几种农药对鲤鱼脑AchE的联合毒性效应

采用体内染毒的方法,以鲤鱼脑乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡｃｈＥ）活力为指标,研究了有机磷农药对硫磷与氧乐果、甲胺磷涕灭威之间的联合毒性效应。结果表明,这些 经之间均产生较强的协同作用,但是两种农药以不同比例加入,其产生的毒性效应有明显差别,涕灭碱／对硫磷之间的协同作用要强于同类农药间的作用。     

涕灭威对地下水污染敏感区的预测与区划试点

本文根据涕灭威在室内模拟试验与田间试验的结果，详细剖析了影响涕灭威农药在土壤中残留和移动的各种因子，建立了涕灭威农药对地下水污染的敏感性模型，并就涕灭威农药在江苏使用后对地下水可能造成污染的情况进行了预测与区划试点，结果与用美国环保局提供的ＰＲＺＭ模型计算结果和田间实测结果基本一致，本模型可用于预测涕灭威农药在其它地区使用后对地下水可能造成污染的情况。     

涕灭威在土壤中残留与移动行为的动态模拟

详细描述了模拟涕灭威在土壤中残留与移动的计算机模型,并应用试验地区的土壤资料、气象资料、作物耕作资料以及涕灭威农药的理化性质与使用情况进行了模拟计算,结果表明与试验地区的实测结果相吻合,即在试验区的环境条件下,涕灭威在土层中的最大淋溶度不超过60cm棉田施用涕灭威不会造成对地下水的污染.因此可以用该模型来模拟涕灭威在其他地区土壤中的行为和对地下水的影响.     

含氯消毒剂与多类农药的反应活性研究

为了研究农药在饮用水消毒过程中的降解情况,选择了8类使用广泛或者在水源中已检测出有残留的农药,研究其与普遍使用的3种含氯消毒剂(自由氯、氯胺和二氧化氯)的反应活性.实验结果表明,在农药浓度为5μmol/L(少数除外),消毒剂与农药摩尔比为200:1,pH 6.58-6.84,温度25±3℃的条件下,自由氯与除草定、乐果、涕灭威、涕灭威亚砜和灭虫威这5种农药反应很快,在2 min内就将其完全降解,杀线威在60 min内降解了98%;一氯胺只与涕灭威、灭虫威有很高的反应活性,分别在1 min和4 min内将2种农药降解完毕;二氧化氯可以在10 min内完全降解除草定,反应120 min后对涕灭威和灭虫威的降解率分别为75%和81%.3种消毒剂与其他种类农药的反应活性都很低.因此,在使用这3种消毒剂进行饮用水消毒处理时,只能有效降解(或转化)少数种类的农药,而大多数种类的农药将可能维持其化学结构,进入供水管网.     

涕灭威及其主要代谢物的分离与测定——薄层酶抑制法

引言 涕灭威化学名称2-甲基-2-甲硫基-0-(甲氨基甲酰)-丙醛肟,属于氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,具有高效内吸等优点,用于防治棉蚜等害虫.它的商品名称为Temik,通用名为Aldicard. 国内外研究者常用薄层酶抑制法检测有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药,涕灭成对胆碱酯酶有抑制作用[1],因此我们采用薄层酶抑制法进行了涕灭威及其主要代谢物的分离和测定实验.     

11种农药对淡水发光细菌青海弧菌Q67的毒性研究

以淡水发光细菌青海弧菌Q67作为测试菌剂,利用水质毒性分析仪对11种农药进行了毒性研究,获得11种农药与青海弧菌的剂量-效应关系.结果表明,作用时间为15 min时,5种可溶农药对青海弧菌Q67的毒性大小为敌敌畏＞敌百虫＞杀虫单＞乐果＞乙酰甲胺磷,6种难溶于水农药的毒性大小为甲氨基阿维菌素＞甲胺磷＞莎稗磷＞高效氯氰菊酯...     

农药对藻类的生态毒理学研究Ⅰ:毒性效应

随着现代农业的发展,世界范围内使用的农药品种越来越多,用量不断增加。农药对非靶生物的影响以及农药残留导致环境污染,造成生态系统结构和功能的破坏,早已受到了国内外的广泛关注。有关农药对生态系统中消费者类群毒性效应的研究较多。近年来,农药对于生态系统初级生产者－ 藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学的研究倍受重视。大力开展这方面的研究对于深入了解农药在生态系统中的迁移、转化及整体生态效应以及农药的生态风险评价无疑具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。本文综述了近年来国内外有关农药对单种藻类和藻类群落的毒性效应,影响毒性的环境因子。     

常见拟除虫菊酯和有机磷农药对鱼类的急性及其联合毒性研究

以崇明岛前卫村中心湖中鲫鱼、鲤鱼、鲢鱼及泥鳅作为实验动物.进行了氯氰菊酯(原药和商品)、氰戊菊酯(原药和商品)、毒死蜱(原药和商品)、甲氰菊酯(商品)、溴氰菊酯(商品)、辛硫磷(商品)以及乙酰甲胺磷(商品)7种供试农药对实验鱼种的急性毒性及联合毒性实验,并检测了前卫村中心湖水体中18种有机磷农药和4种拟除虫菊酯农药,其中检出了1种有机磷农药(毒死蜱)和3种拟除虫菊酯农药(氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯).结果表明,在单一农药急性毒性实验中,鲤鱼对供试农药表现较敏感,其次是鲫鱼和鲢鱼,而泥鳅对农药的耐药性最强;7种供试农药中,拟除虫菊酯农药相对于有机磷农药表现出较高的急性毒性,其实验鱼种的半数致死浓度(LC60)皆在μg/L级;对拟除虫菊酯农药(氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯)与有机磷农药(辛硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷)进行的联合毒性实验结果表明,除了暴露时间为24、48 h时氰戊菊酯与辛硫磷混配对鲢鱼的毒性实验表现为协同作用外,其余皆为拈抗作用.     

Cu2+与草甘膦单一及复合污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性研究

含铜杀菌剂与除草剂草甘膦是农业生产中常见的农药.它们在土壤中共存可能造成复合污染.以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为例,通过滤纸接触法研究了Cu2+与草甘膦对赤子爱胜蚓的单一与复合急性毒性效应.单一急性毒性试验结果表明,两者对赤子爱胜蚓均有毒性,Cu2+的毒性大于草甘膦,Cu2+和草甘膦48 h半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为25.1、657.3 mg/L.同时通过观察可知,Cu2+以皮肤渗入赤子爱胜蚓体内的毒性效应高于草甘膦.复合急性毒性试验结果表明.草甘膦与Cu2+存在拮抗作用,草甘膦的存在能够在一定程度上降低Cu2+对土壤生态系统的潜在危害.     

农药微生物降解的研究现状与发展策略

本文在农药降解菌的富集分离及农药微生物降解的途径，特别在微生物产生的农药降解酶和农药微生物降解基因操作方面对农药微生物降解的研究现状作了简要综述，提出了农药微生物降解的研究趋势。联系地址：中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州五山，５１０６４０津、环草隆、三氯醋酸、氯苯胺灵等。芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）：ＤＤＴ、ｒ－ＢＨＣ、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、苯硫磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、杀螟松、毒杀芬、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、利谷隆、灭草隆、毒旁定。节细菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯、草多索、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定、西玛津、味哺丹［８］。棒状杆菌属（Ｃｏｒｙｎｂｏａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、茅草枯、二硝甲酚、百草枯、草枯醚。无色杆菌属（Ａｃｈｒｏｍｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）：ＤＤＴ、西维因、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、２，４，５－Ｔ、氯苯胺灵。土壤杆菌属（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：ＤＤＴ、氯苯胺灵、茅草枯、三氯醋酸、毒莠定。黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ）：对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、二嗪农、毒死蜱、２，４－Ｄ、２甲４氯、     

Assessing the toxicity of organophosphorous pesticides to indigenous algae with implication for their ecotoxicological impact to aquatic ecosystems

This study aimed to determine the toxicity of three organophosphorous pesticides, chlorpyrifos, terbufos and methamidophos, to three indigenous algal species isolated from local rivers and algal mixtures. The diatom Nitzschia sp. (0.30–1.68 mg L^?1 of EC₅₀ -the estimated concentration related to a 50% growth reduction) and the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. (EC₅₀ of 0.33–7.99 mg L^?1) were sensitive to single pesticide treatment and the chlorophyta Chlorella sp. was the most tolerant (EC₅₀ of 1.29–41.16 mg L^?1). In treatment with the mixture of three pesticides, Chlorella sp. became the most sensitive alga. The antagonistic joint toxic effects on three indigenous algae and algal mixtures were found for most of the two pesticide mixtures. The results suggested that mixture of pesticides might induce the detoxification mechanisms more easily than the single pesticide. The synergistic interactions between terbufos and methamidophos to algal mixtures and between methamidophos and chlorpyrifos to Nitzschia sp. indicated methamidophos might act as a potential synergist. Differential sensitivity of three families of algae to these pesticides might result in changes in the algal community structures after river water has been contaminated with different pesticides, posing great ecological risk on the structure and functioning of the aquatic ecosystem.     

Removal of pesticides from rinsate by adsorption using agricultural residuals as medium

Abstract

The feasibility of using agricultural residual with highly organic matter content ‐ spent mushroom compost (SMC) as adsorption medium for removal of pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, and aldicarb with a concentration range of 0–30 mg/L from rinsate was investigated. Bottle‐point method was used to determine adsorption isotherms for single‐pesticide and multi‐pesticides. It was found that SMC might potentially be used for on‐farm treatment of pesticide rinsate. The adsorption capacity of SMC was increased compared to most soils, possibly related to the increased organic matter content. The rapid equilibrium of pesticide solution and SMC was consistent with a physical type of adsorption mechanism. The adsorption of carbamate pesticides on SMC was found to exhibit nonlinear “favorable”; adsorption behavior that could be characterized well by the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the multi‐pesticide adsorption tests displayed the characteristics of competitive behavior. The competitive ability of these three pesticides in multi‐components adsorption was in the order carbaryl > carbofuran > aldicarb, which was consistent with the adsorbability of pesticides.     

Toxicity and biochemical impact of certain oxime carbamate pesticides against terrestrial snail,Theba pisana (Müller)

Abstract

The bran toxic baits (0.5 % w/w) of five oxime carbamate pesticides; aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were tested for their molluscicidal activity against Theba pisana snails under Laboratory conditions. In addition, the in vivo effects of these compounds on seven vital enzymes namely Acetylcholin‐esterase (AchE), glutathion‐S‐transferase (GST), glutamic oxlaoacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), acid phosphatase (AcP), alkaline phosphatase (AIP), and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of the snail tissue were also investigated after 1,3, and 5 days of exposure. The results showed that methomyl was the most potent candidate, whereas thiofanox was the least effective one against the snails. LT₅₀’s values of aldicarb, aldoxycarb, methomyl, oxamyl and thiofanox were 5.77, 4.69, 2.31, 3.97 and 6.67 days, respectively. Results of the potency of the tested pesticides against AchE activity were in harmony with the toxicity of these compounds to snails. AchE, AcP, and AIP activities were inhibited by the tested pesticides. GST activity was inhibited by aldicarb but stimulated by oxamyl and thiofanox. Methomyl and oxamyl lead to significant elevation of GOT and GPT, whereas thiofanox treated snail induced a reduction of both enzymes activities. Aldicarb and aldoxycarb caused significant induction of ATPase activity.     

Assessment of pesticide contamination in three Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes using Hyalella azteca

Three oxbow lakes in northwestern Mississippi, USA, an area of intensive agriculture, were assessed for biological impairment from historic and current-use pesticide contamination using the amphipod, Hyalella azteca. Surface water and sediment samples from three sites in each lake were collected from Deep Hollow, Beasley, and Thighman Lakes from September 2000 to February 2001. Samples were analyzed for 17 historic and current-use pesticides and selected metabolites. Ten-day H. azteca survival and growth (as length and dry weight) were measured to determine the degree of biological impairment. Maximum number of detectable pesticides in surface water from Deep Hollow, Beasley and Thighman Lakes was 10, 11, and 17, respectively. Maximum number of detectable pesticides in lake sediments was 17, 17, and 15, respectively. Bioassay results indicated no observable survival effects on H. azteca exposed to surface water or sediment from any lake examined and no growth impairment in animals exposed to lake sediments. However, growth was significantly impaired in surface water exposures from Deep Hollow Lake (2 sites) and Beasley Lake (1 site). Statistically significant relationships between growth impairment (length) and cyanazine, methyl parathion, λ-cyhalothrin, chlorfenapyr, and pp′DDE surface water concentrations in Deep Hollow Lake as well as trifluralin, atrazine, and methyl parathion in Beasley Lake were observed. Although pesticide frequency and concentrations were typically greater in sediment than surface water, bioassay results indicated decreased availability of these pesticides in sediment due to the presence of clay and organic carbon. Growth impairment observed in surface water exposures was likely due to complex interaction of pesticide mixtures that were present.     

Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a multifunctional constructed wetland

Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100% with no detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., growth retardation may occur if the water treated for herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. glaucum Honda, the crop C. esculenta L. Schott has a high yield in biomass production as a valuable source of renewable energy.     

Biodegradation of lindane, methyl parathion and carbofuran by various enriched bacterial isolates

In the present study, lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane), methyl parathion (O-dimethylO-(4-nitro-phenyl) phosphorothioate) and carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) degradation potential of different enriched bacterial cultures were evaluated under various environmental conditions. Enriched cultures behaved differently with different pesticides. Degradation was more in a facultative anaerobic condition as compared to that in aerobic condition. A specific pesticide enriched culture showed maximum degradation of that pesticide irrespective of pesticides and environmental conditions. Lindane and endosulfan enriched cultures behaved almost similarly. Degradation of lindane by lindane enriched cultures was 75 +/- 3% in aerobic co-metabolic process whereas 78 +/- 5% of lindane degradation occurred in anaerobic co-metabolic process. Degradation of methyl parathion by methyl parathion enriched culture was 87 +/- 1% in facultative anaerobic condition. In almost all the cases, many intermediate metabolites were observed. However, many of these metabolites disappeared after 4-6 weeks of incubation. Mixed pesticide-enriched culture degraded all the three pesticides more effectively as compared to specific pesticide- enriched cultures. It can be inferred from the results that a bacterial consortium enriched with a mixture of all the possible pesticides that are present in the site seems to be a better option for the effective bioremediation of multi-pesticide contaminated site.     

A sensitivity analysis of adsorption and degradation parameters in the modeling of pesticide transport in soils

The increasing use of deterministic models in predicting the movement of pesticides in soils, has focused attention on the evaluation of major parameters which represent attenuation factors of organics in the subsurface. These parameters are the degradation rate constant and the adsorption constant for the pesticide. In view of the large in situ variability of these parameters and of the difficulty in obtaining accurate field data, there is a high degree of uncertainty associated with the results obtained from deterministic models. A sensitivity analysis is performed here to quantify the impact of such variation in each of these input parameters on the output results of an unsaturated zone transport model (PRZM). Results show that variations in these parameters about their respective mean values greatly affect the predicted concentration distributions, obtained after three years, of the pesticide aldicarb in all the soil profile. A 15–22% variation in the degradation constant, or a 24% variation in the adsorption constant, lead to a 100% uncertainty in the various simulation results defined as the cumulative quantity of aldicarb or the dissolved aldicarb concentration leached below the root zone (or the unsaturated zone) of the soil. Such a deterministic model presents a high degree of sensitivity to these input parameters. Accurate field data are then needed to obtain reliable model results in predicting pesticide movement inthe unsaturated zone.     

Biodegradation of mixed pesticides by mixed pesticide enriched cultures

This paper discusses the degradation kinetics of mixed (lindane, methyl parathion and carbofuran) pesticides by mixed pesticide enriched cultures (MEC) under various environmental conditions. The bacterial strains isolated from the mixed microbial consortium were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 9236), Bacillus sp. (MTCC 9235) and Chryseobacterium joostei (MTCC 9237). Batch studies were conducted to estimate the biokinetic parameters like the maximum specific growth rate (μ_max), Yield Coefficient (Y_T), half saturation concentration (K_s) and inhibition concentration (Ki) for individual and mixed pesticide enriched cultures. The cultures enriched in a particular pollutant always showed high growth rate and low inhibition in that particular pollutant compared to MEC. After seven weeks of incubation, mixed pesticide enriched cultures were able to degrade 72% lindane, 95% carbofuran and 100% of methyl parathion in facultative co-metabolic conditions. In aerobic systems, degradation efficiencies of lindane methyl parathion and carbofuran were increased by the addition of 2g L^{? 1} of dextrose. Though many metabolic compounds of mixed pesticides were observed at different time intervals, none of the metabolites were persistent. Based on the observed metabolites, a degradation pathway was postulated for different pesticides under various environmental conditions.     

Organic compounds adsorption onto activated carbon: the effect of association between dissolved humic substances and pesticides

The quantitative determination of pesticide binding to dissolved humic substances is relevant to both water treatment operation using activated carbon adsorption process and the application of transport models that predict the environmental distribution patterns of a given hydrophobic contaminant. In this study and in a first set of experiments, the extent of binding between (i) three pesticides of environmental concern, aldicarb, lindane and pentachlorophenol, and (ii) dissolved commercial humic acid and soil extracted fulvic acid, was determined using dialysis experiments and water solubility enhancement tests. In a second set of experiments, the influence of dissolved humic substances or pesticide on the retention of the other co-adsorbate onto activated carbon was investigated in binary systems. It was found that association was negligible for aldicarb and that the pesticide sorption onto activated carbon was not affected by humic acid (8.5 mg liter(-1) DOC). The association constants K for lindane and pentachlorophenol were identical in the presence of fulvic acid (logK=4.1) but lower than that observed with humic acid. In the presence of humic acid, binding affinity for pentachlorophenol (logK=4.6) was higher than the one observed for lindane (logK=4.4), despite its much higher water solubility. This observation suggests that the aromatic character of the pentachlorophenol molecule contributes to association interactions with humic acid. From co-adsorption experiments onto activated carbon it was found that fulvic acid (7.7 mg litre(-1) DOC) slightly enhances sorption kinetics of pentachlorophenol. Lindane (1 mg litre(-1)) does not affect sorption kinetics for fulvic acid but markedly enhances both the sorption kinetics and adsorptive capacity for humic acid. Activated carbon retention of dissolved humic substances or pesticide appears to be enhanced by the association potential that exists between these co-adsorbates in some binary systems.     

Residues of five pesticides in field‐treated alfalfa seeds and alfalfa sprouts

Abstract

Residues of five different pesticides applied to alfalfa seed crops were determined in the harvested seeds and in sprouts grown from these seeds. Although seeds are usually used for future production of alfalfa plants, some of these seeds may be sprouted for human food consumption. The pesticides studied — aldicarb (Temik®), chlorothalonil (Bravo®), chlorpyrifos (Lorsban®), methamidophos (Monitor®) and propargite (Comite®) — were applied at a normal usage rate and at two to three times that rate. Residues on the seeds and sprouts, if any, were insignificant at rates of application.