Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber (KTW) syndrome: the use of in utero magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a prospective diagnosis

The diagnosis of the Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber (KTW) syndrome is rarely made antenatally. We report the use of both ultrasound and in utero magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prenatal diagnosis of this syndrome. This is the first report of the use of prenatal MRI in the diagnosis of this condition. There was concordance in the findings of both modalities, with limb hypertrophy, and multiple haemangiomata – both subcutaneous and internally – demonstrated with ultrasound and MRI. The patient elected to terminate the pregnancy because of associated oligohydramnios and a small fetal chest noted at 20 weeks. The postmortem examination confirmed the antenatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prenatal diagnosis of X-linked mental retardation with fragile (X) using fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling

Pure fetal blood, (uncontaminated with maternal blood), was obtained from two male fetuses at risk for X-linked mental retardation with fragile(X) at Xq27–28 by direct vision fetoscopy and fetal blood sampling. Both were shown to have this fragile site on the X chromosome while nine other fetal blood samples from pregnancies at risk for other X-linked diseases, or haemoglobinopathies did not show fragile sites at Xq27–28, and a blood sample from an abortus showed only 1 fragile site in 95 mitoses. Both pregnancies were terminated, cultures established from fetal tissues, and the diagnosis confirmed in each case. The problems of demonstrating the fragile site in tissues other than fetal blood in these pregnancies (such as amniotic fluid cells or fibroblasts from fetal tissues) are discussed.     

Modulation-assisted high speed machining of compacted graphite iron (CGI)

The application of controlled, low-frequency modulation (～100 Hz) superimposed onto the cutting process in the feed-direction – modulation-assisted machining (MAM) – is shown to be quite effective in reducing the wear of cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools when machining compacted graphite iron (CGI) at high machining speeds (>500 m/min). The tool life is at least 20 times greater than in conventional machining. This significant reduction in wear is a consequence of the multiple effects realized by MAM, including periodic disruption of the tool–workpiece contact, formation of discrete chips, enhanced fluid action and lower cutting temperatures. The propensity for thermochemical wear of CBN, the principal wear mode at high speeds in CGI machining, is thus reduced. The tool wear in MAM is also found to be smaller at the higher cutting speeds (730 m/min) tested. The feed-direction MAM appears feasible for implementation in industrial machining applications involving high speeds.     

霉菌吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究

采用从活性污泥中筛选的ZYL霉菌,进行吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子研究。研究结果表明:在Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)浓度分别为300mg/L时,菌种生长良好。吸附水体中[Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)]的最佳条件是pH=5.0,时间1h,温度为10℃。吸附规律符合Langm uir等温吸附模型,由回归方程得到Cr(Ⅵ)的表观最大吸附量为14m g/g;Cd(Ⅱ)的表观最大吸附量为52m g/g,说明该霉菌可以很好的去除低温水体(地下水)中Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd(Ⅱ)离子。     

荧光光谱法研究全氟辛酸与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

在模拟生理条件下(pH7.4),采用荧光光谱研究环境污染物全氟辛酸(PFOA)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明,PFOA对BSA有荧光静态猝灭作用.PFOA与BSA在温度277,298,310K的反应结合常数分别为1.06×105,7.12×104,5.68×104L/mol;在BSA上有1个PFOA的结合位点,该位点更接近于色氨酸残基.由反应的热力学可推断PFOA与BSA的相互作用力主要是静电引力和疏水作用力.与PFOA结合后,BSA分子构象发生变化,色氨酸残基附近疏水性增强,蛋白质分子结构趋于折叠状态;而酪氨酸残基附近亲水性增强,蛋白质分子结构趋于松散状态.     

以TEOS为硅源的聚硅氯化铝中铝及硅形态分布

以正硅酸乙酯 (TEOS)为硅源 ,合成了新型的聚硅氯化铝 (PASC) ,利用Al Ferron逐时络合比色法和Si Mo逐时络合比色法分别研究了其Al形态及Si形态分布 ,并与常规方法 (以硅酸钠为硅源 )合成的聚硅氯化铝做了比较 .实验结果表明 ,新方法合成的PASC具有铝硅分布均匀 ,分子量较大 ,产品重现性好的优点 .两种方法合成的PASC具有相同的Al形态分布规律 ,即高分子量Al形态含量随B值 (碱化度 )和Si Al摩尔比的增大而增加 ,Al形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而增大 .另外通过新方法发现 ,Si形态分布也具有规律性并和Al形态具有相似的分布特征 ,但Si形态随Si Al摩尔比的变化程度随B值的增大而减小 .     

舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的三维荧光-平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术研究春季舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光成分组成、分布特征及来源.PARAFAC模型解析出舟山渔场CDOM由2类5个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质成分C1(330/420 nm)、C2[(290)365/440 nm]、C3[(260)370/490 nm]及类蛋白质成分C4(285/340 nm)、C5(270/310 nm).5种荧光组分的平面分布模式基本一致,在各层均呈现由近岸海域向远岸海域逐渐减小的趋势,但各层又略有差别.表层高值区出现在杭州湾口外北部海域、虾峙门航道口外海域,且杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要高于虾峙门航道口外海域;中层高值出现区域与表层相同,但杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要低于虾峙门航道口外海域;底层从近岸向远岸梯度减小,高值区出现在舟山本岛附近海域.各荧光组分的分布与盐度之间存在明显负相关关系,与叶绿素a的线性关系不明显.分析表明,春季舟山渔场CDOM表、中层主要受长江输入和舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响,而底层主要受舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响.从垂直分布模式上,CDOM在30°N断面上由中、表层水体向底层呈现逐渐减小的趋势,并在近岸和远岸海域都出现了高值区,且与盐度低值区、叶绿素a高值区相对应,反映该断面近岸区CDOM主要受长江输入影响,远岸区CDOM主要受生物活动影响;在30°N断面,CDOM分布模式与30.5°N断面基本类似,只是在近岸区域底层出现CDOM高值区,可能是由于潮汐、底层上升流等物理外力作用下,沉积物间隙水中高浓度的CDOM释放出来,使得靠近沉积物界面的底层水体中CDOM浓度升高.5种荧光组分中,C1、C3、C4之间相关性较强,与C2、C5相关性相对较弱,说明C1、C3、C4在来源上具有相似性与C2、C5有一定的差异性.春季舟山渔场CDOM腐殖化指数(HIX)的值较小,反映了春季舟山渔场CDOM的腐殖化程度较低,稳定性较差,在环境中存在时间较短;生物指数(BIX)在舟山外海出现高值区,近岸海域出现低值区,反映出在近岸海域人类活动的影响较大,而在外海生物活动的影响较为明显.     

纳米零价铁颗粒去除As(III)和As(V)的动力学过程及性能研究

本研究系统分析了不同初始砷浓度和不同nZVI投加量等条件下,nZVI去除As（III）和As（V）的动力学过程和除砷性能.结果表明,nZVI可快速有效地去除As（III）和As（V）,除砷过程均符合准二级动力学模型,且As（III）的去除速率明显快于As（V）.在砷浓度为5 mg·L^-1时,As（III）去除速率常数达最大值0.30 g·mg^-1·min^-1,为As（V）去除速率（0.034 g·mg^-1·min^-1）的8.8倍.Weber-Morris粒子内扩散模型拟合结果表明,nZVI除砷速率是由外扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制的.分析反应平衡时砷浓度测定结果,发现不同砷浓度条件下nZVI对As（III）的去除量为As（V）的1.5~2.6倍,nZVI对砷的去除量随初始砷浓度增加而降低,随nZVI投加量增加而增加.砷浓度为50.0 mg·L^-1时,As（III）和As（V）去除量达到最高,分别为152.14 mg·g^-1和62.02 mg·g^-1,均高于传统（羟基）氧化铁对As（III）和As（V）的去除量.因此,nZVI可高效去除水中As（III）和As（V）,且用于修复以As（III）污染为主的地下水更具有优势.     

Fabrication of asymmetric poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) nanofiltration membrane for chromium(VI) removal

The feasibility of employing nanofiltration for the removal of chromium(VI) from wastewater was investigated. Poly (m-phenylene isophthalamide) (PMIA) was used to fabricate asymmetric nanofiltration membrane through the phase-inversion technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the obtained membrane, and the both confirmed a much smoother surface which could reduce membrane fouling. The PMIA membrane showed di erent rejections to electrolytes in a sequence of Na2SO4 > MgSO4 > NaCl > MgCl2, which was similar to the sequence of the negatively charged nanofiltration membranes. Separation experiments on chromium(VI) solution were conducted at various operating conditions, such as feed concentration, applied pressure and pH. It is concluded that chromium(VI) could be e ectively removed from chromiumcontaining wastewater by the PMIA nanofiltration membranes while maintaining their pollution resistance under alkaline condition.     

土壤中多氯联苯的综合污染指数评价方法研究

借鉴综合污染指数的概念,引入加拿大环境理事会制订的土壤中多氯联苯(PCBs)标准指标.建立了PCBs污染的毒害性分污染指数(TPI)、持久性分污染指数(PPI)和生物累积性分污染指数(BPI)加权计算的综合污染指数(IPI)评价方法以及各污染指数的相关表达式,确定了土壤环境中PCBs的毒害性转换系数(Ti)、持久性转换系数(Pi)和生物累积性转换系数(Bi).利用建立的土壤中PCBs的综合污染指数评价方法定量评价了现代黄河三角洲地区土壤中的PCBs污染现状,22个采样点的PCBs污染的IPI值在1.1-531.7之间,整个现代黄河三角洲地区的PCBs污染现状属轻度污染.该评价体系综合地考虑了PCB8同系物间的环境行为差异,较现有的PCBs总量评价方法更科学合理,在持久有机污染物(POPs)的污染评价方面具有推广价值.     

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1异化还原Fe(III)介导的As(III)氧化转化

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了Shewanella oneidensis MR-1作用下Fe(III)还原和As(III)氧化动力学及其影响因素.结果表明,Fe(III)被还原为Fe(II)的同时伴随着As(III)氧化为As(V);S. oneidensis MR-1 在含低浓度As(III)培养基上生长良好,在高浓度培养基上生长被抑制;As(III)通过制约菌体的生长与活性来抑制Fe(III)异化还原.同样,适量浓度的Fe(III)含量对As(III)氧化转化有很强的促进作用,但是过高浓度的Fe(III)浓度使得溶液中产生过多的Fe(II),从而对As(III)氧化转化有一定程度的抑制作用.此外,弱碱环境更有利于As(III)氧化转化.     

喀斯特峡谷区常见植物叶片δ13C值与环境因子的关系研究

通过对贵州花江峡谷喀斯特石漠化区4种典型石漠化植物群落中11种常见植物种叶片的δ¹³C值测定,研究了各植物种对影响植物碳同位素分馏的主要环境因子（土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、光照强度、土壤厚度）的响应,分析了石漠化梯度中不同土层土壤储水量、大气相对湿度、土壤有机质、年均气温、光照强度等环境因子梯度变化与植物叶片δ¹³C值的关系.结果表明,大部分物种的δ¹³C值对环境因子的变化趋势表现为随环境水分好转呈下降趋势,即水分利用效率下降;也有部分物种呈稳定不变或逆势上升趋势.相关性分析表明,清香木（Pistacia weinmannifolia）、石岩枫（Mallotus repandus）、红背山麻杆（Alchornea trewioides）的主导因子是土层储水量;肾蕨（Nephrolepis cordifolia）、野桐（Mallotus japonicus var.floccosus）的主导因子是土壤厚度;肾蕨、八角枫（Alangium chinense）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）的主导因子是光照强度;而广西密花树（Rapanea kwangsiensis）、圆叶乌桕（Sapium rotundifolium）和灰毛浆果楝（Cipadessa cinerascens）则分辨不出主导因子,即环境影响因素更为综合.总体而言,叶片高δ¹³C值是对低水分、高光、低资源环境的适应.     

Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)

Fluorochemicals (FCs) are oxidatively recalcitrant, environmentally persistent, and resistant to most conventional treatment technologies. FCs have unique physiochemical properties derived from fluorine which is the most electronegative element. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) have been detected globally in the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Reducing treatment technologies such as reverses osmosis, nano-filtration and activated carbon can remove FCs from water. However, incineration of the concentrated waste is required for complete FC destruction. Recently, a number of alternative technologies for FC decomposition have been reported. The FC degradation technologies span a wide range of chemical processes including direct photolysis, photocatalytic oxidation, photochemical oxidation, photochemical reduction, thermally-induced reduction, and sonochemical pyrolysis. This paper reviews these FC degradation technologies in terms of kinetics, mechanism, energetic cost, and applicability. The optimal PFOS/PFOA treatment method is strongly dependent upon the FC concentration, background organic and metal concentration, and available degradation time.     

绿色荧光蛋白标记阿特拉津降解基因工程菌的特性

通过转化绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒,对阿特拉津降解基因工程菌进行标记.转化后,绿色荧光蛋白在细胞内表达情况良好.在含抗生素的LB培养基中,绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平高于LB培养基和基础培养基.在细胞生长的稳定期,绿色荧光蛋白表达水平高于停滞期和对数生长期.绿色荧光蛋白基因质粒转化和表达,不会对基因工程菌原有的降解能力产生影响,而且绿色荧光蛋白的表达水平和降解活性存在接近线形的正相关关系.荧光蛋白标记细胞投加到反应器活性污泥中,会以2种状态存在:游离态和附着态,而且初期游离态细胞的数量大于附着态细胞的数量.     

直链烷基苯磺酸盐促进剩余污泥产生短链脂肪酸的研究

采用批试试验的方法研究了十二烷基苯磺酸钠(C12-LAS)对剩余污泥在厌氧发酵过程中产生的短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)的影响.结果表明,C12-LAS的投加极大地提高了剩余污泥厌氧发酵过程中的SCFAs产量.当C12-LAS加入量低于0.1g·g-1时,SCFAs产量随着C12-LAS加入量的增加而增加,然而,当C12-LAS加入量高于0.1g·g-1时,SCFAs产量反而有所降低.从污泥产酸量以及经济成本考虑,C12-LAS的最佳投加量为0.02g·g-1,此时剩余污泥的SCFAs最大产量出现在第6天.进一步的研究表明,C12-LAS不仅促使大量的碳水化合物和蛋白质脱离污泥颗粒并溶解到液相中,而且抑制了产甲烷菌的活性.尽管剩余污泥经历着酸化过程,但由于其释放出大量的NH4 -N,污泥在整个厌氧发酵过程中的pH值逐渐升高.     

Oxidative stress related enzymes in response to chromium (Ⅵ) toxicity in Oxya chinensis ( Orthoptera : Acridoidae)

The toxic effects of Cr（Vl） on antioxidant enzymes of Oxya chinensis（Orthoptera： Acridoidae） were determined. Changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT）, and guaiacol peroxidase（GPx） were measured in O. chinensis insects injected with Cr（VI）. Fifth-nymphs of O. chinensis insects were injected with Cr（VI） with different concentrations （0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450 mg/kg of body weight）. The results showed that Cr（VI） led to the change of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities at different concentrations, which revealed that： （1） The oxidative stress of SOD increased with the increase of Cr （VI） concentration. （2） With the increase of Cr （VI） concentrations, CAT activities for females increased at lower concentrations, but decreased at higher concentration range, which indicated that antioxidant system of O. chinensis was not influenced by the presence of Cr （VI）. A very similar response to Cr（VI） effect for males indicated that Cr（VI） concentrations were not high enough to damage O. chinensis in terms of CAT. （3） The GPx activity for females increased in all treatments, which revealed that the damage power of Cr（VI） was increased with the increase of Cr（Vi） concentrations in terms of GPx, but the effect was not so remarkable. There was not a consistent trend of GPx activities for males in all treatments of Cr（VI）. Cr（VI）-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes were different for SOD, CAT and GPx, of which the tendency was that activities generally changed with increase of concentrations of Cr（VI） suggesting SOD, CAT, and GPx could serve as indices of oxidative stress to some extent.     

粉末活性炭预沉积去除藻类有机物及其对膜污染的影响

以东海原甲藻分泌的藻类有机物（AOM）为研究对象,研究粉末活性炭预沉积和预吸附两种膜前预处理手段对海水中AOM的去除作用,对比分析AOM直接超滤、预沉积和预吸附后再超滤时膜通量、膜阻力分布、膜表面亲疏水性和粗糙度的变化,探讨粉末活性炭孔隙结构、沉积量对AOM去除效果及超滤膜污染的影响.结果表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附能够提高超滤膜对含AOM海水中DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率,预沉积对AOM的去除作用优于预吸附,介孔活性炭较微孔活性炭的预沉积效果更好,当介孔活性炭PAC2的沉积量为0.4g/L时,DOC和UV₂₅₄的去除率较直接超滤分别提高了25.1%和33.6%.紫外吸收比指数（URI）分析表明,活性炭预沉积和预吸附对有机物的去除作用具有选择性,AOM中芳香族物质较脂肪族羧基类物质更易被除去.粉末活性炭预沉积下AOM超滤时的滤饼层污染阻力（R_c）和膜孔堵塞阻力（R_p）较直接超滤分别降低了39.6%和81.2%,活性炭在超滤膜表面形成的滤饼层结构将AOM与超滤膜进行了隔离,能够减缓膜污染速率,对于控制膜的不可逆污染亦具有重要作用.     

密度泛函方法预测二英类化合物(PCDD/Fs)的正辛醇/水分配系数

在B3LYP/6-31G水平上全优化计算了多氯代二苯并—对-二英和多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDD/Fs)系列物的分子结构;基于得到的分子结构描述符,依据修正的线性溶解能理论,分别建立了PCDDs和PCDFs的正辛醇/水分配系数的定量结构-性质关系模型(R2分别为0.985和0.966),并用交叉验证法对模型进行了验证(q2分别为0.983和0.936),用t-检验对各变量进行了检验.检验结果表明,模型的预测能力优于AM1法、单苯环氯取代指数法和拓扑量子方法得出的模型.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Freeman–Sheldon syndrome (whistling face)

The diagnosis of Freeman–Sheldon syndrome was made by ultrasonographic evaluation of a 20-week fetus with a positive family history. The ultrasonographic features were abnormalities of the extremities and mouth.