation site selection behaviour has large consequences for survival. Here, we investigated the combined effects of temperature and parasitism by the parasitoid Asobara tabida on larval pupation behaviour in two of its main Drosophila sp. hosts differing in their climate origin. We found that larvae of Drosophila melanogaster—a species with a (sub)tropical origin—placed at 25°C pupated higher in rearing jars than those placed at 15°C. The opposite pattern was observed for Drosophila subobscura larvae—a species from temperate regions—which pupated lower, i.e. on or near the substrate at 25°C, than those placed at 15°C. When placed at 25°C, parasitized larvae of both species pupated closer to the substrate than unparasitized ones. Moreover, the Drosophila larvae that had been exposed and probably stung by A. tabida, but were not parasitized, pupated lower than the control unparasitized larvae. These results provide new insights of host behaviour manipulation by A. tabida larvae.     

利用小麦三叶期毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害的探讨

为探明小麦三叶期幼苗和成熟期籽实产量的Ni毒害效应及其相互关系,实现小麦作物Ni毒害的早期诊断,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦三叶期幼苗生长发育和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对小麦三叶期和成熟期的生理指标进行相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni投加量100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量和籽实产量无明显下降(p0.05),茎叶中可溶性糖含量(p0.05)和硝酸盐含量(p0.01)增加,茎叶干鲜比值增加;Ni投加量≥100 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶干质量、可溶性糖、硝酸盐含量和成熟期籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶中淀粉和抗坏血酸含量明显增加(p0.05或p0.01),茎叶干鲜比值下降.土壤中各形态Ni与小麦三叶期幼苗中Ni呈显著正相关(p0.01),土壤和幼苗中Ni与茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和籽实产量均呈显著负相关(p0.05或p0.01),表明小麦三叶期幼苗毒害和成熟期籽实产量下降是由作物体内Ni毒害造成的且无观察效应浓度(NOEC)一致;同时试验观察到小麦三叶期幼苗茎叶干质量、可溶性糖和硝酸盐含量变化与成熟期籽实产量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05或p0.01),表明利用小麦三叶期幼苗Ni毒害效应指标表征成熟期籽实产量Ni毒害是可行的.试验确定外源Ni对小麦成熟期籽实产量的无观察效应浓度为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦茎叶Ni含量为15.37 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为361.78 mg·kg~(-1).     

不同取样尺度和数量下针阔混交林土壤呼吸的空间异质性

区域土壤呼吸通量估算大多用样地尺度的测定结果进行外推,因此对样地尺度土壤呼吸(Rs)及其影响因子的空间关系和取样尺度、取样数量对测定结果的准确性进行评价非常重要.以山西省庞泉沟自然保护区针阔混交林作为研究样地,运用传统统计分析与地统计分析相结合的方法,分析了4、2、1 m取样尺度下土壤水分(Ws)、土壤温度(T10)、凋落物量(Lw)、凋落物含水量(Lm)、土壤全碳(C)、全氮(N)和全碳/全氮(C/N)对土壤呼吸速率(Rs)空间变异的影响.结果表明3个取样间隔下,Rs的均值没有显著差异,但其变异程度随着取样尺度的增大而增加,变异系数在16%~22%之间.在4 m取样间隔下,Rs与Ws、Lw、C、C/N呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与N呈显著正相关(P0.05);在2 m取样间隔下,Rs与T10呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与其他因子相关不显著;在1 m取样间隔下,Rs与其他影响因子的相关性都不显著.随着取样尺度的减小,Rs的空间自相关性逐渐减弱,由高度自相关变为弱相关,表明随着采样距离的减小,结构因素对Rs的作用减弱,随机因素的作用逐渐增大.同一置信水平下相同取样数量随着取样尺度的减小,估计误差降低.95%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的Rs误差在±12%左右,而4 m尺度的误差为±16%;90%置信水平下,2 m和1 m取样尺度时9个样本产生的误差在±10%以内,4 m尺度则为±13%.研究结果可以为样地尺度进行Rs季节测定样点的科学布设提供依据.     

First observation of different diffusion coefficients for two conformers in a neat liquid

 Self-diffusion coefficients were studied for the highly polar liquid N-methylformamide at pressures up to 200 MPa between the melting pressure curves and 420 K by the spin-echo method. N-Methylformamide exists as a mixture of two conformers in the neat liquid. These conformers have large differences at lower temperatures in their dynamic and structural properties. The self-diffusion coefficient of the cis-conformer being 17% lower than that of the trans-conformer at the same T and p. This is the first observation of such an effect. The experimental study is supported by Monte Carlo (MC) calculations which show that the first neighbors around a cis conformer are arranged differently than in an all trans liquid. The difference leads in the simulations to a much lower dielectric constant for the trans-cis mixture and might also explain the retardation of diffusion for the cis conformer. Received: 15 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 28 February 2000     

堆肥化过程中微生物群落的动态

通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和平板计数法对堆肥化过程中微生物的区系动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在堆肥化过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少,中温微生物的数量始终高于高温微生物.当发酵结束后,中温微生物的数量低于发酵初始水平,高温放线菌和高温真菌的数量试验结束后高于初始水平,高温细菌的数量在整个堆肥化过程中变化不大.通过DGGE分析表明,发酵过程中细菌的种类发生了明显的更迭现象.发酵初期Bdellovibrio、Clostridia bacterium、Bacillus、Clostridium等占优势,中期Beta proteobacterium、Petrobacter succinimandens、Nitrospirae bacterium、Clostridium等占优势,后期Clostridium、Beta proteobacterium、Paenibacillus等占优势,而在整个堆肥化过程中Clostridium都是优势种.     

维管束植物樟树和马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量指示贵阳地区大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化

同时测定了从贵阳市区到农村3个方向采集的樟树叶、马尾松叶、根际土以及苔藓共计296个样品的氮、硫含量,结合苔藓氮、硫含量估算了相应区域大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度.结果表明樟树叶氮含量(1.01%~2.37%)和马尾松叶氮含量(0.99%~2.42%)在市区最高,往外明显降低,而在较远农村区域(24 km)又出现回升,反映了农村地区大气输入的氮有所增加;叶硫含量变化范围分别为0.16%~0.43%和0.18%~0.32%,均呈现在市区最高,向外逐渐降低的趋势,在距市区最远处(30~36 km)达到最低值,表明市区的生产生活向大气输入了较高的硫.各区域土壤氮、硫含量均无显著差异,将樟树、松树叶氮、硫含量分别与大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度(由苔藓氮、硫值计算)进行线性回归分析,发现樟树、松树叶氮含量与大气氮沉降量以及樟树、松树叶硫含量与大气SO_2浓度均呈显著正相关(P0.05).研究表明维管束植物樟树与马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量的变化特征能同时很好地指示贵阳区域大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化.     

接种纤维素降解菌对牛粪堆肥微生物群落的影响

以牛粪和稻草为堆肥原料,利用传统培养法和PCR-DGGE技术相结合对接种纤维素降解菌后堆肥的微生物群落的动态变化进行了分析.结果表明,接种菌堆肥与自然堆肥相比,微生物数量的变化趋势快于自然堆肥,接种菌在堆肥初期能够激发微生物增殖,快速启动堆肥发酵,缩短堆肥进程.接种菌堆肥比自然堆肥的DGGE凝胶图谱条带的差异性大,接种...     

Opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from households in Nigeria

Efforts to mitigate climate threats should not exclude the household as the household is a major driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through its consumption patterns. This paper derives an emission index that could be used to estimate inventories of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from kerosene combustion for lighting in Nigeria and also looks at the implications of solar pv lighting replacing kerosene lamp in Nigeria. Findings indicate that (1) average CO₂ emissions from kerosene combustion for lighting in Nigeria is about 0.06 kg per hour per lamp, which can be taken as the kerosene lamp CO₂ emission index for Nigeria. (2) about 3 × 10W_p solar pv will be required to replace a kerosene lamp, while about 0.124 tonnes of CO₂ will be avoided per lamp per year, operating at 6 h daily. At the national level, under the kerosene lamp replacement projection assumptions made, between 0.4 and 1.0 million tonnes of CO₂ will be avoided per year. The household investment required to owe a solar pv, including the capital cost of switching from kerosene lamp, is about US356, while the national capital investment outlay is between 1,138.265 and US356, while the national capital investment outlay is between 1,138.265 and US2,848 million. (3) Certified Emission Reduction (CER) units, assuming CO₂ is traded, will generate significant annual revenues on the order of 6.96 to almost US17.4 million per year, while earnings from unspent household kerosene fuel could amount to between 2,520 and US17.4 million per year, while earnings from unspent household kerosene fuel could amount to between 2,520 and US6,300 million over the life span of the solar pv. The micro-economic assessment carried out indicates the non-attractiveness of solar pv use at the household level, and (4) to promote solar pv use, both long and short term policy measures that aim at cost reduction were suggested. The paper concludes that, factoring the suggested measures into the climate, energy, and financial policy decision discourse in Nigeria could empower the households to play a significant role in achieving global CO₂ emission reduction, but at the local level.     

Hormetic protection of Drosophila melanogaster middle-aged male flies from heat stress by mildly stressing them at young age

Previous studies have shown that exposing flies to hypergravity (3g or 5g) for the first 2 weeks of adult life slightly increases longevity of male flies and survival time at 37°C for both sexes, and delays an age-linked behavioral change. The present experiment tested whether the hypergravity could also protect flies from four successive deleterious non-lethal heat shocks at 4 and 5 weeks of age. Males that lived in hypergravity for the first 2 weeks of adult life lived slightly longer (ca. +15% or 1.2 day) after heat shocks (30 min or 45 min at 37°C) than flies that always lived at 1g, but this positive effect of hypergravity was not observed in females. Therefore, hypergravity exposure at young age can help the male flies recovering from a heat shock at older ages.     

Responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to short-term mercury stress

The responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to mercury (Hg) stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment. Four soil treatments with different concentrations of Hg (CK, Hg25, Hg50, and Hg100, denoted as 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil, respectively) were incubated for 28 days. Soil denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured at day 3, 7 and 28. The abundances and community structures of two denitrification concerning genes, nirS (cd₁-nitrite reductase gene) and nosZ (nitrous oxide reductase gene), were analyzed using real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that soil DEA was significantly stimulated in the treatments of Hg25 and Hg50 compared with others at day 7. Meanwhile, no difference in the abundances of soil nirS and nosZ was found between Hg spiked treatments and CK, except the lower abundance of nirS (P<0.05) in the Hg added treatments compared with that in the CK at day 28. The community structures of denitrifiers based on nirS gene presented obvious change at day 7 along with the Hg additions, however, no variation was found in all treatments based on the nosZ gene. The results indicated that Hg (Hg25 and Hg50) had a strongly short-term stimulation on soil DEA, and nirS gene is more sensitive than nosZ gene to Hg stress.     

基于海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式下小气候效应研究

以海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式(草地、农田、白榆林地、刺槐林地、白榆刺槐混交林地)为研究对象,以裸地为对照,采用定点观测的方法,对海州露天矿排土场不同复垦模式下的光照强度、大气温度、相对湿度、5 cm、10 cm处的土壤温度和0～10 cm、10～20 cm的土壤含水量等小气候因子进行连续观测,分析小气候因子的日变化、日较差和日均值。研究结果表明:不同复垦模式均有降温、增湿、保水、减小日较差和日均值的功能。不同复垦模式对小气候调节能力表现为白榆刺槐混交林地白榆林地刺槐林地农田草地裸地。海州露天矿排土场随着植被的恢复,小气候和环境得到良好的改善。     

纯氧曝气活性污泥培养过程中絮体结构变化

采用纯氧曝气序批式反应器(SBR)直接培养、驯化培养活性污泥,运用显微技术分析絮体当量直径(Deq)、规则度(Rd)、孔隙率(Po)和单位悬浮固体内总细丝长度(Ftl)在培养不同时期的变化规律,采用Pearson相关性分析法分析絮体结构参数的相关性.结果表明:污泥直接培养过程中絮体Deq不断增大,驯化培养初期絮体Deq减小,中后期不断增大,驯化培养污泥絮体颗粒较大;污泥直接培养过程中絮体Rd不断减小,驯化污泥絮体Rd变化不大,在0.400~0.520内波动,两种方式培养的絮体规则度值相当;直接培养初期、中期絮体Po随絮体粒径增大而增大,驯化污泥絮体Po初期、后期呈减小趋势,中期呈增大趋势,直接培养法的絮体Po较小;污泥直接培养中、后期出现大量丝状菌,但很快又减少,污泥驯化整个过程中系统内均无大量丝状菌出现.污泥直接培养初期絮体Deq与Po显著正相关,Rd与Deq、Po显著负相关;中期丝状菌作用较大,Ftl与Po、Rd都显著负相关.污泥驯化初期,絮体Deq与Rd、Po均显著正相关,驯化后期Rd起较大作用,与其他参数均显著相关.     

Bee-hawking by the wasp, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Vespa velutina</Emphasis>, on the honeybees <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Apis cerana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">A</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">mellifera</Emphasis>

The vespine wasps, Vespa velutina, specialise in hawking honeybee foragers returning to their nests. We studied their behaviour in China using native Apis cerana and introduced A. mellifera colonies. When the wasps are hawking, A. cerana recruits threefold more guard bees to stave off predation than A. mellifera. The former also utilises wing shimmering as a visual pattern disruption mechanism, which is not shown by A. mellifera. A. cerana foragers halve the time of normal flight needed to dart into the nest entrance, while A. mellifera actually slows down in sashaying flight manoeuvres. V. velutina preferentially hawks A. mellifera foragers when both A. mellifera and A. cerana occur in the same apiary. The pace of wasp-hawking was highest in mid-summer but the frequency of hawking wasps was three times higher at A. mellifera colonies than at the A. cerana colonies. The wasps were taking A. mellifera foragers at a frequency eightfold greater than A. cerana foragers. The final hawking success rates of the wasps were about three times higher for A. mellifera foragers than for A. cerana. The relative success of native A. cerana over European A. mellifera in thwarting predation by the wasp V. velutina is interpreted as the result of co-evolution between the Asian wasp and honeybee, respectively.     

A new C12 alcohol identified as a sex pheromone and a trail-following pheromone in termites: the diene (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Z</Emphasis>)-dodeca-3,6-dien-1-ol

The diunsaturated C12 alcohol (Z,Z)-dodeca-3,6-dien-1-ol (dodecadienol) has been characterized by GC-MS and FTIR as a novel releaser pheromone in termites. This alcohol identified in Ancistrotermes pakistanicus (Termitidae, Macrotermitinae) possesses a double pheromonal function which again illustrates the chemical parsimony of termites compared with other social insects. In workers, dodecadienol elicits trail-following at a very low concentration (activity threshold at 0.1 pg/cm of trail); in male alates it induces trail-following at a low concentration (1–10 pg/cm) and sexual attraction at a higher concentration (about 1 ng). Traces of the monounsaturated C12 alcohol (Z)-dodec-3-en-1-ol (dodecenol), known as a trail pheromone of several Macrotermitinae, were also found in the sternal gland extracts of A. pakistanicus, although only dodecadienol was present at the surface of the sternal gland. Workers of A. pakistanicus are not sensitive to dodecenol, but they are as sensitive to dodecatrienol as to dodecadienol. However, in the study area (Vietnam), A. pakistanicus is living in sympatry only with those Macrotermitinae using dodecenol as a trail pheromone, the foraging populations therefore being well isolated through their respective trail pheromones. The presence of three types of unsaturated C12 alcohols as releaser pheromones in the only Macrotermitinae subfamily is discussed, and a possible biosynthetic pathway from linoleic acid is proposed for dodecadienol.     

环境浓度下邻苯二甲酸二乙酯对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应

DEP (diethyl phthalate,邻苯二甲酸二乙酯)是一种在环境中普遍存在的具有潜在神经和生殖毒性的增塑剂,其会干扰环境生物的发育水平、运动行为及生化水平.以秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽、头部摆动频率及生化指标作为测试终点,评估环境中DEP对秀丽隐杆线虫的生态毒理效应.在不同环境浓度(0、0.000 2、0.002、0.02、0.2、2 mg/L)的DEP溶液中,对秀丽隐杆线虫进行不同时间(24 h、72 h和10 d)的暴露试验.结果表明:①在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露24 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平均未受到显著影响(P>0.05).②在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露72 h后,秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到干扰.与对照组相比,在DEP浓度最高(2 mg/L)时,秀丽隐杆线虫体长下降了3.21%(P < 0.05);在DEP浓度为0.000 2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫的体宽呈上升趋势,且头部摆动频率明显加快了5.52%(P < 0.01),秀丽隐杆线虫的发育水平受到显著抑制.③在不同浓度DEP溶液中暴露10 d后,与对照组相比,秀丽隐杆线虫的体长、体宽和头摆频率均出现下降;在DEP浓度为2 mg/L时,秀丽隐杆线虫体内活性氧自由基、脂褐素和细胞凋亡水平累积均增长显著,出现氧化应激损伤.研究显示,不同环境浓度的DEP溶液会对秀丽隐杆线虫产生一定的毒性影响,且不同暴露时间和暴露浓度产生的毒性影响也存在一定差异.