Temporal organization among pollination systems in a tropical seasonal forest

The Placerias/Downs’ Quarry complex in eastern Arizona, USA, is the most diverse Upper Triassic vertebrate locality known. We report a new short-faced archosauriform, Syntomiprosopus sucherorum gen. et sp. nov., represented by four incomplete mandibles, that expands that diversity with a morphology unique among Late Triassic archosauriforms. The most distinctive feature of Syntomiprosopus gen. nov. is its anteroposteriorly short, robust mandible with 3–4 anterior, a larger caniniform, and 1–3 “postcanine” alveoli. The size and shape of the alveoli and the preserved tips of replacement teeth preclude assignment to any taxon known only from teeth. Additional autapomorphies of S. sucherorum gen. et sp. nov. include a large fossa associated with the mandibular fenestra, an interdigitating suture of the surangular with the dentary, fine texture ornamenting the medial surface of the splenial, and a surangular ridge that completes a 90° arc. The external surfaces of the mandibles bear shallow, densely packed, irregular, fine pits and narrow, arcuate grooves. This combination of character states allows an archosauriform assignment; however, an associated and similarly sized braincase indicates that Syntomiprosopus n. gen. may represent previously unsampled disparity in early-diverging crocodylomorphs. The Placerias Quarry is Adamanian (Norian, maximum depositional age ~219 Ma), and this specimen appears to be an early example of shortening of the skull, which occurs later in diverse archosaur lineages, including the Late Cretaceous crocodyliform Simosuchus. This is another case where Triassic archosauriforms occupied morphospace converged upon by other archosaurs later in the Mesozoic and further demonstrates that even well-sampled localities can yield new taxa.

     

Photochemical surface modification of poly(arylsulfone) ultrafiltration membrane and covalent immobilization of enzyme

The sensitivity of poly(arylsulfone)(PSf) for UV irradiation in different solvents(water and ethanol) was investigated. It is confirmed that acrylic acid(AA) and acrylamide(AAm) are grafted only onto the surface of the membrane instead of the interior by FTIR and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The membrane performance (ΔJ/J0 and contact angle θ) after photografting was studied. In the range of conditions used, the grafting yield increases with irradiation time and monomer concentration growing. After photografting and N-3-dimethylaminopropyl-N‘-ethycarbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) activation, PSf membrane was immobilized with hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, and showed a higher activity than the control membrane.     

二氧化硫对大鼠血红细胞膜流动性及其酶活性的影响

以二氧化硫(SO2)吸入后大鼠血红细胞膜为研究对象,测定了血红细胞膜流动性与定位于膜上及与膜特性有关的各种酶活性的影响.结果显示,SO2吸入后大鼠的膜脂流动性降低,膜脂质过氧化程度加重,膜结合酶SOD、Na -K -ATPase和Ca2 -Mg2 -ATPase活性降低,胞内酶LDH在血浆中的含量升高.以上结果表明,SO2吸入引起了红细胞膜组分分布和功能的改变,使膜的通透性升高.SO2对生物膜结构和功能的损伤是其毒性作用的起点.     

热污染对金鲫鱼组织内四种酶活性的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,研究了热污染对金鲫鱼(Carasslusauratus)肝脏、肾脏与血清中的谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性的影响.结果表明,金鲫鱼肝脏和血清中的GOT、肝脏和肾脏中的CAT以及脑中的AChE活性均可以用作其组织细胞因热污染受胁迫及损伤的生物标志物,金鲫鱼可作为热污染环境下的指示生物.同时分析热污染时各种酶活性的变化表明,酶活性的改变是鱼体对环境增温产生的一种应激机制,用以减小危害;若超过其耐受范围,这一机制则被破坏,而使机体受损.     

膜-生物反应器中活性污泥沉降性能与膜污染相关性研究

结合连续流小试，对膜．生物反应器运行过程中，活性污泥沉降性能的变化及其对膜污染的影响进行了研究．结果表明，随着运行时间的增长，该系统内丝状菌大量繁殖，活性污泥沉降性能变差，SVI值升高．随之，膜过滤压差(过滤阻力)平均上升速率有所增加，膜过滤周期缩短．膜过滤压差的“两阶段性(平缓上升期和加速上升期)”变化规律趋于明显，平缓上升期和加速上升期的膜过滤压差上升速率随污泥SVI值的升高分别呈现下降和上升的趋势．污泥沉降性能的变化对膜污染过程产生明显影响．电镜观察表明，污泥沉降性能对膜过滤压差的影响与膜面污染层的结构和厚度有关．     

Nanoparticle-free and self-healing amphiphobic membrane for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation

In membrane distillation (MD), complicated feed water with amphiphilic contaminants induces fouling/wetting of the MD membrane and can even lead to process failure. This study reports a facile approach to fabricate robust and self-healing hybrid amphiphobic membranes for anti-surfactant-wetting MD based on the ultra-low surface energy of fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (F-POSS) and its thermal induced motivation and rotation. The thermal treatment makes the membranes achieving amphiphobicity at a very low cost of F-POSS (13.04 wt.%), which is about 1/3 of without thermal treatment. The prepared membrane exhibits excellent amphiphobicity, i.e. ethanol contact angle of 120.3°, without using environmentally toxic fluorinated nanoparticles. Robust MD performance was observed for the amphiphobic membrane in concentrated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) feed solutions. Furthermore, the fabricated membrane exhibited stable amphiphobicity even in extreme environments, including strong acid or alkaline solutions. In the event of a damaged or abraded membrane surface where the F-POSS can be removed, the amphiphobic membrane exhibits self-healing ability with additional thermal treatment. This simple approach without the use of nanoparticles provides an environmentally friendly way for fabrication of amphiphobic membranes for anti-surfactant-wetting membrane distillation.     

纳滤膜净化受污染地下水的效能与膜污染特性

分别建立了以活性炭、锰砂及石英砂过滤为预处理的纳滤膜组合工艺系统净化受污染地下水以活性炭为预处理的纳滤膜通量衰减速率最小[0.0592L/(m2·h2)],说明由地下水中有机物造成的纳滤膜污染作用明显大于铁、锰及硬度引起的无机污染;预处理出水经终端纳滤膜处理后,地下水中COD、UV254等有机物综合指标去除率达50%以上,并能保留水中的部分矿质元素,而且经终端纳滤膜处理后地下水中的有机物种类减少了28种,同时色谱总峰面积减少了94.6%;结合扫描电镜、色质联机及傅立叶红外-拉曼光谱分析,主要有26种烃类、苯类、醛类等有机物污染物附着在膜上,无机污染物则以CaCO3和CaSO4成分为主.     

Relationship between sludge settleability and membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor

The evolution of activated sludge settleability and its relationship to membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor were studied at a lab-scale equipment fed with synthetic wastewater. It was found that sludge volume index (SVI) gradually increased and the sludge settleability was reduced, which was caused by the propagation of filamentous bacteria. With increasing SVI, the average increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure increased, the stable filtration period was shortened, and the two stages (smooth stage and accelerating stage) of the trans-membrane pressure were more obvious. At the same time, the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure at the smooth stage decreased and the rate at the accelerating stage increased with SVI, respectively. The observation by using scanning electronic microscopes showed the cake layer with loose structure and large thickness formed on the membrane surface due to the appearance of filamentous bacteria and high SVI in sludge. Influence of the sludge settleability on the trans-membrane pressure was related to the structure and thickness of the cake layer on the membrane. Translated from ACTA Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(3): 396–400 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Long-term stabilization of enzyme activity by immobilizing enzyme colony in polymaleimidostyrene-modified micelles

Amperometric biosensors fabricated by immobilizing enzyme colony in polymaleimidostyrene-modified micelles exhibited good sensitivity and great long-term stability. To our knowledge, there has not been a general design for various enzyme biosensors. Enzyme micelle membrane which is different from any of other conventional immobilization methods, is an innovative way and will be a well-developed biosensor technology to provide rapid and reliable measurements. The potential of using enzyme micelle membrane to fabricate biosensors will be of great hope.     

典型有机物与超滤膜界面作用及膜污染机制研究

对二级出水中典型有机物的膜通量及膜污染变化情况进行分析比较,并应用扩展DLVO(x DLVO)理论分析了有机物超滤过程中的界面作用能对膜污染行为的影响机制.研究表明,海藻酸钠(SA)导致的膜通量下降最为显著,其次为腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA);就3种有机物而言,膜污染均主要发生在粘附阶段,而在粘聚阶段中膜污染程度较小.对比而言,海藻酸钠(SA)主要形成可逆污染,腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)则以不可逆污染为主.在过滤过程中,极性界面作用能是控制膜污染的主要因素,HA和BSA的极性界面作用能为正值,能抑制膜污染,而SA的极性界面作用能为负值,会加剧膜污染.3种有机物在粘聚阶段的极性界面作用能均大于粘附阶段,说明粘附阶段的膜污染更严重.     

Levels of behavioral organization and the evolution of division of labor

The major features of insect societies that fascinate biologists are the self-sacrificing altruism expressed by colony members, the complex division of labor, and the tremendous plasticity demonstrated in the face of changing environments. The social behavior of insects is a result of complex interactions at different levels of biological organization. Genes give rise to proteins and peptides that build the nervous and muscular systems, regulate their own synthesis, interact with each other, and affect the behavior of individuals. Social behavior emerges from the complex interactions of individuals that are themselves far removed from the direct effects of the genes. In order to understand how social organization evolves, we must understand the mechanisms that link the different levels of organization. In this review, we discuss how behavior is influenced by genes and the neural system and how social behavior emerges from the behavioral activities of individuals. We show how different levels of organization share common features and are linked through common mechanisms. We focus on the behavior of the honey bee, the best studied of all social insects.     

污泥浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性与膜渗透性评估

采用中试规模的好氧膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺处理城市污水,考查了在浓缩过程下膜生物反应器的生物特性对膜渗透性及渗透性恢复的的影响.在试验中通过投加蔗糖溶液使系统维持恒定污泥负荷(food to microorganisms, F/M)在0.13,测定了活性污泥的一系列的生化与理化参数,并通过SPSS软件对污泥性质与动态变化的膜渗透性及渗透性恢复水平的相关性做了进一步的评估.结果表明,混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)浓度对膜渗透性的影响最大(rp=-0.958,P=0.000);溶解性微生物产物(SMP)浓度、溶解性化学需氧量(sCOD)浓度、污泥粒径(PSD)及毛细吸水时间(CST)对膜渗透性的影响属于同一个水平(|rp|=0.82~0.85,P=0.000);而污泥沉降性能与丝状菌指数对膜渗透性的影响不大.并且发现随着MLSS浓度的增大,膜丝廊道内积累的堵塞固体(ACS)的质量以及膜渗透性的绝对恢复量(ΔL)也有增加的趋势,表明MLSS浓度直接影响着膜生物反应器的堵塞性能,也进一步证明了膜堵塞是除膜污染之外影响膜渗透性的另一个重要因素.在低通量[5~6L/(m2·h)] 的操作条件下离线清堵联合强化化学反洗(CEB)的方式可以保证膜生物反应器工艺在高MLSS浓度运行下实现膜渗透性的可持续恢复.     

Synthesis of polyaluminum chloride with a membrane reactor: Process characteristics and membrane fouling

Polyaluminum chloride was synthesized with a membrane reactor, and the process characteristics, membrane fouling and cleaning were investigated.     

污泥性质对动态膜形成和膜污染的影响

以一体式尼龙筛网动态膜生物反应器（DMBR）为研究体系,探讨了正常污泥、膨胀污泥和解体污泥的动态膜形成和膜污染特点,并从胞外聚合物（EPS）、相对疏水性（RH）、污泥混合液粘度（μ）、接触角这些物化性质角度定量研究膜污染机理.研究结果表明,膨胀污泥由于丝状菌累积导致严重的泥饼层污染;解体污泥由于胶体颗粒和可溶性物质沉积...     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器污泥特性及膜污染的影响

研究了污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)总量、紧密粘附胞外聚合物(TB)和松散附着胞外聚合物(LB)含量及其中蛋白质与多糖比例的影响.结果表明,随污泥龄的延长,混合液EPS总量增加,TB和LB中蛋白质与多糖比例发生变化.这种变化改变了细菌表面电荷分布,增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌的存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变,降低了混合液Zeta电位,SVI值增大.采用SPSS软件对膜污染的主要因子进行了相关性分析,Zeta电位、上清液悬浮固体浓度、相对疏水性的相关系数分别为-0.818、0.853、0.832.综合考虑膜污染阻力和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间的120倍以下.