Trihalomethane concentrations in tap water as determinant of bottled water use in the city of Barcelona

Bottled water consumption is increasing worldwide, despite its huge economic and environmental cost. We aim to describe personal and tap water quality determinants of bottled water use in the city of Barcelona. This cross-sectional study used data from the Health Survey of Barcelona in 2006(N = 5417 adults). The use of bottled water to drink and to cook was evaluated in relation to age, gender, educational level, district and levels of trihalomethanes(THMs), free chlorine, conductivity, chloride, sodium, p H, nitrate and aluminium in municipal tap water using Robust Poisson Regression. The prevalence of bottled water use to drink and cook was 53.9% and 6.7%, respectively. Chemical parameters in water had a large variability(interquartile range of THMs concentrations: 83.2–200.8 μg/L)and were correlated between them, except aluminium. Drinking bottled water increased with educational level, while cooking with bottled water was higher among men than among women and decreased with age. After adjusting by these personal determinants, a dose–response relationship was found between concentrations of all chemicals except aluminium in tap water and bottled water use. The highest association was found for THMs,with a Prevalence Ratio of 2.00(95%CI = 1.86, 2.15) for drinking bottled water and 2.80(95%CI = 1.72, 4.58) for cooking with bottled water, among those with 150 μg/L vs. 100 μg/L THMs in tap water. Conclusion: More than half of Barcelona residents regularly drank bottled water, and the main determinant was the chemical composition of tap water,particularly THM level.     

Cancer risk assessment from exposure to trihalomethanes in tap water and swimming pool water

We investigated the concentration of trihalomethanes （THMs） in tap water and swimming pool water in the area of the Nakhon Path- om Municipality during the period April 2005-March 2006. The concentrations of total THMs, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform in tap water were 12.70-41.74, 6.72-29.19, 1.12-11.75, 0.63-3.55 and 0.08-3.40 μg/L, respectively, whereas those in swimming pool water were 26.15-65.09, 9.50-36.97, 8.90-18.01, 5.19-22.78 and ND-6.56 μg/L, respectively. It implied that the concentration of THMs in swimming pool water was higher than those in tap water, particularly, brominated-THMs. Both tap water and swimming pool water contained concentrations of total THMs below the standards of the World Health Organization （WHO）, European Union （EU） and the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） phase Ⅰ, but 1 out of 60 tap water samples and 60 out of 72 swimming pool water samples contained those over the Standard of the USEPA phase Ⅱ. From the two cases of cancer risk assessment including Case Ⅰ Non-Swimmer and Case Ⅱ Swimmer, assessment of cancer risk of nonswimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 4.43×10^-5 and 2.19×10^-5, respectively, which can be classified as acceptable risk according to the Standard of USEPA. Assessment of cancer risk of swimmers from exposure to THMs at the highest and the average concentrations was 1.47×10^-3 and 7.99×10^-4, respectively, which can be classified as unacceptable risk and needs to be improved. Risk of THMs exposure from swimming was 93.9%-94.2% of the total risk. Cancer risk of THMs concluded from various routes in descending order was： skin exposure while swimming, gastro-intestinal exposure from tap water intake, and skin exposure to tap water and gastro-intestinal exposure while swimming. Cancer risk from skin exposure while swimming was 94.18% of the total cancer risk.     

“从源头到龙头”的饮用水安全保障技术体系及其应用

针对饮用水源污染和水质安全风险及藻类、臭味、氨氮、砷等有毒有害物质去除的技术难题,“十一五”“十二五”期间,“水专项”研发了水源调控、水质净化、管网输配和水质监测、预警应急、安全管理等关键技术,构建了以臭氧-活性炭、膜分离等为核心的饮用水安全保障多级屏障工艺,实现了关键装备与材料的国产化,形成了“从源头到龙头”全流程饮用水安全保障技术体系,并在太湖流域、南水北调受水区进行了规模化示范应用,累计示范与推广应用的供水规模超过1 000万m ³/d,直接受益人口达8 000万人以上,技术支撑全国城市供水水质达标率由2009年的58.2%提高到目前的96.0%以上,也为全国城乡供水规划、城镇供水水质督察和供水应急救援基地建设等提供了体系性的技术支撑。     

DGT富集-乙基化GC-CVAFS测定天然水体中的甲基汞

利用薄膜扩散技术(DGT)原位富集天然水体中的甲基汞,溶剂洗脱后进入水相连行乙基化反应,与气相色谱(GC)联用,冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)测定.实验结果显示,26"(3条件下在超纯水中放置24 h,典型DGT单元的最低检出限为0.014 ng/L;延长放置时闻或者减少扩散层厚度,可以得到更低的检测限.相对标准偏差＜...     

藻毒素对自来水提取物诱导大鼠肝癌的促进作用

为了研究自来水有机提取物与藻毒素在大鼠肝癌诱导过程中的协同作用.以自来水有机提取物为启动剂,藻毒素为促进剂,构建大鼠肿瘤促进模型(Solt-farber模型),观察肝脏病理形态改变,并检测肝细胞中c-fos、c-jun、GSTPi表达情况.结果表明,实验组动物肝脏产生结节性增生灶,自来水有机提取物能诱导肝细胞GSTPi表达,藻毒素单独作用不能诱导GSTPi表达,但能够促进自来水有机提取物诱导产生的GSTPi表达;同时,藻毒素还能诱导肝细胞中c-fos、c-jun表达增加,并具有一定的剂量反应关系.自来水有机提取物具有启动活性,藻毒素具有促癌活性,影响细胞MAPK信号旁路而诱导具有增殖潜能的启动细胞克隆增殖异常是藻毒素可能的促癌机制.     

塑料供水管向自来水中释放邻苯二甲酸酯的规律及影响因素研究

添加邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）增塑剂的塑料管道被广泛用于自来水管道系统,存在健康风险.然而,塑料管道是否是自来水中PAEs的污染来源仍了解不足.因此,本文探究了两种常用管材—硬质聚氯乙烯（UPVC）、聚丙烯（PPR）的新管道和人为磨损管道,在不同水力停留时间和余氯浓度下向水样中释放PAEs的规律.结果表明,人为磨损会使管道中PAEs向自来水中的总释放量增多,其中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）最为明显,且人为磨损管道释放PAEs的速率大于新管道.对于不同管材的管道,PPR管道PAEs的释放量小于UPVC管道,因而针对PAEs污染,PPR管道可能比UPVC管道更安全.在所有实验中,添加余氯可使水中PAEs浓度整体更低,且余氯浓度越高,平衡时的PAEs浓度越低,因而 推测PAEs可能会与余氯发生化学反应.本研究揭示了塑料管道作为自来水中PAEs的来源之一,向水体中释放PAEs的规律及影响因素,从而为自来水水质安全的控制提供了新的关注点.     

四川省不同地区自来水中全氟化合物的污染特征及健康风险评估

采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了四川省10个地区自来水中12种全氟化合物(perfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)的含量,其中全氟化合物浓度水平最高的是宜宾地区,∑PFASs为41.2 ng·L~(-1),浓度水平最低的是绵阳地区,为4.17 ng·L~(-1).全氟辛烷羧酸(perfluroroocantanoic acid,PFOA)是四川地区自来水中主要的PFASs,占总全氟化合物的28%～89%(宜宾地区8.6%),其次为全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoate,PFHxA)、全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS)和全氟壬酸(perfluorononanoate,PFNA),这表明自来水中的主要污染物为中短碳链(C≤10)的全氟化合物.另外,通过计算PFASs的危险商值(risk quotients, RQ),发现四川地区自来水中PFOA、PFOS、PFHxS、PFBS和PFHxA的风险商值均小于1,不会对当地居民带来直接的健康风险.     

改进BFO优化BPNN的自来水混凝加药预测

本文给出一种量子粒子群（QPSO）算法、改进菌群觅食（IBFO）算法优化反向传播神经网络（BPNN）的混凝投药预测模型,利用量子粒子群的个体极值与群体极值更新细菌觅食算法趋化过程中细菌位置;通过细菌协同改进趋化算子提高优化精度,结合差分算法改进繁殖算子解决部分维度退化问题,加入轮盘赌方法作为选择机制改进迁移算子来克服优化过程中优秀解消失的缺陷;进而优化BP神经网络的权值、阈值以此预测混凝剂投药量.对云南某自来水厂的数据进行离线训练和模型测试,结果表明,所提算法预测结果的均方误差（MSE）达0.0116mg/L,平均绝对误差百分比（MAPE）达1.36%,在预测精度和稳定性上优于BFO-BPNN、PSO-BPNN等模型.     

我国部分地区自来水和不同水体中的PFOS污染

采用高效液相色谱/质谱仪联机选择离子监测(LC/MS-SIM, m/z = 499)方法,测定了我国部分城市自来水、地面水、地下水和海水中的全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)含量.从全部样品中均检测到PFOS,表明我国境内水环境中普遍存在着PFOS污染.被调查部分城市自来水、海水和远离人类活动地区的水中PFOS浓度大多数低于1ng/L,容易受到生活污水和工业废水污染的水中PFOS浓度范围为1.50～44.6ng/L.     

杭州市水源切换对饮用水中DBPs分布影响及其健康风险评价

千岛湖配水工程改善了杭州市的供水水质,水源由钱塘江为主转变为千岛湖外调水源为主.以供水管网末端龙头为调查对象,考察了水源切换前后饮用水中消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)的构成特征,并对DBPs存在水平的致癌和非致癌风险进行了对比分析.结果表明供水管网终端龙头水在水源切换后水质明显...     

黄浦江江水和沉积物中汞的分布和形态特征

黄浦江江水的总汞、溶解态汞和颗粒汞含量变化较大,其平均值分别为(0.4±0.44)ng/mL、(0.27±0.42)ng/mL和(0.13±0.10)ng/mL,江水中汞以溶解态汞为主.黄浦江沉积物的总汞含量为70.52ng/g～387.30ng/g,平均汞含量为(204.03±97.41)ng/g.江水和沉积物中汞的沿江分布具有中游高,上游和下游低的特征,西渡—南浦大桥江段汞含量为整个黄浦江最高的江段,汞的分布特征与两岸工农业布局相一致.沉积物总汞与有机质显著相关,沉积物中高汞含量的地点都在高水汞点的下游,与河流的动力沉积特点一致.沉积物中汞以可交换态、腐殖酸结合态、残渣态为主,少量为碳酸盐结合态.从上游到下游,沉积物中可交换态汞具有两端高中间低的特点,而残渣态汞与此相反.在剖面方向上,沉积物中的汞主要集中在残渣态,少量为腐殖酸结合态,可交换态及碳酸盐结合态,随着深度增加残渣态所占比例不规则增加.愈接近长江口,沉积物中的重金属愈容易被重新激活.     

贵阳市阿哈湖水体和沉积物间隙水中汞的含量和形态分布初步研究

为了弄清楚酸性矿井废水的排放是否对阿哈湖造成了汞污染,研究了阿哈湖中汞的各种赋存形态(包括溶解气态汞、活性汞、颗粒态汞、溶解态汞、溶解态甲基汞、颗粒态甲基汞以及沉积物间隙水体的溶解态汞、溶解态甲基汞)及其在水体和沉积物间隙水中的剖面分布.结果显示,阿哈湖水体中溶解气态汞的浓度为0.04～0.09ng·L-1,活性汞浓度为0.2～1.1ng·L-1,总汞浓度为2.08～19.14 ng·L-1,甲基汞浓度为0.002～0.43 ng·L-1;在沉积物间隙水体中溶解态汞浓度为1.72～19.12 ng·L-1,溶解态甲基汞浓度为0.03～1.57 ng·L-1.实验数据表明,溶解态甲基汞浓度在沉积物下2～5 cm处最高,随着深度增加而逐渐降低,其与硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)分布呈现较好的吻合,说明水体-沉积物界面是甲基汞的产生地点;并且在沉积物中高浓度硫酸根浓度高达1100 mg·L-1的条件下,硫酸根浓度与甲基汞浓度依然一致.     

长江、汉江水源水及其自来水中有机物生物毒性的比较

应用XAD-2大孔树脂对长江、汉江(武汉)水源水及其自来水水样中的有机物进行吸附和富集,经洗脱、浓缩、干燥,提取其非挥发性有机物(NVOCs),通过致突变试验(Ames test)和重组酵母雌激素测评试验(YES)分别检测其致突变性与类雌激素效应.结果显示,2008年平水期,水中NVOCs除了长江出厂水对TA98(＋S9)的致突变性检测结果为阴性外,其他水样均为阳性;丰水期除长江水源水外,其他水样对TA98的致突变性为阳性;枯水期在不加S9的条件下,仅长江出厂水、管网末梢水对TA98的致突变性为阳性,其余水样均为阴性.各水样的NVOCs对TA100(±S9)的结果均为阴性.平水期长江、汉江水源水和枯水期长江水源水中的NVOCs均可检出类雌激素效应,丰水期水源水以及各水文期自来水中的NVOCs未显类雌激素效应.2007～2009年不同水文期长江和汉江自来水中NVOCs的致突变比活性均高于水源水;长江、汉江各水样中具有致突变作用的有机物主要为移码型直接致突变物.长江水源水NVOCs的类雌激素效应高于汉江,经自来水厂处理后的出厂水以及管网末梢水中的NVOCs未检出类雌激素效应.     

北京市区及郊区大气中的汞沉降的估算

以Throughfall法估算出北京市1996年大气汞干沉降率为528．88μg.m^2.a^-1，以沉降速率估算出1998年北京市汞的年沉降量为687．5μg.m^-2.a^-1。     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the process of mercury release from water body. In this study, the influence of DOM from different sources (DOMR, DOMS and DOMH, extracted from rice straw, compost and humic soil respectively) on mercury reduction was investigated. The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of DOM from each source were determined using ultrafiltration membrane technique and elemental analysis respectively. The result showed that mercury release from DOM-added samples was much lower than the control; the lowest mercury release flux was observed in the treatment of DOMH, 25.02% of the control, followed by DOMS and DOMR, 62.46% and 64.95% of the control, respectively. The higher saturation degree and lower molecular weight of DOMH was responsible for the highest inhibition degree on the mercury release. The link between DOMH, concentration and mercury flux was also estimated and the result showed that mercury flux was increased with DOMH at lower concentration, while decreased with DOMH at higher concentration. Different mechanism dominated the influence of DOM on mercury release with variation of DOM concentration.     

The adaptive capacity of institutions in the spatial planning,water, agriculture and nature sectors in the Netherlands

The climate change problem calls for a continuously responding society. This raises the question: Do our institutions allow and encourage society to continuously adapt to climate change? This paper uses the Adaptive Capacity Wheel (ACW) to assess the adaptive capacity of formal and informal institutions in four sectors in the Netherlands: spatial planning, water, agriculture and nature. Formal institutions are examined through an assessment of 11 key policy documents and informal institutions are analysed through four case studies covering each sector. Based on these ACW analyses, both sector-specific and more general strengths and weaknesses of the adaptive capacity of institutions in the Netherlands are identified. The paper concludes that the most important challenge for increasing institutional adaptive capacity lies in combining decentralized, participatory approaches with more top-down methods that generate leadership (visions, goals) standards, instruments, resources and monitoring.     

万峰湖水体和沉积物中汞的污染现状及风险评价

分析了万峰湖水体和沉积物中汞的污染现状以及汞含量分布状况,分别采用单因子污染指数法表征了水体中汞污染程度,地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了沉积物中汞污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,11个采样点水中汞含量为ND~0.034μg/L,平均值0.014μg/L,均符合国家地表水质量Ⅲ类标准;沉积物中汞含量为0.039~0.358 mg/kg,平均值0.169 mg/kg。从三江口—红村码头水和沉积物中汞含量均呈现波状起伏分布,分布趋势较一致。单因子评价法显示研究区水体中无汞污染,地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法显示所测样点沉积物中有82%无汞污染,45%生态风险很低。     

煤及其灰渣中的汞

研究了东北、内蒙古东部煤炭中汞的含量分布以及煤中汞向燃烧产物中迁移的规律。煤中汞含量高于土壤,并和煤中全硫分及灰分呈显著正相关。煤中汞在锅炉飞灰中被富集,在底灰中被分散。飞灰粒径越小汞含量越高,显示表面富集特征;飞灰中90％以上的汞存在于＜0.125mm粒子上。飞灰中汞占煤中汞总量23.1％～26.9％,从烟囱排出的汞占56.3％～69.7％,燃煤排放的汞是大气中汞的重要来源     

循环经济本质的探讨

循环经济、生态经济的本质是提高生态效率.生态效率是在经济目标和环境目标之间建立一种最佳的链接.