注意瞬脱效应对驾驶安全性影响的ERP试验研究

为预防驾驶员注意瞬脱效应导致的交通事故,首先,开展模拟驾驶任务试验,并在此过程中加入刺激颜色、时间间隔等因素,分别检测驾驶员的注意瞬脱反应;然后,基于试验数据,分析不同条件下驾驶员的驾驶行为指标(反应时和正确率)与事件相关电位(ERP)指标(P3波幅和潜伏期)的差异。结果表明:较红色警示牌和2、3 s的刺激时间间隔(SOA),在黄色警示牌和1 s的SOA条件下驾驶行为绩效显著降低(反应时延长,正确率降低),且P3潜伏期在顶叶区显著延长、波幅显著减小。注意瞬脱效应影响驾驶员对驾驶事件的脑内加工进程及投入的认知资源量,导致驾驶安全性降低。     

隧道内不同组合信息条件下驾驶员视错觉研究

为定量分析隧道内不同照度条件下,不同组合信息对汽车驾驶员视错觉的影响,首先利用3Ds Max软件搭建三维仿真模型,并基于E-prime平台开展车速感知心理物理试验;然后选取30名驾驶员作为被试,分别测取被试在不同试验场景下的速度错觉和反应时;最后统计分析试验数据。试验结果表明:多频率多尺度组合信息能改善驾驶员的速度错觉效应,使反应时显著缩短;多频率多尺度组合信息对驾驶员的速度高估有重要影响,且在较高照度水平下,驾驶员对速度变化更为敏感。多频率多尺度信息组合能显著改善公路隧道环境视觉参照系,提升驾驶员在隧道中的速度感知能力。     

疲劳影响驾驶员心理旋转能力的ERP试验研究

为探究疲劳对驾驶员心理旋转能力的影响机制,首先开展2 h模拟驾驶任务试验,以诱发驾驶疲劳,并在模拟驾驶任务前后,分别测定驾驶员的心理旋转能力;然后基于试验数据,分析驾驶疲劳前后心理旋转能力行为绩效(反应时间、正确率)和脑电事件相关电位(ERP)成分(P3波幅和潜伏期)的变化及其差异。试验发现,驾驶疲劳引起行为绩效显著降低(反应时延长,正确率降低),脑电ERP的P3成分波幅在顶叶区显著下降、潜伏期显著延长。上述结果表明:疲劳影响了驾驶员在心理旋转过程中对认知资源的分配和加工信息的速度,导致心理旋转能力降低。     

道路交通事故与驾驶员群体心理品质关联模型构建

构建驾驶员心理品质与道路交通事故之间的关联模型,以准确反映机动车驾驶员的心理品质和安全驾驶的关系。依据事故倾向性理论,采用对照研究方法,随机选取253名事故驾驶员和254名优秀驾驶员,用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)进行调查。比较2组驾驶员群体的气质类型和人格特征,通过因子分析计算驾驶员心理品质的综合得分。将所有驾驶员系统聚类,建立参照模型,区分驾驶员的不同类型。结果表明,驾驶员的心理品质直接制约驾驶行为,事故驾驶员和优秀驾驶员之间在心理品质上有显著差异,事故倾向性驾驶员筛查有可操作性。     

汽车驾驶员行车事故神经行为学方法研究的多因素分析

采用世界卫生组织“神经行为核心测试组合”（ＷＨＯ．ＮＣＴＢ），对１２５名汽车驾驶员进行了神经行为功能测试，并对测试结果及方法作了进一步的一元和多元回归分析。结果表明：事故组与无事故组驾驶员在神经行为功能方面存在显著差异。神经行为功能测试总分与年龄和事故次数是显著负相关，与学龄呈显著正相关。在ＮＣＴＢ各分测验中，简单反应时、目标追踪和提转捷度三项测验得分对总分贡献率较大，为最敏感指标。揭示在驾驶员行车事故的预防及职业选择和培训中，应考虑年龄因素和文化水平，并选择敏感指标进行神经行为功能测试，以预防和减少交通事故的发生。     

驾驶员接管自动驾驶车辆的眼动特性和行为分析

为探究接管自动驾驶车辆期间驾驶员的视觉特性,分析眼动与接管反应操控行为的关系,开展驾驶模拟试验收集驾驶行为及眼动数据。运用统计学方法,分析驾驶员感知不同接管场景的视觉特性,探究接管请求(TOR)前后眼动指标的变化规律;并基于视觉分配和瞳孔变化特性分析驾驶行为,揭示眼动特性与接管反应及驾驶操纵策略的内在联系。结果表明:TOR前,相较于静态场景,驾驶员感知动态场景诱发元素扫视更频繁且平均注视时间更短;此时驾驶员的视觉分配特性与其接管反应行为存在显著相关性。TOR后,驾驶员的注视时间增加,眨眼频率降低,瞳孔直径扩张,眼跳幅度增大;不同场景下驾驶员的瞳孔差异表明其应对动态场景时具备更好的警戒水平和更平稳的操纵策略。     

基于FSDT的驾驶员危险感知能力研究

驾驶员的危险感知与交通事故之间关系紧密。为了科学评价驾驶员的危险感知能力,采用情景试验的方法,利用UC-win/Road软件仿真驾驶场景,运用模糊信号检测理论(FSDT),结合模糊逻辑和传统信号检测理论(SDT)来衡量驾驶员的危险感知水平,对敏感性指标d和倾向性指标β进行了定量评价。最后,选取5名驾驶员对该方法进行验证,并对5名驾驶员危险感知水平进行对比,从中找出危险感知能力较低者,给予其针对性的培训。     

特长隧道环境下驾驶人注视转移特性研究

为了研究不同经验驾驶人在高速公路特长隧道环境下的注视转移特性,在高速公路特长隧道中开展实车实验,利用 iView X HED型眼动仪采集了32名不同经验驾驶人的眼动数据。运用动态聚类方法,对驾驶人注视区域进行划分,分析了职业与非职业驾驶员在高速公路隧道不同段与普通路段的注视转移规律与注意力分配特性。结果表明:相较于非职业驾驶人,职业驾驶员具有较强的注视前瞻性,且在隧道的不同段主要注视的区域因行车环境不同变化较小;驾驶人对同一目标需要重复注视才能提取足够的信息,且当行车环境复杂度增加或驾驶员驾驶经验不足时,重复注视概率增加;驾驶人在不同路段行车时,主要通过注视中间区域获取信息;行车环境与驾驶经验对驾驶人在中间近处、左侧区域及内后视镜区域的注视平稳分布存在显著的交互作用。     

隧道内多频多尺寸信息对车速感知的影响

为提高隧道内的行车安全性,定量分析隧道内不同尺度、不同频率的视觉信息对驾驶员车速感知的影响。利用3DMax软件制作公路隧道内仿真模型。利用E-prime软件进行车速感知心理物理试验,分别研究大中小尺度信息在频率为0.1~32 Hz的情况下,对低照度隧道环境中的驾驶员的速度感知的影响。试验结果显示:高频视觉信息(2~32 Hz)会使驾驶员显著高估速度,中频视觉信息(0.4~1 Hz)和低频视觉信息(0.1~0.2 Hz)会使驾驶员显著低估速度;高估速度的程度为中尺度信息大尺度信息小尺度信息。因此,保障隧道内行车安全,可从多尺寸多频率的视觉信息的组合设置着手。     

高速公路驾驶员主动疲劳的脑电检测分析北大核心CSCD

为开发高速公路驾驶疲劳预警系统,保障道路交通安全,基于脑电(EEG)数据功率谱分析方法,探索驾驶员主动疲劳与脑电指标(θ+α)/β的关系,首先,开展模拟驾驶试验,采集21名被试驾驶状态的脑电信号,分析α(8~13Hz),β(13~30Hz),θ(0.5~4Hz)这3个频段的脑电波,计算脑电合并指标(θ+α)/β;然后,运用瑞典行业疲劳问卷(SOFI),比较驾驶员执行驾驶任务前后的疲劳状态,分析心理测量和脑电测量结果的回归拟合效度。结果表明:在高速公路复杂驾驶任务中,驾驶员脑电合并指标(θ+α)/β呈现下降趋势,同时,(θ+α)/β与驾驶员主观疲劳程度有显著的正向拟合关系,拟合解释率达50%;脑电指标(θ+α)/β可实时预测驾驶员主动疲劳状态。     

Driving circumstances and accidents among novice drivers

OBJECTIVE: The study evaluated the accident risk of certain driving circumstances and driving motives among novice drivers. METHODS: Self-reported exposure and accidents according to driving circumstances and driving motives were compared between young (n = 6,847) and middle-aged (n = 942) male and female novice drivers. For young drivers, self-reported accidents were further compared to fatal accidents (n = 645) in terms of the driving conditions in which they occurred. The survey was conducted in 2002 and the questions regarding the quantity and quality of driving exposure and accidents covered the first four years of the novice drivers' driving career after licensing. Data on fatal accidents related to the period of 1990 to 2000. RESULTS: Leisure-time driving, driving just for fun, and driving with passengers and during evenings and at night was more typical for young drivers than for middle-aged drivers. For middle-aged drivers, the most typical driving was driving to or from work. Driving on errands was more typical for females than males. Nighttime driving was overrepresented in young drivers' self-reported and fatal accidents, compared to the share of young drivers' driving at night. Slippery road conditions were over-represented in young male drivers' self-reported accidents, but not in their fatal accidents, whereas for young females slippery road conditions seemed to increase the propensity of fatal accidents. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that some driving conditions increase the risk of certain types of accidents among certain driver groups, but not among all drivers. For example, slippery road conditions were overrepresented in young male drivers' minor (self-reported) accidents, but not in their fatal accidents. For young female drivers slippery road conditions seem to increase the propensity of fatal accidents. Driving circumstances are different in minor (self-reported) and fatal accidents. When drawing conclusions regarding accident risk, it is important to determine the seriousness of the accidents which take place.     

大货车驾驶员交通心理与交通安全的研究

笔者从交通心理学的角度,对大货车驾驶员在行驶过程中的心理状况、因攻击性驾驶行为、强烈的冒险动机的驱使、对道路期望心理的失衡及交通安全感偏差等不良心理因素而导致恶性交通事故进行分析。通过研究得出以下结论大货车驾驶员是一特殊的群体,应重视对该群体的教育、培训与管理,从而提高驾驶员的职业道德水平、性格品质、交通安全感及驾驶技能,以改善道路安全环境和交通安全状况、降低道路交通事故发生率。     

基于驾驶操作行为的驾驶员疲劳状态识别模型研究

以驾驶疲劳状态监测为研究对象,介绍现有几种疲劳检测方法及其优缺点,提出把驾驶行为操作和驾驶员生理指标相结合建立疲劳识别模型的思想。通过大量模拟器驾驶实验,建立驾驶操作和驾驶员生理指标之间的关系模型,并运用最小二乘法对数学模型进行了参数识别。利用驾驶员生理指标能较好判别驾驶员状态特性的特点,找出驾驶操作行为和驾驶状态之间的关系。研究结果有助于建立驾驶操作行为和驾驶员疲劳状态之间的关系模型。     

驾驶员风险认知能力对交通安全的影响

为辨别不同驾驶员风险认知能力对驾驶安全的影响。通过设置13种存在潜在风险的交通情景,引入惩罚用时机制,利用驾驶模拟器,对熟练驾驶员和非熟练驾驶员在风险认知培训前后的风险认知能力进行比较,找出不同驾驶员对风险认知的差异。试验结果显示,熟练驾驶员的风险认知能力比非熟练驾驶员要高,两者在引起交通风险的因素上是不同的,培训后的风险认知能力较之前有很大提高。培训能够拓宽驾驶员对潜在风险的认知程度,更好地将驾驶员的操作技能、知识体系和外在行为衔接在一起,从而减少交通事故的发生。     

基于计划行为理论的侵犯驾驶行为研究

从社会心理学的角度,通过问卷调查的方式,对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为的产生动机进行分析;基于计划行为理论,研究构建了能揭示驾驶态度与行为关系的理论模型,并得出驾驶员对侵犯驾驶行为的态度、主观标准、知觉行为可控性等心理因素,通过行为意向的中介作用,对驾驶员实施侵犯驾驶行为具有预测作用的结论。同时,提出了从态度改变、建立社会支持体系、提高驾驶员的自我能力评估等方面入手对驾驶员侵犯驾驶行为进行矫正的策略。     

驾驶员感知特性对隧道群交通安全的影响

针对高速公路隧道群对驾驶员感知特性的影响,以驾驶员的感知特性与高速公路隧道群行车安全的关系为研究对象,采用速度估计测试仪和深度知觉测试仪,在"铜汤高速-安徽段"沿线对高速公路隧道群行车途中的160名驾驶员进行实地测试,所得数据进行t检验和方差分析,用灰色建模软件V2.1进行关联度分析。结果表明:驾驶员的速度估计特性与高速公路隧道群驾驶员的年龄、驾龄以及连续行车时间具有较强的相关性,其中连续驾车时间的影响最大。年龄对驾驶员深度知觉准确性无显著影响;驾龄、连续行车时间对驾驶员的深视力准确性有显著影响。     

基于认知心理学的驾驶员交通标志视认性理论分析

从认知心理的角度研究了驾驶员对交通标志的视认性,建立了基于认知心理学的驾驶员信息处理过程的概念模型,总结了影响交通标志视认性的两类因素———驾驶员因素和交通标志物理因素。提出了用知觉理论解释不同驾驶经历的驾驶员对标志识别存在的差异现象;用特征说理论解释了标志的独特性有利于驾驶员的识别;标志的信息量不宜超出驾驶员有限的注意力资源以及驾驶员的短时记忆容量限定了交通标志应该具有易读性。为改进交通标志的设计设置,探讨交通标志视认性的指标测度手段,进而为建立起客观实用的认知心理学实验方法及综合评价指标体系提供了理论基础。     

Are cellular phone blocking applications effective for novice teen drivers?

ProblemDistracted driving is a significant concern for novice teen drivers. Although cellular phone bans are applied in many jurisdictions to restrict cellular phone use, teen drivers often report making calls and texts while driving.MethodThe Minnesota Teen Driver Study incorporated cellular phone blocking functions via a software application for 182 novice teen drivers in two treatment conditions. The first condition included 92 teens who ran a driver support application on a smartphone that also blocked phone usage. The second condition included 90 teens who ran the same application with phone blocking but which also reported back to parents about monitored risky behaviors (e.g., speeding). A third control group consisting of 92 novice teen drivers had the application and phone-based software installed on the phones to record cellular phone (but not block it) use while driving.ResultsThe two treatment groups made significantly fewer calls and texts per mile driven compared to the control group. The control group data also demonstrated a higher propensity to text while driving rather than making calls.DiscussionSoftware that blocks cellular phone use (except 911) while driving can be effective at mitigating calling and texting for novice teen drivers. However, subjective data indicates that some teens were motivated to find ways around the software, as well as to use another teen's phone while driving when they were unable to use theirs.Practical applicationsCellular phone bans for calling and texting are the first step to changing behaviors associated with texting and driving, particularly among novice teen drivers. Blocking software has the additional potential to reduce impulsive calling and texting while driving among novice teen drivers who might logically know the risks, but for whom it is difficult to ignore calling or texting while driving.     

Comparison of young male and female drivers' attitude and self-reported traffic behaviour in Finland in 1978 and 2001

Problem: This study evaluates how the traffic behaviors of young drivers and their attitudes toward traffic regulations have changed over the last 23 years, and particularly, whether the differences in attitudes and behavior between male and female drivers have changed. Method: The study was conducted in 2001, and it replicated a traffic attitude survey administered in 1978. The same survey was used, enabling comparison between the years. The number of respondents was 3,158 in 1978 and 2,759 in 2001. Results: The comparison revealed several differences regarding the background factors, attitudes, and driving style of novice drivers. Most obvious changes in the drivers' background were the changes in education level (higher today), driver training (more private training today), and exposure/experience in terms of kilometers (more today). The summary variable measured that the young drivers showed more negative attitudes toward traffic rules and safe driving in 2001 compared to 1978. Female drivers drove less than males and evaluated their driving skill lower. Female drivers were less involved in accidents and they committed less traffic offenses than males (kilometrage controlled). Female drivers showed a more positive attitude toward traffic safety and rules than males. The difference in traffic attitudes and behavior between males and females in 1978 compared to 2001 remained the same or even increased somewhat.     

Hazard and Risk Perception among Young Novice Drivers

Young novice drivers are overrepresented in road accidents. Although they quickly acquire the skills needed to control a motor vehicle, it takes much longer for novice drivers to develop the higher-order perceptual and cognitive skills necessary to safely interact with the driving environment. The aim of this paper is to propose a model of the processes mediating behavior around traffic hazards and to critically review the literature on novice drivers within the framework provided by the model. Compared to experienced drivers, novice drivers detect hazards less quickly and efficiently and perceived them less holistically. The detection of hazards is proposed to provide the requisite information for risk perception, the process which includes assessing both the level of risk posed by a hazard and one's ability to deal with the hazard effectively. Research indicates that young drivers underestimate the risk of an accident in a variety of hazardous situations. At the same time, they overestimate their own driving skill. Young drivers are also more willing to accept risk while driving than experienced drivers. These factors are likely to contribute to young novice drivers overrepresentation in accidents. Opportunities for further research are discussed.