土壤施加垃圾堆肥的允许负荷量

利用城市生活垃圾堆肥进行生菜、青菜、小麦三种作物的盆栽试验，并根据作物中金属元素Ｃｄ、Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ａｓ的含量，探讨了三种土壤施加垃圾堆肥的效果及允许负荷量，结果表明：土壤消纳垃圾肥的潜力很大，但不同土壤类型对垃圾肥的负荷量有明显差异。     

垃圾堆肥资源化若干问题研究进展

堆肥是目前广泛应用且能有效的处理城市生活垃圾和污泥的方法之一 .国内外都提出垃圾处理要走资源化利用的道路 .垃圾堆肥化在许多国家和地区得到了广泛的应用 ,特别是经济欠发达地区 ,经筛选后的以有机物为主的垃圾被用来进行堆肥 .研究结果表明 ,根据城市生活垃圾的组成和热值 ,当垃圾干物质的Ｏ2 呼吸强度在 96ｈ <5ｍｇ/ｇ时 ,采用垃圾堆肥的方式来处理垃圾要比焚烧为好 ,垃圾处理要逐步达到堆肥而实现资源化为主 ,尽量减少垃圾填埋[1] .本文将就垃圾堆肥资源化过程中的若干问题进行论述 .1　垃圾堆肥的影响因素堆肥过程是多种微生物相…     

施垃圾堆肥拌CaCO3对蔬菜中重金属的累积影响

垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３对蔬菜中重金属的累积效应试验结果显示：单施垃圾肥会增加蔬菜中重金属的累积量，但若施垃圾堆肥同时拌施ＣａＣＯ３（按施垃圾堆肥量的０．５％或１％），则可有效地降低蔬菜中重金属的累积水平．与单施垃圾堆肥相比，拌施ＣａＣＯ３能使番茄中Ｐｂ含量下降２９％－４１％；Ｃｒ下降５％－４６％，Ｃｄ下降９％－４２％；Ｃｕ下降２％－２４％；ＡＳ下降４％－６０％；有的元素如Ｐｂ和Ｃｄ甚至能降到本底值（即不施垃圾肥者）以下。青菜中Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ａｓ的含量下降较明显。试验还显示：施垃圾堆肥拌施ＣａＣＯ３，土壤中重金属可提取总量低于单施垃圾堆肥者。     

利用垃圾堆肥改良水稻土I:对水稻土物理化学性状的影响

根据上海市农业产业结构调整过程中对土质的要求，本文从资源化利用上海市城市生活垃圾的角度出发，将自然堆置多年的垃圾堆肥应用于土壤改良．由于垃圾堆肥质地粗松，含有较高的营养成分，同时考虑到水稻土对垃圾堆肥的承纳量，本实验设计了0、7．5、15、22．5kgm^-2 4个垃圾堆肥施用剂量，经过一个完整的生长季节后采集土壤样品进行理化分析．结果表明，相较对照小区(0kg m^-2)，施用垃圾堆肥可以有效地改良水稻土的物理化学性状：有机质、全N、全P、碱解N和速效P的含量分别提高5％—240％，土壤中细砂含量升高，粘粒含量下降．而且这种改良的效果随着垃圾堆肥施用量的增加而增加．在不同耕作深度上，以0-10cm土层的效果最佳，10—20cm次之，20—40cm最低．本实验结果表明，垃圾堆肥不仅是上海市水田旱作土壤的有效改良添加剂，而且是解决城市生活垃圾出路的一条有效途径．表2参7     

利用垃圾堆肥改良水稻土Ⅱ:对水稻土中重金属含量和花卉生长的影响

根据上海市农业产业结构调整过程中对土壤的要求，从资源化利用上海市城市生活垃圾堆肥的角度出发，将堆置多年的垃圾堆肥应用于土壤改良．为了研究在此过程中对土壤环境质量的影响，我们设置了不同的垃圾堆肥施用量：0、7．5、15、22．5kgm^-2．在其上分别种植了大叶醉鱼草和紫菀，经过1个完整的生长季节，研究土壤中7种重金属含量的变化：Pb、zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg和As．结果表明，垃圾堆肥对土壤的环境质量存在一定的负面影响，随着垃圾堆肥施用剂量的增加，土壤中的重金属含量也随之增加，但在本实验的垃圾堆肥用量下，重金属的含量指标均符合国家三级土壤环境质量标准，且大部分指标达到国家二级标准．同时，实验结果也表明，重金属在水稻土中的分布主要集中在0～20cm土层内，对20～40cm土层影响较小，没有出现重金属下渗问题．植物的生长量指标为确定垃圾堆肥的施用剂量提供了1个有效的参数，结果表明上海地区水稻土对垃圾堆肥的最大负荷量为15kg/m^2。     

生活垃圾堆填区周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征

土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染日益受到关注,PAHs是垃圾渗滤液中的主要有害成分之一.以苏北某市城郊结合部露天垃圾堆放场为对象,采用高效液相色谱法分析周边农田土壤中16种PAHs的含量特征及分布规律.结果表明,垃圾场周边农田土壤PAHs含量总体表现为随距垃圾堆体的距离增大而降低的趋势.土壤中PAHs总量(平均值为1 208.5μg·kg-1)明显高于未污染土壤(509.25μg·kg-1),其中显著提高了土壤中难降解、难挥发的4环芳烃的含量,按照欧洲农业土壤PAHs含量与分布标准,达到中等或中等以上PAHs污染水平,说明垃圾堆填场周边农田土壤存在PAHs的污染风险.     

施硅对污染土壤中铬形态及其生物有效性的影响

关于硅对蔬菜重金属生物有效性和对菜田土壤重金属铬形态影响的问题的研究目前仍嫌较少,该文采用盆栽试验结果讨论了在铬污染菜田土壤上施不同量硅对铬形态和蔬菜生物有效性的影响作用.研究表明,在铬污染条件下,施可溶性硅酸盐,与对照相比,土壤的交换态铬含量降低,而沉淀态铬和残渣态铬含量提高,因而可降低铬的蔬菜生物有效性,使小白菜(Brassica chinensis)体内的铬含量明显降低.同时还可使小白菜的生物量显著提高.     

垃圾堆肥在北方潮土地区的农用研究

研究结果表明：垃圾堆肥具有促进作物增产的作用，并不会引起重金属污染。但在北方潮土地区，垃圾肥施用量以４０～５０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·茬－１为宜。过量施用垃圾肥不仅会引起施肥经济效益明显降低，且会引起土壤砂化。研究还表明，粘质土壤对垃圾肥有更大的容纳量。     

垃圾渗滤液对土壤铁锰有效性及地下水质的影响

受垃圾渗滤液影响,垃圾场周边土壤有机物含量增加。试验结果显示,随着土壤有机物含量的增加,土壤中有效态铁锰含量增大。垃圾场周边土壤中渗滤液有机物和金属铁锰共存时,大量的有机物质能活化土壤中的铁锰,增加其有效性,增强其在土壤中的迁移能力。从而造成垃圾场地下水较严重的铁锰污染。     

解磷接种物对垃圾堆肥中难溶性磷酸盐的转化及在农业上的应用

为了提高城市垃圾堆肥的速效磷含量，对供试的７种垃圾堆肥的解磷强度及解磷微生物进行了分析，并以分离富集的解磷微生物制成解磷菌剂进行了青菜盆栽及大田小区对比试验。结果表明：供试垃圾的解磷强度一般为１１７００～１６１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ；每ｇ垃圾堆肥含３．５～８．６亿个解磷微生物。出现的解磷能力强的微生物有芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｐｐ．）、假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓｓｐｐ．）、节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｓｐｐ．）、黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ．）、产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓｓｐｐ．）和赛氏杆菌属（Ｓｅｒｒａｔｉａｓｐｐ．）等。它们可分别使昆阳磷矿粉和／或摩洛哥磷矿粉释放２８４００～４６６００ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２９１００～３６９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ可溶性磷，利用解磷接种物可使垃圾堆肥提高２３～２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ速效磷，在往堆肥中添加植物物质和磷矿粉的情况下效果更好。将拌有解磷菌剂的垃圾堆肥在红壤荒地上施用，对青菜有良好的增产效果。     

Effects of industrial waste water on heavy metal accumulation, growth and biochemical responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The waste water showed high values of total solid (TS), hardness and chloride with slightly alkaline pH along with high concentrations of Cr (2.03 mg l(-1)), Ni (1.59 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.46 mg l(-1)). The concentration of Cu (0.21 mg l(-1)) and Zn in industrial waste water was low than Ni and Cr. The diluted (25 and 50%), undiluted (100%) waste water was used to irrigate the lettuce plants grown in alluvial soils. Plants accumulated heavy metals in their shoot (Ni, 13.65; Cr, 19.73; Zn, 21.6 and Cu 14.76 microg g(-1) dry weight) and root (Ni, 41.4; Cr, 31.6; Zn, 30.2 and Cu 15.85 microg g(-1) dry weight) in high concentrations after irrigation with undiluted industrial waste water. Maximum accumulation of heavy metals was found in the root than the shoot (13.65-21.60 microg g(-1) dry weight). Dry matter yield and biomolecules (Chlorophyll a, b and sugar contents) was found to increase with increase in concentration of waste water up to 50%, which declined at the exposure of undiluted waste water. Catalase activity was found to increase with increase in waste water concentrations up to 100%, while carotenoids content increased in plants only up to the 50% waste water irrigation. Use of industrial waste water in such form, on agricultural lands is not found suitable without proper treatment. It could be injurious to plants growth and may be a potential threat to food web.     

Sugarcane bagasse amendment improves the quality of green waste vermicompost and the growth of Eisenia fetida

•Earthworms were able to convert green waste into more plant-available nutrients. •The part of heavy metals content increased in the compost added by earthworm. •The addition of SCB to GW did enhance earthworm biomass and humic acid content. •The resulting vermicomposts were characterized by neutral pH and lower EC value. Vermicomposting is a feasible method for disposing of lignocellulosic waste while generating a useful product. The current study assessed the potential of vermicomposting green waste mixed with sugarcane bagasse in proportions of 25%, 50%, and 75% (v:v, based on dry weight). The suitability was evaluated based on the agrochemical properties, earthworm biomass, and phytotoxicity. The final vermicomposts exhibited near-neutral pH values (7.1–7.6), and lower EC values (0.43–0.72 mS/cm) and C:N ratios (14.1–19.9).The content of available nutrients and CEC for all the vermicomposts exceeded those of the control compost (without earthworms). For vermicomposts, the average values of NO₃^–-N, AP, AK, and CEC were 53, 517, 1362 mg/kg, and 158 cmol/kg, respectively. The total contents of heavy metals increased in all vermicompost treatments compared to control composts with the following average final percentages: Zn (2.0%), Cr (15.5%), Pb (23.4%), and Cu (44.3%), but these amounts were safe for application in agroforestry. The addition of sugarcane bagasse to green waste significantly increased the content of total humic substance, humic acid and urease activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, and Eiseniafetida reproduction. The addition of 25% sugarcane bagasse to green waste decreased the toxicity to germinating seeds. These results revealed that vermicomposting is a feasible way to degrade green waste into a value-added chemical product.     

Control of hydrogen sulfide emissions using autotrophic denitrification landfill biocovers: engineering applications

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emitted from construction and demolition waste landfills has received increasing attention. Besides its unpleasant odor, longterm exposure to a very low concentration of H₂S can cause a public health issue. In the case of construction and demolition (C&D) waste landfills, where gas collection systems are not normally required, the generated H₂S is typically not controlled and the number of treatment processes to control H₂S emissions in situ is limited. An attractive alternative may be to use chemically or biologically active landfill covers. A few studies using various types of cover materials to attenuate H₂S emissions demonstrated that H₂S emissions can be effectively reduced. In this study, therefore, the costs and benefits of H₂S-control cover systems including compost, soil amended with lime, fine concrete, and autotrophic denitrification were evaluated. Based on a case-study landfill area of 0.04 km², the estimated H₂S emissions of 80900 kg over the 15-year period and costs of active cover system components (ammonium nitrate fertilizer for autotrophic denitrification cover, lime, fine concrete, and compost), ammonium nitrate fertilizer is the most cost effective, followed by hydrated lime, fine concrete, and yard waste compost. Fine concrete and yard waste compost covers are expensive measures to control H₂S emissions because of the large amount of materials needed to create a cover. Controlling H₂S emissions using fine concrete and compost is less expensive at landfills that provide on-site concrete recovery and composting facilities; however, ammonium nitrate fertilizer or hydrated lime would still be more cost effective applications.     

铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应与毒性

铬的工业用途很广,主要用于金属加工、电镀、制革等行业,这些行业排放的三废导致了环境铬污染,对环境生态和人体健康造成危害。为探究铬对动物的毒性作用,选择昆明种纯系小白鼠作为受试生物,研究六价铬在小鼠体内的蓄积效应及毒性。结果显示,饮用水中一定浓度的六价铬(15~70 mg·L-1)可抑制小鼠体重的正常增长,染毒30 d后,小鼠肝脏和肾脏脏器系数下降,脾脏和脑的脏器系数提高;总铬含量在心脏和脾脏中增高,其他脏器中无明显蓄积效应;铬染毒组小鼠骨髓细胞活性氧水平提高,骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率显著增高。结果表明,通过饮水摄入六价铬可造成小鼠肝肾损伤,心脏和脾脏内铬蓄积,并通过活性氧损伤效应破坏机体的遗传稳定性。     

Assisted phytostabilization of Pb-spiked soils amended with charcoal and banana compost and vegetated with Ricinus communis L. (Castor bean)

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A greenhouse experiment was performed to elucidate the potency of Prosopis juliflora charcoal (PJC) and banana waste compost (BWC) to improve soil fertility...     

腐熟堆肥接种对蔬菜废物中高温好氧降解过程的影响

通过不同比例腐熟堆肥接种,进行蔬菜废物高温好氧降解试验,研究接种对蔬菜废物好氧降解过程的影响.结果表明:当接种率为5%,3%和1%时,增加腐熟堆肥接种比例有利于提高有机物的好氧降解率,试验末期有机物降解率分别为53.3%,50.0%和43.7%,糖类和纤维素类降解的差别是其降解率差距的主要来源;腐熟堆肥接种对堆肥过程中微生物演化规律影响明显,但接种率达到一定水平后,接种对生物相的影响会随堆肥过程而逐步消失;通过对微生物相演变与生物质降解过程的相关性分析,表明微生物种群增殖与特定生物质类型降解存在明显的相关性,从而提示了采用按堆肥过程中生物质分类的降解状况分段接种微生物的可能性.     

堆肥修复土壤金属污染研究进展

堆肥是有机废弃物资源化的产物,利用堆肥修复土壤的金属污染有着重大意义.堆肥可通过直接与金属产生氧化还原作用、沉淀作用、吸附作用或间接改变土壤理化性质如酸碱度,氧化还原电位等降低土壤金属的生物有效性和移动性,但具体修复效果因土壤、金属、堆肥三者性质的不同而差异甚大.本文对国内外利用堆肥修复土壤金属污染的研究进展进行了综述,指出了理论研究和实际修复中存在的一些问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Turnover and loss of nitrogenous compounds during composting of food wastes

Few people have so far explored into the research of the dynamics of various nitrogenous compounds (including water-soluble nitrogen) in composting of food wastes. This study aimed to investigate the solid-phase nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, nitrogen loss together with ammonia volatilization in the process of food wastes composting. A laboratory scale static aerobic reactor in the experiment was employed in the composting process of a synthetic food waste, in which sawdust was used as the litter amendment. In the experiment, oxygen was supplied by continuous forced ventilation for 15 days. The results have shown that the concentrations of total nitrogen and organic nitrogen decrease significantly in the composting process, whereas NH₄ ⁺-N concentration increases together with little fluctuation in NO₃ ^?-N. After composting, the total content of the water-soluble nitrogen compounds in the compost greatly increased, the total nitrogen loss amounted to 50% of the initial nitrogen, mainly attributed to ammonia volatilization. 56.7% of the total ammonia volatilization occurred in the middle and late composting of the thermophilic stage. This suggested that the control at the middle and late composting of thermophilic stage is the key to nitrogen loss in the food waste compost.     

废弃铅锌冶炼厂重金属污染场地的健康风险评价

通过对广西某废弃铅锌冶炼厂区进行布点采样、监测分析,选取Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As六种重金属元素作为评价因子,对污染场地进行健康风险评价.结果显示,指数评价法表明厂区污染状况为废渣＞＞建筑垃圾＞土壤,Cd ＞Zn ＞As ＞Pb ＞Cu＞ Cr,土壤受到中度污染,废渣和建筑垃圾受到重度污染.健康风险评价法表明土壤、废渣和建筑垃圾的危害商分别为2.032、13.891、2.975,非致癌危害废渣＞＞建筑垃圾＞土壤;Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As的危害商分别为0.053、0.118、0.184、7.001、11.542,非致癌危害As ＞Cd ＞Cr＞Zn ＞Cu.土壤、废渣和建筑垃圾的致癌风险分别为5.387E-04、7.954E-04、2.455E-04,致癌危害废渣＞土壤＞建筑垃圾;As、Cd、Cr的致癌风险分别为5233E-04、2.400E-05、1.032E-03,致癌危害Cr＞As ＞Cd.综上,人体健康危害废渣＞建筑垃圾＞土壤,主要危害元素为As、Cd、Cr.