汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅱ)——大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物污染特征

研究了北京市交通路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染特征.通过对2000年6月采集的大气颗粒物样品的分析,研究了北京市崇文门路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染状况.结果表明:交通排放是大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的重要来源之一;总体上非烃类化合物主要富集在粒径较小的粒子中,细粒子中的非烃类化合物应主要来源于机动车尾气排放;白天ρ(非烃类化合物)随机动车流量的增加而增加,夜晚机动车流量减小,但ρ(非烃类化合物)却高于白天,显示出大型柴油车的主要影响和贡献;非烃类化合物的污染主要表现为酞酸酯和苯酚类化合物的污染.并对交通路口大气颗粒物中酞酸酯的来源进行了探讨.      

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

顺硝烯新烟碱杀虫剂环氧虫啶在水中的光降解

为了正确评估新型杀虫剂环氧虫啶(CYC)的环境风险,了解环氧虫啶在水环境中的光降解规律,探讨了CYC初始浓度、温度、初始pH值、过氧化氢浓度及硝酸根对CYC光降解的影响.结果表明,CYC的光降解符合一级动力学反应.直接光降解中,随浓度降低、温度升高,光解速率加快,环氧虫啶的反应活化能为21.27kJ/mol.通过测定CYC的pKa值为3.42以及模拟计算CYC不同粒子形式的光反应活性,可知pH值对CYC光解的影响较为复杂:酸性条件下,CYC的降解速率取决于其形态(阳离子和中性粒子)与单线态能量;碱性条件下,降解速率主要受羟基自由基数量的影响.间接光降解中,硝酸根和过氧化氢对CYC光解均表现为促进作用.在评估环氧虫啶的环境风险时,应综合考虑环境因素对其降解的影响.     

富营养化水体景观的微生物修复研究

把美国的基因工程菌应用于徐州市黄河故道富营养化水体，对水体中营养性指标进行了测定及分析，并对水体中生物生长变化情况进行观察，从而了解在富营养状态下水体水质变化的基本情况。在了解水体水质变化状况的基础上，利用消氮细菌及沉淀细菌对实验水体进行生物修复。     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Electrokinetic movement of multiple chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils in the presence of β-cyclodextrin

This study investigated the electrokinetic (EK) behavior of multiple chlorobenzenes, including 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB), 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene (i-TeCB), and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene (TCB) in contaminated clayed soils. The effect of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on the EK removal of the chlorobenzenes was studied. The largest removal was obtained when Na2CO3/NaHCO3 buffer was used as anodic purging solution without β-CD. The removal efficiencies were related to the aqueous solubilities of chlorobenzenes. With the same cumulative electroosmotic flow, greater solubility led to higher removal efficiency. The addition of β-CD inhibited the EK removal efficiency of all chlorobenzenes. The inhibition increased with the increase of β-CD concentration. With the same β-CD concentration, the inhibition increased with the rise of electric potential. It was found that the inclusion compounds between β-CD and chlorobenzenzes were less soluble than chlorobenzenes. The formation of the less soluble inclusion compounds reduced the aqueous solubility of chlorobenzenes and led to the partial immobilization of the chlorobenzenes that desorbed from soil. It was feasible to use the EK technology to remove chlorobenzenes in contaminated soils using water as the anodic flushing solution. The addition of β-CD was not recommended for the EK removal of chlorobenzenes.     

Genotoxicity of drinking water treated with different disinfectants and effects of disinfection conditions detected by umu-test

The genotoxicity of drinking water treated with 6 disinfection methods and the effects of disinfection conditions were investigated using the umu-test. The pretreatment procedure of samples for the umu-test was optimized for drinking water analysis. The results of the umu-test were in good correlation with those of the Ames-test. The genotoxicity and production of haloacetic acids (HAAs) were the highest for chlorinated samples. UV + chloramination is the safest disinfection method from the aspects of genotoxicity, HAA production and inactivation effects. For chloramination, the effects of the mass ratio of Cl₂ to N of chloramine on genotoxicity were also studied. The changes of genotoxicity were different from those of HAA production, which implied that HAA production cannot represent the genotoxic potential of water. The genotoxicity per chlorine decay of chlorination and chloramination had similar trends, indicating that the reaction of organic matters and chlorine made a great contribution to the genotoxicity. The results of this study are of engineering significance for optimizing the operation of waterworks.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Adaptations to the dynamics of rural water supply from natural sources: A village example in semi-arid Nigeria

Domestic and agro-economic activities in the semi-arid region of Nigeria rely exclusively on rainfall, streamflow and groundwater in deep and alluvial (fadama) aquifers. Such water supply systems are subject to considerable seasonal and inter-annual variability. However, a combination of the various sources may mitigate the effects of water scarcity. This study describes the dynamics of the water sources for a village in northeastern Nigeria as an example that demonstrates the linkages between rainfall, streamflow and groundwater. Such linkages are important for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of climatic variation. Long-term records of rainfall were not available at the site so that the short-term data was interpreted in the context of the long-term climatic experience of the region. The stratigraphic profile of the aquifer was developed from resistivity methods, to supplement information obtained from well level hydrographs. Field observations and analysis of the data reveal that the beginning of the rainy season is a precarious period because none of the water sources are reliable. Rainfall infiltration recharges the shallow aquifers while lateral water flux from the floodwater-saturated fadama also contributes to water level rises in the deep wells. A study of the water level changes in response to deepening of the wells suggests that the wells are fed by an assortment of water-bearing lenses, separated by layers of low transmissivity. One major finding of this study is that there exists a close association between the wells in this riparian community and the recharge processes within the fadama. Upstream diversion, abstraction or impoundment could therefore undermine the viability of aquifer exploitation by the communities in the riparian zone. Analysis of the interactions among the various sources of water leads to the identification of several potential adaptation strategies for confronting the problem of water scarcity.     

电传飞机典型异常振动的诊断与处置技术研究

目的 对电传飞机典型的异常振动问题进行研究,形成电传飞机异常振动的诊断和处置技术。方法 首先对气动伺服弹性问题的基本原理和气动伺服弹性失稳可能引发的危害进行简要的介绍。然后对某电传飞机试飞过程中出现的异常振动现象进行详细描述,通过不同类型数据的对比分析,对该异常振动问题进行准确定位和诊断,进而给出相应的应对措施。最后通过正式的飞行试验对处置措施的准确性进行验证。结果 经过对异常振动问题的处理与分析,明确了该异常振动发生的根本原因,通过处置措施的有效落实,已顺利完成该型机的颤振/ASE飞行试验工作。结论 通过本文的异常振动处置方法的研究,为以后类似问题的准确诊断和处置提供了有益的参考和借鉴。     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

胶态泡沫在饱和介质迁移特性及对PCE冲洗效果

利用表面活性剂胶态微泡沫冲洗技术来提高四氯乙烯（PCE）在地下水的溶解性和流动性,提高污染物迁移通量,强化去除效果.主要工艺参数和影响因素对泡沫稳定性的影响,结果表明4000r/min的搅拌转数即可产生稳定的胶态微泡沫,泡沫稳定性随表面活性剂浓度增大有小幅度提高,PCE对泡沫稳定性有不利影响;胶态微泡沫在含水层的迁移规律表明,泡沫前端迁移时不断破裂并气液分离,形成气体在上部,液体在下部,后续泡沫稳定向前推流的迁移模式,泡沫在含水层中受到地下水的静水压力,与在土壤迁移相比其体系压力更大,泡沫破裂更严重、迁移速率更慢;和液体冲洗相比,泡沫冲洗对PCE增溶增流效果明显,介质粒径为0.1~0.25mm、0.25~0.5mm和0.5~1mm时,PCE去除率分别达到83.7%、90.8%和98.2%,介质粒径越大,去除效果越明显.     

镉和乙草胺、苄嘧磺隆对水稻吸收能力的影响

为探讨镉和两种常用除草剂的复合污染对水稻吸收必需矿质元素影响,采用水培法研究了镉(Cd)、乙草胺(AC)和苄嘧磺隆(BSM)在单一及复合污染条件下处理水稻幼苗72h及解除污染并恢复培养96小时后,水稻基本营养元素含量的变化,并对水稻幼苗根系损伤情况也进行了研究。研究发现:Cd和AC、BSM单一和复合处理降低了水稻根系Mn、Cu、Zn的含量。AC单独处理增加了水稻根系Fe的含量,Cd与AC、BSM联合作用时则降低了水稻根系Fe的含量。AC单一及Cd与AC和BSM的复合作用能增加水稻地上部分Fe的含量,最高可达对照的4.5倍。Cd降低了水稻幼苗对Mg的吸收,而AC和BSM却能促进对Mg的吸收。水稻幼苗经96h的恢复培养后,其根和地上部分叶营养元素含量也发生了一些重要的变化,水稻幼苗地上和地下部分Cd的含量发生了显著性下降。Cd和乙草胺、苄嘧磺隆在单独和联合作用下根系和叶片相对电导率、MDA含量都较对照有所升高,而根系活力下降。     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

某型飞机外翼5—8肋损伤原因分析及修复探讨

目的 分析某型飞机外翼5—8肋油箱区结构不同程度损伤的原因,制定修复方案。方法采用受载分析、有限元仿真计算、静力试验数据分析等强度计算方法分析损伤产生的原因,采用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜对磨痕形貌进行观测等失效分析,对损伤结构件开展失效模式分析,根据损伤原因及失效模式制定科学简便的修复方案,同时对损伤长桁采取的修补措施进行强度校核。结果 通过对外翼油箱充压破坏理论分析、有限元仿真计算、静力试验数据反推,并结合飞机实际损伤情况,得出油箱破坏理论分析危险薄弱部位与真实破坏情况一致的结论。有限元仿真计算最危险结构部位与实际结构首先发生破坏部位吻合,可作为深入制定修复方案及推测实际加载压力的依据。通过静力试验数据反推、结构实际损伤及有限元仿真计算结论得出,外翼5—8肋结构出现损伤时油箱施加压力约0.5 MPa,针对损伤制定了更换外翼油箱内部第5—8肋损伤结构和贴补加强损伤长桁的修理方案,经结构强度校核,满足设计要求。结论 分析认为外翼5—8肋油箱区结构损伤原因为油箱压力超过设计值导致结构过载断裂,采用贴补加强修理损伤长桁和更换第5—8肋损伤结构的修复方案能够满足强度设计要求,可指导同类飞机类似结构损伤故障的原因分析和修理,提醒同类飞机维修人员在飞机维护时应关注外翼油箱压力超压问题。