Understanding the return on health, safety and environmental investments

INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, health safety and environmental (HS & E) investments have been viewed as expensive but necessary. HS & E professionals had a difficult task of providing data showing that these investments can also contribute to business success. An ORC task force developed a way for traditional financial analysis methods to be applied to HS & E investments and decisions. METHOD: The result of the task force effort is the software called the ORC Return on Health, Safety and Environmental Investments (ROHSEI), a supporting tool to provide a comprehensive look at health, safety or environmental investment projects and their potential financial impacts. RESULTS: Since its development, more than 200 companies, government agencies, and educational institutions have been trained in the ROHSEI process and software. CONCLUSIONS: HS & E professionals who are able to evaluate and communicate the business value of health, safety and environmental efforts will improve understanding of the impacts HS & E projects and contribute to better decision making by their organizations.     

动高压法合成金刚石技术中的环境和安全问题分析

针对动高压法合成金刚石研究和生产实践中只重视产品的生产制备,而普遍忽视相关的安全和环境问胚的现实,从技术基本原理和工艺过程的主要环节对制备技术可能给社会安全、自然环境和工作人员的身体健康带来的危害进行了比较系统的分析.生产原材料及其反应废料和废气中包含了多种危险化学品或有毒害作用的物质,涉及爆炸品、酸性腐蚀品、氧化剂、有毒气体,如TNT、HClO4、HNO3、H2O2、HF、K2Cr2O7、Cl2、NO等.对它们的具体毒害特性进行了总结,对于相应的治理措施提出了建议.     

管理循环用于安全和环境管理工作的探索

根据国际标准化组织颁布的两个系列标准的特点,分析了如何运用管理循环于安全管理和环境管理实践中,提出了制约因素管理循环,并且阐述了管理职能循环、PDCA循环和制约因素管理循环运用于管理工作实践中三者的关系.     

地铁内部环境控制与系统安全的基本分析

1引言 城市人口的迅速增长以及出行车辆和出行人数的急剧增长,给城市带来了交通拥挤、环境污染、能源危机和公共安全等问题,同时也使得城市面临环境容量控制和人员应急疏散的问题.因此发展城市公共交通、缓和车辆拥挤的问题越来越引起世界各国的高度重视.由于地铁具有高速、安全、准时、载客量大、不受外部气候条件限制,同时又具有能降低地面噪音、减少城市污染的特点,所以,地铁成为当今解决城市交通拥挤最有效的手段.然而地铁系统结构复杂、投资巨大、运行成本非常高,因此必须在地铁系统的设计筹措阶段就要考虑全面,并对各个环节提出合理的设计方案.例如:地铁安全设计规划、地铁环境控制方案等等.地铁环境控制系统和系统安全是地铁系统中的一个重要组成部分,二者有机结合是地铁大安全的要求.     

邻水区域化工企业安全、环保准入性研究

由于地理位置的水域环境的特殊性,对于"沿江、沿海、沿湖、沿河"区域的化工投资项目,除了要符合我国产业政策和增加税收、带动就业等经济因素外,还需要认真考虑项目的安全和环保问题.本文对邻水区域化工及相关行业投资项目的安全性和环保影响进行了分析研究,进而指出了现行邻水区域化工建设项目安全环境准入门槛存在的不足之处,最后提出了相应的对策与措施,从而为政府制定邻水区域化工投资项目的安全、环保准入条件提供参考.     

基于环境参数监测评估的丙烯腈装置安全预警技术研究

以丙烯腈生产装置为研究对象,调查分析其存在的主要危险因素以及工艺特性,依据偏差分析原理建立了丙烯腈装置的异常处置原则与标准,设计了具有环境质量浓度监测评估和过程参数偏差预警分析的双重监控预警平台。该平台通过建立的OPC通讯技术,实时获得现场环境质量浓度及关键参数的信息,进行泄漏扩散事故的早期预警和早期干预处置,并通过对监测数据的综合动态分析预测危险气体环境质量浓度的变化趋势以及可能对周边带来的危害。     

新时期环境安全达标建设工作的分析及相关措施

当前,我国对于环境安全的要求越来越高,为了不断提高城市应对突发环境事故的能力,有关部门建立了城市环境事件风险体系,以确保城市各项潜在环境风险可以得到有效化解,保障城市环境安全。城市需要结合实际的环境安全情况,有针对性地推动城市重点环境风险企业安全达标工作的有序开展,切实保障城市的环境安全。     

地下开采对地面设施的影响及安全保护措施

本文主要阐述了某矿区由于无序开采形成了多处采空区,这些采空区分布在矿区的不同深度;部分采空区将会危及附近的铁路,造成铁路地基塌陷,破坏铁路设施,甚至造成人员伤亡.针对这种情况,本文提出了具体的铁路保护措施,一是充填铁路附近的采空区;二是留设铁路保安矿柱.     

复合乳化剂对乳化炸药热安全性影响研究

为了探究复合乳化剂对乳化炸药热分解特性的影响,使用C80微量热仪通过MC法研究了乳化剂A(SP80)和乳化剂B(T152)作为单一乳化剂和复合乳化剂(加入比例为1:1、1:2、2:1)制备的乳化炸药。以升温速率为0.5K/min时的C80热流速曲线为基础来求解5种炸药热分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)、指前因子(lnA)等热安全参数。结果表明,使用复合乳化剂制备的乳化炸药稳定性均高于使用单一乳化剂的乳化炸药。采用复合乳化剂可导致乳化剂分子间排斥作用降低,使分子排列更紧密,增加了界面膜的致密性。当加入的乳化剂比例为m(SP80):m(T152)=1:2时,由于两种乳化剂相互作用形成致密的复合界面膜,其稳定性最高。     

SESAR safety decision-making: Lessons from environmental,nuclear and defense modeling

SESAR, the ‘Single European Sky Air traffic Research’ program, envisages radical changes for European Air Traffic Management (ATM). It integrates and implements new technologies and information processing. This paper examines the safety decision-making in the implementation of SESAR projects. SESAR poses new safety problems because it adopts new paradigms for ATM safety – what lessons are there from environmental, nuclear and defense modeling? These disciplines have also had to confront the limitations of modeling the rates of rare and damaging – even catastrophic – events. A major conceptual change in SESAR is that of automated separation assurance systems. Some existing responsibilities transfer from the controller – either to the pilot or to computer systems – in a progressively phased approach. The major problem for SESAR safety validation is that mixed equipage/operations within a common airspace potentially generate new and different safety issues regarding the validation of safety predictions. A potential way forward uses high-fidelity Human In The Loop Simulations (HITLS) to generate confidence in the resilience of the ATM system. The focus changes from proving safety, i.e. through traditional kinds of validation processes, to extensive resilience testing using these simulations. The aim would be to test how resilient the system is to seeded errors, penetration testing, and crash/stress testing. This would be a high cost process because of the large investments required and the need for long sequences of testing. However, these demanding processes can provide ‘justified belief’ to the decision-maker that the changed ATM system is acceptably safe.     

Extending the J-value framework for safety analysis to include the environmental costs of a large accident

A severe accident on an industrial plant has the potential to cause, in addition to human harm, general damage and hence expense, associated with ground contamination, evacuation of people and business disruption, for example. The total cost of damages, given the name “environmental costs” in this paper, may be comparable with or larger than the cost of direct health consequences, as assessed objectively by the J-value approach. While the low probability of the accident may mean that the expectation of monetary loss is small, the paper develops a utility-based approach to determine how much should be spent on protection systems to protect against both environmental costs and human harm. The behaviour of the fair decision maker in an organisation facing possible environmental costs is represented by an Atkinson Utility function, which is dependent on the organisation's assets and on the elasticity of marginal utility or, equivalently, the coefficient of relative risk aversion, “risk-aversion” for short. A Second Judgment Value, J₂, may be derived from the spend on the protection system after subtracting the amount sanctioned to prevent direct human harm. This net, environmental expenditure is divided by the most that it is reasonable to spend to avert environmental costs at the highest, rational risk-aversion. The denominator in this ratio is found by first calculating the maximum, sensible spend at a risk-aversion of zero, and then multiplying this figure by a Risk Multiplier to give the maximum, fair amount to avert environmental costs. The Risk Multiplier incorporates a risk-aversion that is as large as it can be without rendering the organisation's safety decisions indiscriminate and hence random. An overall, Total Judgment Value, the J_T-value, may also be calculated, which takes into account the reduction in both human harm and environmental cost brought about by the protection system. The new J_T-value will show similar behaviour to the original J-value, in that J_T-values up to unity will indicate reasonable value for money, while J_T-values greater than unity will indicate a prima facie overspend on protection that will need to be justified by further argument. While the analysis is phrased in terms of environmental costs, the treatment is sufficiently general for all costs, including onsite damages, loss of capability etc. to be included. The new, J_T-value method provides for a full and objective evaluation of the worth of any industrial protection system. A worked example is given.     

环境监测对环境治理的促进性作用探讨

本文首先概述了环境监测的内容;其次分析了环境监测对环境治理的促进性作用;最后探讨了应用环境监测进一步提升环境治理水平的对策。     

Risk and safety perception on urban and rural roads: Effects of environmental features,driver age and risk sensitivity

Objective: The ability to detect changing visual information is a vital component of safe driving. In addition to detecting changing visual information, drivers must also interpret its relevance to safety. Environmental changes considered to have high safety relevance will likely demand greater attention and more timely responses than those considered to have lower safety relevance. The aim of this study was to explore factors that are likely to influence perceptions of risk and safety regarding changing visual information in the driving environment. Factors explored were the environment in which the change occurs (i.e., urban vs. rural), the type of object that changes, and the driver's age, experience, and risk sensitivity.

Methods: Sixty-three licensed drivers aged 18–70 years completed a hazard rating task, which required them to rate the perceived hazardousness of changing specific elements within urban and rural driving environments. Three attributes of potential hazards were systematically manipulated: the environment (urban, rural); the type of object changed (road sign, car, motorcycle, pedestrian, traffic light, animal, tree); and its inherent safety risk (low risk, high risk). Inherent safety risk was manipulated by either varying the object's placement, on/near or away from the road, or altering an infrastructure element that would require a change to driver behavior. Participants also completed two driving-related risk perception tasks, rating their relative crash risk and perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors.

Results: Driver age was not significantly associated with hazard ratings, but individual differences in perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors predicted hazard ratings, suggesting that general driving-related risk sensitivity plays a strong role in safety perception. In both urban and rural scenes, there were significant associations between hazard ratings and inherent safety risk, with low-risk changes perceived as consistently less hazardous than high-risk impact changes; however, the effect was larger for urban environments. There were also effects of object type, with certain objects rated as consistently more safety relevant. In urban scenes, changes involving pedestrians were rated significantly more hazardous than all other objects, and in rural scenes, changes involving animals were rated as significantly more hazardous. Notably, hazard ratings were found to be higher in urban compared with rural driving environments, even when changes were matched between environments.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that drivers perceive rural roads as less risky than urban roads, even when similar scenarios occur in both environments. Age did not affect hazard ratings. Instead, the findings suggest that the assessment of risk posed by hazards is influenced more by individual differences in risk sensitivity. This highlights the need for driver education to account for appraisal of hazards’ risk and relevance, in addition to hazard detection, when considering factors that promote road safety.     

安全教育与安全文化的探讨

一个企业要想获得良好的经济效益,安全生产是重要保障,而安全教育是安全生产不可缺少的组成部分.所以一个成熟、高明的企业管理者应该将安全教育摆在一个相当高的位置,因为安全出效益,安全本身就是一种效益.     

环境激素Pb对水稻生长发育的影响及污染修复

采用盆栽实验方法,研究环境激素Pb对水稻生长发育的影响、Pb在作物体内的积累特性及采用不同方法修复Pb污染土壤.研究结果表明,在PbCd复合污染条件下,Pb含量为300 mg/kg时,影响水稻的正常生长发育,水稻的减产幅度为13.3%.Pb在水稻不同部位的吸收表明,根系积累的Pb量占植株总积累量的98.36%,茎叶积累量占1.52%,籽实积累量仅占0.117%;复合元素PbCd投加到土壤中,导致水稻籽实中的Pb含量超过食品卫生标准,共存的Cd促进了水稻籽实对的吸收.经过石灰及石灰 CaMgP肥处理,可以降低土壤中Pb的活性;水稻根系可大量吸收土壤中的Pb,将根系从土壤中清除,即可达到污染修复的目的.     

环境监测技术方法在环境保护中的应用探究

近年来我国环境污染问题较为突出,对广大群众的身体健康构成了较大威胁。随着社会各界环保意识不断强化,人们开始注重对环境问题进行控制。本文从生物技术应用、固相萃取技术应用、光谱技术应用、自动化监测技术应用等方面探析了环境监测技术方法在环境保护中的应用,并从优化技术应用、完善监测预警体系、创建大范围检测网络等方面提出了建议,能够有效推动环境保护工作的开展,为我国环境保护工作全面开展提供助力,具有现实意义。     

环境检测对环境治理的促进意义与价值分析

近年来,我国生态环境问题日益凸显,为我国社会经济的和谐繁荣发展带来严重影响。我国政府部门十分重视环境污染问题,并将环境治理作为政府工作的重要内容。环境监测工作是开展环境治理的重要保障和基础,因此只有不断提升环境监测技术水平才能推动我国环境治理工作的科学高效开展。本文就环境监测对环境治理的促进意义及价值进行全面探讨和分析,希望为相关领域从业者提供必要的参考和帮助。     

环境检测对环境治理的促进性探讨

近年来,我国国民经济发展势头良好,社会各行业也都有了较快的发展,尤其是我国的工业发展取得了瞩目的成绩。但是随之而来的就是环境污染问题日益严重,为了确保我国经济的可持续性发展,就必须要对环境污染问题进行治理。环境污染问题治理的前提和基础就是要进行环境监测,从而为环境治理提供依据。不过环境检测具有多种类型,环境检测对于环境质量的促进性也需要进行深入的分析才能够提高环境治理的最终效果。对此,本文就对环境检测进行了概述,介绍了环境检测类型,进而分析了环境检测对环境治理的促进性,希望可以给相关的从业人员一些借鉴。     

The effect of environmental and design parameters on subjective road safety — a case study in Poland

In order to get a better insight into the safety effects of alternative road designs, the subjective safety experiment has been conducted. The experiment has been designed to test the effect of geometric design characteristics and road environment on the subjective safety of rural road curves. The method used here allows to investigate the effect of a real driving environment on safety in a complex way. The results have shown the importance of the composed effect of curve geometry and curve environment on the subjective safety of rural curves.