微核技术与水体污染指标的相关性比较

为调查滨城区新立河水体污染情况,采用蚕豆微核技术对新立河9个采样点水质进行污染监测,并与水体中COD、BOD、DO、NH3-N、总磷等景观水体指标进行了相关性比较。结果表明:新立河在黄五桥至黄十五桥河段的4个采样点污染指数(PI)均>3.50,属于重度污染;水体COD、BOD、DO、NH3-N、总磷等指标显示该区段属劣Ⅴ类水质。相关分析表明,蚕豆微核率与COD、NH3-N、总磷等水体指标呈显著正相关,与DO呈负相关性,与BOD相关性较低。蚕豆根尖微核技术监测结果与水体污染指标的综合评价结果相一致。     

北洛河流域水质空间异质性及其对土地利用结构的响应

根据2011年10月和2012年10月的北洛河流域水体采样数据,利用GIS技术和地统计学方法,分析了北洛河流域水质指标TP、TN、NO-3-N、NH+4-N和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)的空间变异特征,并探讨了子流域尺度上不同土地利用结构对河流水质的影响.结果表明,北洛河流域水质指标TN和NO-3-N受结构性因素影响显著,表现出较强的空间变异性,而TP、NH+4-N和CODMn受到结构性因素和随机性因素共同作用,表现出较弱的空间变异特征.TN与农业用地面积百分比呈显著正相关关系,与林地面积百分比呈显著负相关关系,NO-3-N与农业用地面积百分比存在显著正相关关系.可以初步推测,控制TN空间异质性分布的结构性因素是农业用地和林地,而控制NO-3-N空间分布的结构性因素为农业用地.     

永定河怀来段水质污染特征及污染源解析

通过对永定河怀来段枯水期支干流进行4次采样,对11个指标进行监测,采用单因子水质标识指数和综合水质标识指数评价法对水质污染特征进行了综合评价,运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法,确定了流域主要污染因子及区域水质空间变化特征,对不同支干流污染源进行解析。结果表明:永定河怀来段12个监测断面均未达到Ⅲ类水体标准限值,仅p H、DO指标达标,且氮磷超标最为严重,干流综合水质标识指数最高为5.554,支流ZL8最高为7.254。COD、TN和NO_3~--N为第一主成分,TP、PO_4~(3-)-P和NO_2~--N为第二主成分,DO和TOC为第三主成分。永定河干流水质优于东沙河水质。对各监测断面聚类分析后,将永定河怀来段水域根据水质大致划分为2个区域,其中干流监测断面都在同一类,湿地水质与干流水质有明显差异。在二级支流中,冬季农田退水依次进入鱼塘湿地、芦苇湿地和芦苇沟后,TN、NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N的去除效率分别为51.11%、42.27%和72.88%,而NH_3-N、TP有所增加。永定河流域污染主要来自于农业面源污染、污水处理厂出水点源污染和农村生活污水排放等。     

喀斯特地区深水型湖泊水质时空变异性分析:以平寨水库为例

对河流水质时空变异特性的正确识别是有效评估河流水质状况的重要方面之一,为了了解典型喀斯特高原深水型水库——平寨水库水质状况,基于2018年度春夏秋冬4个季节21个采样点的水质监测数据,文章综合运用多元统计分析方法,对平寨水库水体的水质时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)平寨水库水质具有一定的时空变异特性。在时间上pH值和DO均呈现出夏季最高、冬季最低的变化特征,TN的平均质量浓度在秋季达到最大,TP、NH_3-N和COD的平均质量浓度最大值均出现在春季;在空间上,DO、TN和NH_3-N浓度空间变异性较弱,TP在冬春季空间差异性较强,在夏秋季较弱,COD浓度则存在较强的空间变异性。21个采样点在空间上划分为5组,其中第3组水体水质劣于其他组,受人类活动影响较大。(2)在冬季和春季,水体中氧气含量和氢离子浓度对平寨水库水质变异性的贡献最大,夏季和秋季,表征生活污水和农业污水造成的富营养指标对水库水质变异性的贡献最大。     

地表水中主要污染项目函数关系研究及其成果应用

以温岭市为例,研究了地表水水质中主要污染指标BOD5、CODMn、DO、NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N间的关系.结果表明：在地表水污染严重时,BOD5和CODMn与NH3-N间、NO3-N与DO间具有显著的线性正相关关系,NH3-N与DO间符合乘幂函数关系,CODMn和NO2-N与DO间符合乘幂、指数、对数的函数关系;在污染较轻时,主要污染指标的函数关系不明显。在建立主要污染项目函数关系的基础上,分析了研究指标存在相互关系的原因,该成果可用于地表水的污染治理、水质的评价和BOD5的测定。     

温瑞塘河流域水体污染时空分异特征及污染源识别

不同季节主要污染物的空间分布特征及其潜在的污染源分析对水资源管理与污染控制具有重要意义.本研究应用GIS、主成分分析方法对2008-09~2009-10温瑞塘河水的温度、DO、电导率、p H、浊度、NH+4-N、NO-2、NO-3、PO3-4、Si O2-3、H2S、TOC、TN等水质参数进行时空分异特征分析和潜在污染源的识别.结果表明流域内丰水期、平水期、枯水期的典型污染物是TN、NH+4-N、PO3-4,主要来自于工业和生活点源;空间上水质污染程度是三级河道二级河道一级河道,无论几级河道市区的水质都劣于郊区和湿地;时间上水质污染程度是枯水期平水期丰水期;另外河道周边人口密度、土地利用类型及其调水对温瑞塘河的水质产生了不同程度的影响.     

苏州古城区水体污染时空分异特征及污染源解析

利用2012年苏州古城区30个监测断面的11个水质指标数据,综合运用水质指数模型(WQI)、层次聚类(HCA)、后退式判别(DA)、因子分析(FA)、绝对主成分多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)及GIS平台系统分析了旅游城市苏州古城区河网水体污染物时空分异特征及污染源解析.结果表明:①苏州古城区内城河及外围河道水体的CCME WQI值介于40~74之间,其中,66.67%的监测点水环境遭到严重破坏,主要集中在内城河河道;②系统聚类分析将采样时间分为1—3月、11月及4—6月、7—10月3个时段;将采样点分为2类,从空间上反映了古城区内城河与外围河道的污染程度;③采样时间和采样点聚类分析结果的判别分析交叉验证,正确率分别达到88.1%和78.5%;表征时间差异性用了7个指标,分别为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、溶解氧(DO)、水温(T)、高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)、藻密度(Algae density)、叶绿素(Chl),表征空间差异性用了5个指标,分别为总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、溶解氧(DO)、浊度(Turb)、水温(T);显著性指标的时空差异性比较明显;④古城区内城河河道在1—3月、11月及4—6月、7—10月3个时段内的因子分析分别提取4、3和4个因子,累积解释方差分别为83.64%、72.67%和77.98%;古城区外围河道在全年内的因子分析提取了3个因子,累积解释了62.28%的总方差;因子分析表明,古城区内城河及外围河道主要为氮、磷等营养物质污染及夏季藻类爆发的问题,与古城区外围河道相比内城河河道的污染更为严重,应优先开展治理;内城河氮、磷污染除了有来自生活、餐饮旅游等第三产业的污染外,还受到降雨地表径流及河道底泥释放的非点源污染影响;⑤绝对主成分多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)表明,总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn)主要来自城市生活及餐饮旅游等第三产业污水.研究结果可为苏州古城区河道水环境改善治理提供参考.     

金沙江流域攀枝花段主要污染物特征分析

采用主成分分析法,结合SPSS分析软件,对金沙江流域攀枝花段各监测断面(对照断面、控制断面及出境断面)在非讯水期和讯水期水体中的TN、TP、DO、CODCr、CODMn、NH3-N、BOD5等7项监测指标进行分析,对金沙江攀枝花段水质进行了综合评价。结果表明:1金沙江攀枝花段水体主要受有机污染,且NH3-N、BOD5、CODCr为主要特征污染物;2不同水期,各断面水体主要污染物不同;3各监测断面在讯水期的水质污染情况比在非讯水期的水质污染程度大,且倮果(控制断面)水质污染程度较其他断面水质污染程度大;4与综合污染指数法相比,主成分分析法是一种较可靠且较实际的水质评价方法。     

海河流域河流氮污染特征及其演变趋势

收集海河流域重点水功能区主要监测站点2000—2011年总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、硝氮(NO-3-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)指标的历史数据,并且实测2009年350个样点的氮素指标,以探明海河流域河流氮污染特征及其演变趋势.结果表明,海河流域氮污染现状严重,2011年TN、NH+4-N、NO-3-N和NO-2-N的平均浓度分别为7.92、4.25、1.28、0.013 mg·L-1,TN、NH+4-N超地表水V类水质标准现象严重(2.0 mg·L-1),其中海河干流水系、北三河(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)水系和子牙河水系污染较重.在空间尺度上,海河流域氮污染沿山区-平原方向呈现出明显逐渐上升的变化特征.在时间尺度上,TN与NH+4-N浓度变化均在2005年与2011年出现峰值,TN浓度与NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N浓度呈现极显著正相关(p0.01),NH+4-N是海河流域氮污染的主要污染因子.2000—2011年,NH+4-N劣V类(2.0 mg·L-1)站点比例整体上表现为减少趋势,由2000年的28.87%降为2011年的17.56%,劣V类站点NH+4-N浓度均值由2000年的7.91 mg·L-1降为2011年的6.50mg·L-1.在海河流域中,黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系河流NH+4-N污染较重,各年平均浓度均超过地表水V类水质标准,NH+4-N平均浓度呈现随年份逐渐降低的趋势.在海河流域氮污染整体表现为好转的趋势下,氮污染的现状仍然严峻,需加强控制.     

昆明滇池流域A湿地公园2016—2020年水质监测与评价

通过对滇池流域A湿地公园水质TN、TP等7个理化指标的监测,采用单因子分析评价法和综合水质标识指数法,对A湿地公园水质状况进行评价.结果表明,A湿地公园污染因子主要是TN、TP和NH3-N,A湿地公园对水体中TN、TP、NH3-N的去除率分别为14.5％、26.2％、44.6％,去除效果良好.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.